Search Results

Conclusion

Christopher Harding

in Religious Transformation in South Asia: The Meanings of Conversion in Colonial Punjab

This chapter offers a brief postscript dealing with the effect of Partition upon the new Capuchin and CMS Christian communities of Punjab. This is followed by a summary and discussion of the book's ... More

This chapter offers a brief postscript dealing with the effect of Partition upon the new Capuchin and CMS Christian communities of Punjab. This is followed by a summary and discussion of the book's findings.Less

CHANGED CIRCUMSTANCES IN INVESTMENT LAW: INTERFACES BETWEEN THE LAW OF TREATIES AND THE LAW OF STATE RESPONSIBILITY WITH A SPECIAL FOCUS ON THE ARGENTINE CRISIS

Christina Binder

in International Investment Law for the 21st Century: Essays in Honour of Christoph Schreuer

This chapter focuses on changed circumstances in investment law with a special focus on necessity. Section B first deals with the diverging findings of the different investment tribunals with respect ... More

This chapter focuses on changed circumstances in investment law with a special focus on necessity. Section B first deals with the diverging findings of the different investment tribunals with respect to Argentina's necessity defence. After a brief description of the factual background and of the relevant standards under treaty law and the customary law of State responsibility, the tribunals' decisions will be discussed and a categorization of their approaches attempted. Section C analyzes the different approaches from a broader international law perspective. It is argued that the ‘separation/two-step approach’ which was adopted by the CMS Annulment Committee and the UNCITRAL tribunal is the one most in line with general international law.Less

The Sources of Export Growth

Peter C. Y. Chow and Mitchell H. Kellman

in Trade—The Engine of Growth in East Asia

To evaluate NICs' success with respect to product and market choices, this chapter traces the sources of their export growth. The rapid penetration of NIC manufactures in the OECD import markets, ... More

To evaluate NICs' success with respect to product and market choices, this chapter traces the sources of their export growth. The rapid penetration of NIC manufactures in the OECD import markets, especially in the U.S. and Japanese markets is examined including the possible reasons for these increases in world (OECD) shares over time. The analytical tool utilized is the constant market share (CMS) analysis to assess the sources of export growth by differentiating the market effect, the commodity composition effect, and the competitiveness effect. Through this analysis, it enables to separate the effects of external market environmental forces from internal (supply) factors, leading to changes in international competitiveness. The discussion of the growth of market shares is divided into three subperiods: the “take off” period of 1965–1973, the “recession” period of 1973–1982, and the recent developments that occurred in the period of 1982–1987.Less

Children's Hospice International Program for All-Inclusive Care for Children and their Families (CHI PACC)

Patricia A. Lowe, Charlotte M. Curtis, Brian Greffe, Caprice Knapp, Elizabeth Shenkman, and Phyllis J. Sloyer

in Hospice Care for Children

This chapter discusses the history and goals of the Children's Hospice International Program for All-Inclusive Care for Children and Their Families (CHI PACC). It explains that this program, which is ... More

This chapter discusses the history and goals of the Children's Hospice International Program for All-Inclusive Care for Children and Their Families (CHI PACC). It explains that this program, which is a combined package of curative and palliative services intended to care for children with life-threatening conditions and their families, was designed and implemented by CHI with technical assistance from the U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS).Less

The Higgs Boson Discovery

Michael Riordan, Lillian Hoddeson, and Adrienne W. Kolb

in Tunnel Visions: The Rise and Fall of the Superconducting Super Collider

After the United States and other nations joined the LHC project during the mid-1990s, CERN proceeded with construction of this multi-TeV proton-collider. Although a September 2008 disaster delayed ... More

After the United States and other nations joined the LHC project during the mid-1990s, CERN proceeded with construction of this multi-TeV proton-collider. Although a September 2008 disaster delayed commissioning for over a year, experiments began in early 2010 at low energy and collision rates. As these increased in late 2011 and early 2012, the ATLAS and CMS experiments began to find evidence for a new particle at a mass-energy of about 125 GeV. Experiments on the Fermilab Tevatron also began to reveal evidence for a similar particle. On July 4, 2012, the two CERN experiments jointly announced discovery of a Higgs-like particle with this mass. Subsequent measurements showed that it behaved as expected for a spin-0 boson. Reasons are presented for the CERN success on the LHC and compared with the fatal US difficulties in building the SSC Laboratory.Less

Telescopes Aimed at Zeptospace

Gian Francesco Giudice

in A Zeptospace Odyssey: A Journey into the Physics of the LHC

The detectors are the instruments used to register the particles produced in the proton collisions and to reconstruct their tracks. This chapter describes the two main detectors employed at the LHC: ... More

The detectors are the instruments used to register the particles produced in the proton collisions and to reconstruct their tracks. This chapter describes the two main detectors employed at the LHC: ATLAS and CMS. The four main components common to both detectors are the trackers, the electromagnetic calorimeters, the hadron calorimeters, and the muon chambers. Both the ATLAS and the CMS detectors are built around powerful magnets that are needed to bend the trajectories of the charged particles produced in the collisions. This chapter also describes the trigger, which is the electronic system for identifying potentially interesting collisions events that are retained for offline analysis. The other experiments at the LHC are shortly presented. The chapter concludes with some observations on the human aspects of scientific international collaborations.Less

The LHC and its Detectors

Alvaro De Rújula

in Enjoy Our Universe: You Have No Other Choice

The construction of the LHC detectors and how they work. Briefly, for a detailed description would take a zillion pages, since they are amongst the most complex objects ever built. The beauty of a ... More

The construction of the LHC detectors and how they work. Briefly, for a detailed description would take a zillion pages, since they are amongst the most complex objects ever built. The beauty of a magnificient scientific and technical achievement, the joy of its users, and how it inspires artists.Less

Teleneuropsychology

Robert L. Kane and C. Munro Cullum

in The Role of Technology in Clinical Neuropsychology

The growth of telemedicine has been rapid. Initially, telemedicine was seen as a way to bring services to remote areas that lacked access to aspects of health­care delivered through traditional ... More

The growth of telemedicine has been rapid. Initially, telemedicine was seen as a way to bring services to remote areas that lacked access to aspects of health­care delivered through traditional means. This view of telemedicine has changed. Current views toward telemedicine have broadened, with telemedicine now viewed as an effective way to deliver various health services and to bring together patients and providers to increase access to care in various locations and communities. Reimbursement has been a challenge for some aspects of telemedicine development. Initially, Medicare limited reimbursement for telehealth to designated underserved areas. This approach to telehealth reimbursement has lagged behind developments in the field and has been challenged by various groups and legislative initiatives. In April 2016, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) released its Managed Care Final Rule (Federal Register, 2016) with wording that potentially will permit reimbursement for expanded telemedicine-based services. The revised standards, in attempting to ensure that Medicaid beneficiaries have reasonable access to care, acknowledge a role for technology and telemedicine. The impact the new standards will have on the development of telemedicine throughout the United States will become evident with time. Tele-mental health has grown along with other aspects of remote healthcare delivery. Extant literature supports the use of remotely delivered telehealth for a variety of conditions and services, including remote psychiatric consultation, diagnosis, and various therapies (Myers & Turvey, 2012; Shore, 2013). However, the idea that one can provide an adequate neuropsychological evaluation remotely is newer and less intuitive, and would appear to have obvious challenges. Neuropsychological examinations frequently require the use of test stimuli that the examinee has to handle and manage, such as blocks, pencils, or other manipulatives. Some tests, such as the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (Heaton, 2003), have been adapted for computer but not for Internet-based or remote administration. In some approaches to neuropsychological assessment, the examiner takes careful note of the specific strategies examinees employ when attempting to perform tasks. Hence, performing an examination when the examiner and the patient are in different locations can seem daunting. Less

The Church Missionary Society, 1799–1810

Bob Tennant

in Corporate Holiness: Pulpit Preaching and the Church of England Missionary Societies, 1760-1870

This chapter describes how the CMS was founded as part of the Evangelical Clapham Sect’s project of transforming English Christianity. The uneven pace of development of its membership and committee ... More

This chapter describes how the CMS was founded as part of the Evangelical Clapham Sect’s project of transforming English Christianity. The uneven pace of development of its membership and committee structure is linked to the missiological questions discussed in its anniversary sermons and the concept of the Evangelical preacher and missionary as Hero is seen to emerge. It is shown that after initial failures the CMS gradually tackled the problems of missionary recruitment and pre-service training, while in Claudius Buchanan it found a figure who combined powerful preaching with the marshalling of statistical evidence for setting operational policy and priorities. The CMS is contrasted with the SPG, which in the same period pursued existing policies to good effect in Canada.Less

The Heroic Phase (2): Missionary Praxis, 1818–32

Bob Tennant

in Corporate Holiness: Pulpit Preaching and the Church of England Missionary Societies, 1760-1870

It is argued that around 1818 the pace of missionary activity quickened. The SPG, able now to respond to successive anniversary preachers’ calls for missions to India, gained political recognition ... More

It is argued that around 1818 the pace of missionary activity quickened. The SPG, able now to respond to successive anniversary preachers’ calls for missions to India, gained political recognition for the deployment of funds to primary evangelism, beyond existing anglophone communities, and began to support pre-service training realistically. The SPCK began to develop a corresponding theology of Christian empire, while in India Bishop Middleton laid the doctrinal, rhetorical, and infrastructural basis of the Church in India. The CMS moved somewhat from its original Calvinism and converged sharply with the older Societies, demonstrated particularly by the preaching of the future Primate, John Bird Sumner and by the organization of SPG local fund-raising through district committees in imitation of the CMS.Less

Christian Empire (2): Managing the Missions, 1840–60

Bob Tennant

in Corporate Holiness: Pulpit Preaching and the Church of England Missionary Societies, 1760-1870

This chapter describes the mid-century beginnings of the Anglican communion’s development as a global and potentially ecumenical Church. It was underpinned by the missiology of Anthony Grant’s ... More

This chapter describes the mid-century beginnings of the Anglican communion’s development as a global and potentially ecumenical Church. It was underpinned by the missiology of Anthony Grant’s influential and anti-imperialist Bampton lectures. Domestically, the CMS, which continued to relate uneasily to the colonial dioceses, is seen developing greatly in administrative power, its policy-making dominated by the secretariat and voiced by lay aristocrats rather than the anniversary preachers, as previously. Statistics are provided to demonstrate that in the colonies the growth of congregations and ecclesiastical structures was less problematic and that, while developing in their distinctive ways, the SPG and CMS missionary stations were complementary.Less

Financing of the training framework for judges

Winfried Tilmann

in Unified Patent Protection in Europe: A Commentary

The training framework for judges shall be financed by the budget of the Court. The costs of the training framework for the judges (Art 19 UPCA) are to be allocated to the budget of the Court. It ... More

The training framework for judges shall be financed by the budget of the Court. The costs of the training framework for the judges (Art 19 UPCA) are to be allocated to the budget of the Court. It is not intended to levy a contribution from the CMS hosting the training framework (seat in Budapest, Hungary; Art 19(1) UPCA). Less

Forced intervention

Clemens Plassmann and Stephan Dorn

in Unified Patent Protection in Europe: A Commentary

Rule 316A regulates a qualified invitation to intervene which will have an intervention effect subject to the requirements of Rules 316.1 and 316.2 even where the invited person does not intervene.

Fluctuations

Richard Wigmans

in Calorimetry: Energy Measurement in Particle Physics

The energy resolution, i.e. the precision with which the energy of a showering particle can be measured, is one of the most important characteristics of a calorimeter. This resolution is determined ... More

The energy resolution, i.e. the precision with which the energy of a showering particle can be measured, is one of the most important characteristics of a calorimeter. This resolution is determined by fluctuations in the absorption and signal formation processes. In this chapter, the different types of fluctuations that may play a role are examined, and their relative practical importance is addressed. Sources of fluctuations include fluctuations in the number of signal quanta, sampling fluctuations, fluctuations in shower leakage, as well as a variety of instrumental effects. Since the energy dependence of the different types of fluctuations is not the same, different types of fluctuations may dominate the energy resolution at low and and at high energies. An important type of fluctuations is part of the non-compensation phenomena. It concerns fluctuations in the strength of the electromagnetic component of hadronic showers. The effects of these fluctuations, which typically dominate the energy resolution for hadron and jet detection, are examined in detail. In sampling calorimeters, one particular shower particle may sometimes have catastrophic effects on the calorimeter performance. Several examples of such cases are discussed.Less

The Administrative Committee

Tilmann Büttner

in Unified Patent Protection in Europe: A Commentary

The Administrative Committee is the central body guiding the Court. It decides, for example, on the appointment of judges (Art 16(2) UPCA), changes to the Statute (Art 40(2) UPCA), and possible ... More

The Administrative Committee is the central body guiding the Court. It decides, for example, on the appointment of judges (Art 16(2) UPCA), changes to the Statute (Art 40(2) UPCA), and possible extensions to the transitional period during which an opt-out from the jurisdiction of the Court to decide on a classical European patent may be declared (Art 83(5) UPCA). When amending the Statute, the Administrative Committee may not contradict the provisions of the Agreement (Art 40(2) cll 2 and 3 UPCA). The Administrative Committee is entitled to adopt most of the implementing regulations for the activity of the Court, notably the Rules of Procedure (Art 41(2) UPCA), subject to the advisory opinion of the European Commission on the compatibility of the Rules of Procedures with Union law, the Staff Regulations for officials and other employees of the Court (Art 16(2) UPC Statute), and the Financial Regulations of the Court (Art 33(1) UPC Statute). However, the Administrative Committee is not entitled to adopt the budget; that competence rests with the Budgetary Committee (Art 26(1) UPC Statute). Less

Responsibility of the Contracting Member States

Winfried Tilmann

in Unified Patent Protection in Europe: A Commentary

Actions of the Court are directly attributable to each Contracting Member State individually, including for the purposes of Articles 258, 259 and 260 TFEU, and to all Contracting Member States ... More

Actions of the Court are directly attributable to each Contracting Member State individually, including for the purposes of Articles 258, 259 and 260 TFEU, and to all Contracting Member States collectively. Less

Accelerators and Detectors: The Essential Tools

Pauline Gagnon

in Who Cares about Particle Physics?: Making Sense of the Higgs Boson, the Large Hadron Collider and CERN

To produce Higgs bosons, one needs to concentrate a huge amount of energy into a tiny point in space. That is the role of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, which accelerates beams of protons ... More

To produce Higgs bosons, one needs to concentrate a huge amount of energy into a tiny point in space. That is the role of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, which accelerates beams of protons circulating in opposite directions in a 27 km long circular vacuum pipe surrounded by superconducting magnets. They collide at nearly the speed of light, releasing energy that then materializes in the form of particles, since mass and energy are equivalent, as expressed by E = mc2, where c2 is a conversion factor. The particles produced are unstable and break apart moments later. Four gigantic detectors, ATLAS, CMS, LHCb and ALICE, located around the collision points, act as cameras, taking snapshots of these ephemeral particles as the fragments fly apart like microscopic fireworks. Physicists then determine which particles were produced and study their properties to better understand the fundamental particles and the laws that govern their behavior.Less

The Discovery of the Higgs Boson

Pauline Gagnon

in Who Cares about Particle Physics?: Making Sense of the Higgs Boson, the Large Hadron Collider and CERN

Finding a Higgs boson is like making maple syrup, where one must boil a huge volume of sap from maple trees to extract a few drops of syrup. The sugar represents the signal, and water the background. ... More

Finding a Higgs boson is like making maple syrup, where one must boil a huge volume of sap from maple trees to extract a few drops of syrup. The sugar represents the signal, and water the background. Likewise, physicists must sort billions of events, collected with the ATLAS and CMS detectors at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, to extract the signal, namely events bearing the characteristics of the Higgs boson, from the background. Each event corresponds to a snapshot taken by one of these detectors when protons traveling at nearly the speed of light collide. The energy released materializes to produce new particles such as Higgs bosons. Particle physicists use advanced statistical methods and computer-generated simulations to disentangle events containing a Higgs boson from all other types of events. This data analysis work is like extracting a needle from millions of bales of hay.Less