Christopher Harding
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199548224
- eISBN:
- 9780191720697
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199548224.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History, History of Religion
This book investigates mass conversion movements towards Christianity in late colonial India, examining the internal dynamics of conversion and Christian community-building in the region of Punjab. ...
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This book investigates mass conversion movements towards Christianity in late colonial India, examining the internal dynamics of conversion and Christian community-building in the region of Punjab. It follows the tempestuous local relationships which lay at the heart of religious transformation, from tensions both within and between the missions of the (Catholic) Belgian Capuchins and (British Evangelical) Church Missionary Society to the incompatibilities of aspiration where oppressed rural low-caste — so-called ‘Chuhra’ — converts, as well as mission personnel and institutions, were concerned. The book explores the role of social class, theological training, culture, motivation, and personality in producing a wide range of presentations of ‘Christianity’ in Punjab. For European missionary personnel the meaning of conversion quickly took on a heavy social dimension, thanks to connections made in missionary minds between Punjabi converts and the rural and urban poor of Belgium and Britain. As a result, European ‘uplift’ campaigns which sought to clean up and manage closely the lives of the poor — insulating them from hostile political and alternative religious influences — fed into attempts in Punjab to build new Christian communities and to socialize the next generation. Nowhere was this more obvious than in the brand new ‘Christian villages’ established by the Capuchins and the CMS. Punjabi perspectives explored and discussed range from the thankless, but potentially pivotal work of catechists and other agents of the mission, to the social networks and aspects of everyday life through which low-caste Punjabis communicated and sought to live by their understanding of conversion. The socio-political dimension here was clear, amounting to a brand of subaltern consciousness rarely considered by mainstream South Asian historiography.Less
This book investigates mass conversion movements towards Christianity in late colonial India, examining the internal dynamics of conversion and Christian community-building in the region of Punjab. It follows the tempestuous local relationships which lay at the heart of religious transformation, from tensions both within and between the missions of the (Catholic) Belgian Capuchins and (British Evangelical) Church Missionary Society to the incompatibilities of aspiration where oppressed rural low-caste — so-called ‘Chuhra’ — converts, as well as mission personnel and institutions, were concerned. The book explores the role of social class, theological training, culture, motivation, and personality in producing a wide range of presentations of ‘Christianity’ in Punjab. For European missionary personnel the meaning of conversion quickly took on a heavy social dimension, thanks to connections made in missionary minds between Punjabi converts and the rural and urban poor of Belgium and Britain. As a result, European ‘uplift’ campaigns which sought to clean up and manage closely the lives of the poor — insulating them from hostile political and alternative religious influences — fed into attempts in Punjab to build new Christian communities and to socialize the next generation. Nowhere was this more obvious than in the brand new ‘Christian villages’ established by the Capuchins and the CMS. Punjabi perspectives explored and discussed range from the thankless, but potentially pivotal work of catechists and other agents of the mission, to the social networks and aspects of everyday life through which low-caste Punjabis communicated and sought to live by their understanding of conversion. The socio-political dimension here was clear, amounting to a brand of subaltern consciousness rarely considered by mainstream South Asian historiography.
Christopher Harding
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199548224
- eISBN:
- 9780191720697
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199548224.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Asian History, History of Religion
This chapter offers a brief postscript dealing with the effect of Partition upon the new Capuchin and CMS Christian communities of Punjab. This is followed by a summary and discussion of the book's ...
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This chapter offers a brief postscript dealing with the effect of Partition upon the new Capuchin and CMS Christian communities of Punjab. This is followed by a summary and discussion of the book's findings.Less
This chapter offers a brief postscript dealing with the effect of Partition upon the new Capuchin and CMS Christian communities of Punjab. This is followed by a summary and discussion of the book's findings.
Peter C. Y. Chow and Mitchell H. Kellman
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195078954
- eISBN:
- 9780199855001
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195078954.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
To evaluate NICs' success with respect to product and market choices, this chapter traces the sources of their export growth. The rapid penetration of NIC manufactures in the OECD import markets, ...
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To evaluate NICs' success with respect to product and market choices, this chapter traces the sources of their export growth. The rapid penetration of NIC manufactures in the OECD import markets, especially in the U.S. and Japanese markets is examined including the possible reasons for these increases in world (OECD) shares over time. The analytical tool utilized is the constant market share (CMS) analysis to assess the sources of export growth by differentiating the market effect, the commodity composition effect, and the competitiveness effect. Through this analysis, it enables to separate the effects of external market environmental forces from internal (supply) factors, leading to changes in international competitiveness. The discussion of the growth of market shares is divided into three subperiods: the “take off” period of 1965–1973, the “recession” period of 1973–1982, and the recent developments that occurred in the period of 1982–1987.Less
To evaluate NICs' success with respect to product and market choices, this chapter traces the sources of their export growth. The rapid penetration of NIC manufactures in the OECD import markets, especially in the U.S. and Japanese markets is examined including the possible reasons for these increases in world (OECD) shares over time. The analytical tool utilized is the constant market share (CMS) analysis to assess the sources of export growth by differentiating the market effect, the commodity composition effect, and the competitiveness effect. Through this analysis, it enables to separate the effects of external market environmental forces from internal (supply) factors, leading to changes in international competitiveness. The discussion of the growth of market shares is divided into three subperiods: the “take off” period of 1965–1973, the “recession” period of 1973–1982, and the recent developments that occurred in the period of 1982–1987.
Christina Binder
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199571345
- eISBN:
- 9780191705472
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199571345.003.0032
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Private International Law
This chapter focuses on changed circumstances in investment law with a special focus on necessity. Section B first deals with the diverging findings of the different investment tribunals with respect ...
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This chapter focuses on changed circumstances in investment law with a special focus on necessity. Section B first deals with the diverging findings of the different investment tribunals with respect to Argentina's necessity defence. After a brief description of the factual background and of the relevant standards under treaty law and the customary law of State responsibility, the tribunals' decisions will be discussed and a categorization of their approaches attempted. Section C analyzes the different approaches from a broader international law perspective. It is argued that the ‘separation/two-step approach’ which was adopted by the CMS Annulment Committee and the UNCITRAL tribunal is the one most in line with general international law.Less
This chapter focuses on changed circumstances in investment law with a special focus on necessity. Section B first deals with the diverging findings of the different investment tribunals with respect to Argentina's necessity defence. After a brief description of the factual background and of the relevant standards under treaty law and the customary law of State responsibility, the tribunals' decisions will be discussed and a categorization of their approaches attempted. Section C analyzes the different approaches from a broader international law perspective. It is argued that the ‘separation/two-step approach’ which was adopted by the CMS Annulment Committee and the UNCITRAL tribunal is the one most in line with general international law.
Patricia A. Lowe, Charlotte M. Curtis, Brian Greffe, Caprice Knapp, Elizabeth Shenkman, and Phyllis J. Sloyer
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195340709
- eISBN:
- 9780199999927
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340709.003.0018
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Paediatric Palliative Medicine, Pain Management and Palliative Pharmacology
This chapter discusses the history and goals of the Children's Hospice International Program for All-Inclusive Care for Children and Their Families (CHI PACC). It explains that this program, which is ...
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This chapter discusses the history and goals of the Children's Hospice International Program for All-Inclusive Care for Children and Their Families (CHI PACC). It explains that this program, which is a combined package of curative and palliative services intended to care for children with life-threatening conditions and their families, was designed and implemented by CHI with technical assistance from the U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS).Less
This chapter discusses the history and goals of the Children's Hospice International Program for All-Inclusive Care for Children and Their Families (CHI PACC). It explains that this program, which is a combined package of curative and palliative services intended to care for children with life-threatening conditions and their families, was designed and implemented by CHI with technical assistance from the U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS).
Gian Francesco Giudice
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199581917
- eISBN:
- 9780191723001
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199581917.003.0007
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
The detectors are the instruments used to register the particles produced in the proton collisions and to reconstruct their tracks. This chapter describes the two main detectors employed at the LHC: ...
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The detectors are the instruments used to register the particles produced in the proton collisions and to reconstruct their tracks. This chapter describes the two main detectors employed at the LHC: ATLAS and CMS. The four main components common to both detectors are the trackers, the electromagnetic calorimeters, the hadron calorimeters, and the muon chambers. Both the ATLAS and the CMS detectors are built around powerful magnets that are needed to bend the trajectories of the charged particles produced in the collisions. This chapter also describes the trigger, which is the electronic system for identifying potentially interesting collisions events that are retained for offline analysis. The other experiments at the LHC are shortly presented. The chapter concludes with some observations on the human aspects of scientific international collaborations.Less
The detectors are the instruments used to register the particles produced in the proton collisions and to reconstruct their tracks. This chapter describes the two main detectors employed at the LHC: ATLAS and CMS. The four main components common to both detectors are the trackers, the electromagnetic calorimeters, the hadron calorimeters, and the muon chambers. Both the ATLAS and the CMS detectors are built around powerful magnets that are needed to bend the trajectories of the charged particles produced in the collisions. This chapter also describes the trigger, which is the electronic system for identifying potentially interesting collisions events that are retained for offline analysis. The other experiments at the LHC are shortly presented. The chapter concludes with some observations on the human aspects of scientific international collaborations.
Michael Riordan, Lillian Hoddeson, and Adrienne W. Kolb
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226294797
- eISBN:
- 9780226305837
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226305837.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
After the United States and other nations joined the LHC project during the mid-1990s, CERN proceeded with construction of this multi-TeV proton-collider. Although a September 2008 disaster delayed ...
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After the United States and other nations joined the LHC project during the mid-1990s, CERN proceeded with construction of this multi-TeV proton-collider. Although a September 2008 disaster delayed commissioning for over a year, experiments began in early 2010 at low energy and collision rates. As these increased in late 2011 and early 2012, the ATLAS and CMS experiments began to find evidence for a new particle at a mass-energy of about 125 GeV. Experiments on the Fermilab Tevatron also began to reveal evidence for a similar particle. On July 4, 2012, the two CERN experiments jointly announced discovery of a Higgs-like particle with this mass. Subsequent measurements showed that it behaved as expected for a spin-0 boson. Reasons are presented for the CERN success on the LHC and compared with the fatal US difficulties in building the SSC Laboratory.Less
After the United States and other nations joined the LHC project during the mid-1990s, CERN proceeded with construction of this multi-TeV proton-collider. Although a September 2008 disaster delayed commissioning for over a year, experiments began in early 2010 at low energy and collision rates. As these increased in late 2011 and early 2012, the ATLAS and CMS experiments began to find evidence for a new particle at a mass-energy of about 125 GeV. Experiments on the Fermilab Tevatron also began to reveal evidence for a similar particle. On July 4, 2012, the two CERN experiments jointly announced discovery of a Higgs-like particle with this mass. Subsequent measurements showed that it behaved as expected for a spin-0 boson. Reasons are presented for the CERN success on the LHC and compared with the fatal US difficulties in building the SSC Laboratory.
Bob Tennant
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199567850
- eISBN:
- 9780191747366
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567850.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This book presents a history of the missionary work, cultures, and rhetoric of the Church of England in 1760–1870, when it was the predominant organizer of Protestant overseas missions. Through close ...
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This book presents a history of the missionary work, cultures, and rhetoric of the Church of England in 1760–1870, when it was the predominant organizer of Protestant overseas missions. Through close attention to the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK, founded 1699), the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG, 1701), and the Church Missionary Society (CMS, 1799) it offers a systematic exploration of the complex relationship between the Societies’ policies, decision-making systems, and administration, as recorded in their unpublished minute books, and the rhetorical and theological activity of their sermon literature. Thus their ‘corporate holiness’ is shown to be a synthesis of theology, ministry, rhetoric, administration, and methods of building public support. Besides offering a critical history of its subject, the book suggests a methodology for approaching a general thesis of Christian missionary societies on their own terms, theoretically separable from and avoiding the distortions and imbalances which have been imposed by the secularist imperial historiography to which they have so often been subordinated. In the appendices and bibliography are presented three databases which constitute important resources for future research.Less
This book presents a history of the missionary work, cultures, and rhetoric of the Church of England in 1760–1870, when it was the predominant organizer of Protestant overseas missions. Through close attention to the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK, founded 1699), the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG, 1701), and the Church Missionary Society (CMS, 1799) it offers a systematic exploration of the complex relationship between the Societies’ policies, decision-making systems, and administration, as recorded in their unpublished minute books, and the rhetorical and theological activity of their sermon literature. Thus their ‘corporate holiness’ is shown to be a synthesis of theology, ministry, rhetoric, administration, and methods of building public support. Besides offering a critical history of its subject, the book suggests a methodology for approaching a general thesis of Christian missionary societies on their own terms, theoretically separable from and avoiding the distortions and imbalances which have been imposed by the secularist imperial historiography to which they have so often been subordinated. In the appendices and bibliography are presented three databases which constitute important resources for future research.
Bob Tennant
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199567850
- eISBN:
- 9780191747366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567850.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This chapter describes how the CMS was founded as part of the Evangelical Clapham Sect’s project of transforming English Christianity. The uneven pace of development of its membership and committee ...
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This chapter describes how the CMS was founded as part of the Evangelical Clapham Sect’s project of transforming English Christianity. The uneven pace of development of its membership and committee structure is linked to the missiological questions discussed in its anniversary sermons and the concept of the Evangelical preacher and missionary as Hero is seen to emerge. It is shown that after initial failures the CMS gradually tackled the problems of missionary recruitment and pre-service training, while in Claudius Buchanan it found a figure who combined powerful preaching with the marshalling of statistical evidence for setting operational policy and priorities. The CMS is contrasted with the SPG, which in the same period pursued existing policies to good effect in Canada.Less
This chapter describes how the CMS was founded as part of the Evangelical Clapham Sect’s project of transforming English Christianity. The uneven pace of development of its membership and committee structure is linked to the missiological questions discussed in its anniversary sermons and the concept of the Evangelical preacher and missionary as Hero is seen to emerge. It is shown that after initial failures the CMS gradually tackled the problems of missionary recruitment and pre-service training, while in Claudius Buchanan it found a figure who combined powerful preaching with the marshalling of statistical evidence for setting operational policy and priorities. The CMS is contrasted with the SPG, which in the same period pursued existing policies to good effect in Canada.
Bob Tennant
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199567850
- eISBN:
- 9780191747366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567850.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
It is argued that around 1818 the pace of missionary activity quickened. The SPG, able now to respond to successive anniversary preachers’ calls for missions to India, gained political recognition ...
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It is argued that around 1818 the pace of missionary activity quickened. The SPG, able now to respond to successive anniversary preachers’ calls for missions to India, gained political recognition for the deployment of funds to primary evangelism, beyond existing anglophone communities, and began to support pre-service training realistically. The SPCK began to develop a corresponding theology of Christian empire, while in India Bishop Middleton laid the doctrinal, rhetorical, and infrastructural basis of the Church in India. The CMS moved somewhat from its original Calvinism and converged sharply with the older Societies, demonstrated particularly by the preaching of the future Primate, John Bird Sumner and by the organization of SPG local fund-raising through district committees in imitation of the CMS.Less
It is argued that around 1818 the pace of missionary activity quickened. The SPG, able now to respond to successive anniversary preachers’ calls for missions to India, gained political recognition for the deployment of funds to primary evangelism, beyond existing anglophone communities, and began to support pre-service training realistically. The SPCK began to develop a corresponding theology of Christian empire, while in India Bishop Middleton laid the doctrinal, rhetorical, and infrastructural basis of the Church in India. The CMS moved somewhat from its original Calvinism and converged sharply with the older Societies, demonstrated particularly by the preaching of the future Primate, John Bird Sumner and by the organization of SPG local fund-raising through district committees in imitation of the CMS.
Bob Tennant
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199567850
- eISBN:
- 9780191747366
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199567850.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This chapter describes the mid-century beginnings of the Anglican communion’s development as a global and potentially ecumenical Church. It was underpinned by the missiology of Anthony Grant’s ...
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This chapter describes the mid-century beginnings of the Anglican communion’s development as a global and potentially ecumenical Church. It was underpinned by the missiology of Anthony Grant’s influential and anti-imperialist Bampton lectures. Domestically, the CMS, which continued to relate uneasily to the colonial dioceses, is seen developing greatly in administrative power, its policy-making dominated by the secretariat and voiced by lay aristocrats rather than the anniversary preachers, as previously. Statistics are provided to demonstrate that in the colonies the growth of congregations and ecclesiastical structures was less problematic and that, while developing in their distinctive ways, the SPG and CMS missionary stations were complementary.Less
This chapter describes the mid-century beginnings of the Anglican communion’s development as a global and potentially ecumenical Church. It was underpinned by the missiology of Anthony Grant’s influential and anti-imperialist Bampton lectures. Domestically, the CMS, which continued to relate uneasily to the colonial dioceses, is seen developing greatly in administrative power, its policy-making dominated by the secretariat and voiced by lay aristocrats rather than the anniversary preachers, as previously. Statistics are provided to demonstrate that in the colonies the growth of congregations and ecclesiastical structures was less problematic and that, while developing in their distinctive ways, the SPG and CMS missionary stations were complementary.
Richard Wigmans
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198786351
- eISBN:
- 9780191828652
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198786351.003.0004
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
The energy resolution, i.e. the precision with which the energy of a showering particle can be measured, is one of the most important characteristics of a calorimeter. This resolution is determined ...
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The energy resolution, i.e. the precision with which the energy of a showering particle can be measured, is one of the most important characteristics of a calorimeter. This resolution is determined by fluctuations in the absorption and signal formation processes. In this chapter, the different types of fluctuations that may play a role are examined, and their relative practical importance is addressed. Sources of fluctuations include fluctuations in the number of signal quanta, sampling fluctuations, fluctuations in shower leakage, as well as a variety of instrumental effects. Since the energy dependence of the different types of fluctuations is not the same, different types of fluctuations may dominate the energy resolution at low and and at high energies. An important type of fluctuations is part of the non-compensation phenomena. It concerns fluctuations in the strength of the electromagnetic component of hadronic showers. The effects of these fluctuations, which typically dominate the energy resolution for hadron and jet detection, are examined in detail. In sampling calorimeters, one particular shower particle may sometimes have catastrophic effects on the calorimeter performance. Several examples of such cases are discussed.Less
The energy resolution, i.e. the precision with which the energy of a showering particle can be measured, is one of the most important characteristics of a calorimeter. This resolution is determined by fluctuations in the absorption and signal formation processes. In this chapter, the different types of fluctuations that may play a role are examined, and their relative practical importance is addressed. Sources of fluctuations include fluctuations in the number of signal quanta, sampling fluctuations, fluctuations in shower leakage, as well as a variety of instrumental effects. Since the energy dependence of the different types of fluctuations is not the same, different types of fluctuations may dominate the energy resolution at low and and at high energies. An important type of fluctuations is part of the non-compensation phenomena. It concerns fluctuations in the strength of the electromagnetic component of hadronic showers. The effects of these fluctuations, which typically dominate the energy resolution for hadron and jet detection, are examined in detail. In sampling calorimeters, one particular shower particle may sometimes have catastrophic effects on the calorimeter performance. Several examples of such cases are discussed.
Pauline Gagnon
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198783244
- eISBN:
- 9780191826269
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198783244.003.0003
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
To produce Higgs bosons, one needs to concentrate a huge amount of energy into a tiny point in space. That is the role of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, which accelerates beams of protons ...
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To produce Higgs bosons, one needs to concentrate a huge amount of energy into a tiny point in space. That is the role of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, which accelerates beams of protons circulating in opposite directions in a 27 km long circular vacuum pipe surrounded by superconducting magnets. They collide at nearly the speed of light, releasing energy that then materializes in the form of particles, since mass and energy are equivalent, as expressed by E = mc2, where c2 is a conversion factor. The particles produced are unstable and break apart moments later. Four gigantic detectors, ATLAS, CMS, LHCb and ALICE, located around the collision points, act as cameras, taking snapshots of these ephemeral particles as the fragments fly apart like microscopic fireworks. Physicists then determine which particles were produced and study their properties to better understand the fundamental particles and the laws that govern their behavior.Less
To produce Higgs bosons, one needs to concentrate a huge amount of energy into a tiny point in space. That is the role of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, which accelerates beams of protons circulating in opposite directions in a 27 km long circular vacuum pipe surrounded by superconducting magnets. They collide at nearly the speed of light, releasing energy that then materializes in the form of particles, since mass and energy are equivalent, as expressed by E = mc2, where c2 is a conversion factor. The particles produced are unstable and break apart moments later. Four gigantic detectors, ATLAS, CMS, LHCb and ALICE, located around the collision points, act as cameras, taking snapshots of these ephemeral particles as the fragments fly apart like microscopic fireworks. Physicists then determine which particles were produced and study their properties to better understand the fundamental particles and the laws that govern their behavior.
Pauline Gagnon
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198783244
- eISBN:
- 9780191826269
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198783244.003.0004
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
Finding a Higgs boson is like making maple syrup, where one must boil a huge volume of sap from maple trees to extract a few drops of syrup. The sugar represents the signal, and water the background. ...
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Finding a Higgs boson is like making maple syrup, where one must boil a huge volume of sap from maple trees to extract a few drops of syrup. The sugar represents the signal, and water the background. Likewise, physicists must sort billions of events, collected with the ATLAS and CMS detectors at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, to extract the signal, namely events bearing the characteristics of the Higgs boson, from the background. Each event corresponds to a snapshot taken by one of these detectors when protons traveling at nearly the speed of light collide. The energy released materializes to produce new particles such as Higgs bosons. Particle physicists use advanced statistical methods and computer-generated simulations to disentangle events containing a Higgs boson from all other types of events. This data analysis work is like extracting a needle from millions of bales of hay.Less
Finding a Higgs boson is like making maple syrup, where one must boil a huge volume of sap from maple trees to extract a few drops of syrup. The sugar represents the signal, and water the background. Likewise, physicists must sort billions of events, collected with the ATLAS and CMS detectors at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, to extract the signal, namely events bearing the characteristics of the Higgs boson, from the background. Each event corresponds to a snapshot taken by one of these detectors when protons traveling at nearly the speed of light collide. The energy released materializes to produce new particles such as Higgs bosons. Particle physicists use advanced statistical methods and computer-generated simulations to disentangle events containing a Higgs boson from all other types of events. This data analysis work is like extracting a needle from millions of bales of hay.
George Oommen
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- July 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198081685
- eISBN:
- 9780199097661
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198081685.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, Indian History, History of Religion
The chapter discusses post-conversion experiences and struggles of Dalits who had opted for Christianity, taking the case of Pulayas in Kerala, who had become members of the Anglican Church during ...
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The chapter discusses post-conversion experiences and struggles of Dalits who had opted for Christianity, taking the case of Pulayas in Kerala, who had become members of the Anglican Church during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The change of religion led to new self-assessment and identity-seeking. Pulayas had major conflicts with Syrian Christians, including Christian landlords. Many Pulayas had then still the status of bonded labourers or even slaves (adiyan). After covering the early twentieth-century agitations to overcome their social degradation and exclusion from public spaces, the author focuses on the later involvement of Christian Pulayas with the Communist mobilization. Communist activists accepted water and food from the Pulayas. Finally, the chapter discusses the push of Pulaya Christians for a distinctive depressed-class administration within the Anglican Church, ending with the break-away of a large section of Dalit Christians from the Anglican Church and the start of a new church, the CMS Church, in 1968.Less
The chapter discusses post-conversion experiences and struggles of Dalits who had opted for Christianity, taking the case of Pulayas in Kerala, who had become members of the Anglican Church during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The change of religion led to new self-assessment and identity-seeking. Pulayas had major conflicts with Syrian Christians, including Christian landlords. Many Pulayas had then still the status of bonded labourers or even slaves (adiyan). After covering the early twentieth-century agitations to overcome their social degradation and exclusion from public spaces, the author focuses on the later involvement of Christian Pulayas with the Communist mobilization. Communist activists accepted water and food from the Pulayas. Finally, the chapter discusses the push of Pulaya Christians for a distinctive depressed-class administration within the Anglican Church, ending with the break-away of a large section of Dalit Christians from the Anglican Church and the start of a new church, the CMS Church, in 1968.
Michelle A. Drouin
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199733187
- eISBN:
- 9780190255824
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199733187.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Course-management systems (CMSs) are packaged software systems (e.g. Blackboard) that allow the creation of online learning environments. This chapter provides an overview of CMS. It then discusses ...
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Course-management systems (CMSs) are packaged software systems (e.g. Blackboard) that allow the creation of online learning environments. This chapter provides an overview of CMS. It then discusses some of the instructional approaches relevant to CMS and introduces the tools that are indispensable in supporting instruction in face-to-face (FTF) and online courses.Less
Course-management systems (CMSs) are packaged software systems (e.g. Blackboard) that allow the creation of online learning environments. This chapter provides an overview of CMS. It then discusses some of the instructional approaches relevant to CMS and introduces the tools that are indispensable in supporting instruction in face-to-face (FTF) and online courses.
Robert Eric Frykenberg
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- December 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199699704
- eISBN:
- 9780191831812
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199699704.003.0014
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History, History of Christianity
The East India Company always depended heavily upon Indian manpower, money, and methods. Hence the Company’s Raj made itself the guardian of all proper religious and social institutions under its ...
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The East India Company always depended heavily upon Indian manpower, money, and methods. Hence the Company’s Raj made itself the guardian of all proper religious and social institutions under its sway. Anglicans never understood the intricate balance and inter-faith contexts that made the Indian Empire, in fact, a ‘Hindu Raj’—a regime that supported vast religious endowments and thousands of Indian institutions and ceremonies. They did not understand that the Company opposed any form of Christendom. If Anglican attempts to impose conformity failed, so also did attempts to eradicate ‘heathenism’ and ‘idolatry’ by means of confrontational evangelization. After the demise of the Company, Anglicanism in India altered its stance and its tone. Even as numbers of dioceses increased, so also did more inclusive, irenic, and tolerant strategies. Anglican rhetoric became more restrained. A more liberal and open ‘fulfilment’ theology came into vogue.Less
The East India Company always depended heavily upon Indian manpower, money, and methods. Hence the Company’s Raj made itself the guardian of all proper religious and social institutions under its sway. Anglicans never understood the intricate balance and inter-faith contexts that made the Indian Empire, in fact, a ‘Hindu Raj’—a regime that supported vast religious endowments and thousands of Indian institutions and ceremonies. They did not understand that the Company opposed any form of Christendom. If Anglican attempts to impose conformity failed, so also did attempts to eradicate ‘heathenism’ and ‘idolatry’ by means of confrontational evangelization. After the demise of the Company, Anglicanism in India altered its stance and its tone. Even as numbers of dioceses increased, so also did more inclusive, irenic, and tolerant strategies. Anglican rhetoric became more restrained. A more liberal and open ‘fulfilment’ theology came into vogue.
Tai-Heng Cheng
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- April 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780195370171
- eISBN:
- 9780190259716
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780195370171.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter discusses the justificatory theory of the international law in relation to decisionmaking by arbitrators in international disputes. It examines the extent to which the theory provides a ...
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This chapter discusses the justificatory theory of the international law in relation to decisionmaking by arbitrators in international disputes. It examines the extent to which the theory provides a framework of analysis for guiding arbitrators in their decisions and for helping observers and elites understand and explain the decisions that arbitrators make. It considers the WTO award in United States-Stainless Steel (Mexico), the NAFTA award in Loewen v. United States, and the ICSID ad hoc Committee decision in CMS Gas Transmission Co. v. Argentina. In international problems, decisionmakers ought to balance several considerations. These are: their institutional responsibilities and the limits of authority allocated to them; the general morality of promoting the common good through prescriptions and legalism; the specific morality of promoting the values directly at stake in an international problem; and the effectiveness of their decision in controlling the actions of other decisionmakers.Less
This chapter discusses the justificatory theory of the international law in relation to decisionmaking by arbitrators in international disputes. It examines the extent to which the theory provides a framework of analysis for guiding arbitrators in their decisions and for helping observers and elites understand and explain the decisions that arbitrators make. It considers the WTO award in United States-Stainless Steel (Mexico), the NAFTA award in Loewen v. United States, and the ICSID ad hoc Committee decision in CMS Gas Transmission Co. v. Argentina. In international problems, decisionmakers ought to balance several considerations. These are: their institutional responsibilities and the limits of authority allocated to them; the general morality of promoting the common good through prescriptions and legalism; the specific morality of promoting the values directly at stake in an international problem; and the effectiveness of their decision in controlling the actions of other decisionmakers.
