Jaap Goudsmit
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195130348
- eISBN:
- 9780199790166
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195130348.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Microbiology
This chapter discusses HIV. Approximately 90% of people infected with HIV die from AIDS within 15 years if no drugs are provided. HIV is a unique virus in that, by itself, it does not cause the ...
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This chapter discusses HIV. Approximately 90% of people infected with HIV die from AIDS within 15 years if no drugs are provided. HIV is a unique virus in that, by itself, it does not cause the disease symptoms that eventually occur with HIV infection. Instead, it causes a complete breakdown of the immune system.Less
This chapter discusses HIV. Approximately 90% of people infected with HIV die from AIDS within 15 years if no drugs are provided. HIV is a unique virus in that, by itself, it does not cause the disease symptoms that eventually occur with HIV infection. Instead, it causes a complete breakdown of the immune system.
Julian C. Knight
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199227693
- eISBN:
- 9780191711015
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199227693.003.0014
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
Human genetic variation modulates susceptibility to infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) through diverse mechanisms ...
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Human genetic variation modulates susceptibility to infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) through diverse mechanisms including viral entry to cells, barriers to infection within cells, cytokines, cell mediated and innate immunity. Diversity in the chemokine coreceptor genes and their natural ligands are discussed including CCR5, CCR2, CXCR2, CCL5, and SDF-1. The impact of copy number variation in the chemokine gene CCL3L1, a natural ligand of CCR5, in susceptibility to HIV-1 and the rate of disease progression is described. The role of TRIM5 in blocking HIV-1 replication soon after viral entry into cells is also described together with the impact of retroviruses during primate evolution. The role of variation in human leucocyte antigens (HLA) and killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) is reviewed including evidence for heterozygote advantage and the role of HLA in determining viral set point prior to onset of AIDS.Less
Human genetic variation modulates susceptibility to infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) through diverse mechanisms including viral entry to cells, barriers to infection within cells, cytokines, cell mediated and innate immunity. Diversity in the chemokine coreceptor genes and their natural ligands are discussed including CCR5, CCR2, CXCR2, CCL5, and SDF-1. The impact of copy number variation in the chemokine gene CCL3L1, a natural ligand of CCR5, in susceptibility to HIV-1 and the rate of disease progression is described. The role of TRIM5 in blocking HIV-1 replication soon after viral entry into cells is also described together with the impact of retroviruses during primate evolution. The role of variation in human leucocyte antigens (HLA) and killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) is reviewed including evidence for heterozygote advantage and the role of HLA in determining viral set point prior to onset of AIDS.
Myles W. Jackson
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262028660
- eISBN:
- 9780262327190
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262028660.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This book uses the story of the CCR5 gene to investigate the interrelationships among science, technology, and society. Mapping the varied ‘genealogy’ of CCR5- intellectual property, natural ...
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This book uses the story of the CCR5 gene to investigate the interrelationships among science, technology, and society. Mapping the varied ‘genealogy’ of CCR5- intellectual property, natural selection, Big and Small Pharma, human diversity studies, personalized medicine, ancestry studies, and race and genomics, this historical study links a myriad of diverse topics. The history of CCR5 from the 1990s to the present offers a vivid illustration of how intellectual property law has changed the conduct and content of scientific knowledge, and the social, political, and ethical implications of such a transformation. Because this gene codes for the HIV-co-receptor, this account explores how Big and Small Pharma alike drew upon state-of-the-art research to come up with a new form of HIV/AIDS treatment. An important mutation of the gene renders its fortunate possesses by and large immune to AIDS. Since this mutation is found in some populations with a much greater frequency than others, the gene also serves as a prime example of how molecular biology has been drawn into debates about race. Finally, this book discusses the relevance of history of science to current science policy issues.Less
This book uses the story of the CCR5 gene to investigate the interrelationships among science, technology, and society. Mapping the varied ‘genealogy’ of CCR5- intellectual property, natural selection, Big and Small Pharma, human diversity studies, personalized medicine, ancestry studies, and race and genomics, this historical study links a myriad of diverse topics. The history of CCR5 from the 1990s to the present offers a vivid illustration of how intellectual property law has changed the conduct and content of scientific knowledge, and the social, political, and ethical implications of such a transformation. Because this gene codes for the HIV-co-receptor, this account explores how Big and Small Pharma alike drew upon state-of-the-art research to come up with a new form of HIV/AIDS treatment. An important mutation of the gene renders its fortunate possesses by and large immune to AIDS. Since this mutation is found in some populations with a much greater frequency than others, the gene also serves as a prime example of how molecular biology has been drawn into debates about race. Finally, this book discusses the relevance of history of science to current science policy issues.
Myles W. Jackson
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262028660
- eISBN:
- 9780262327190
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262028660.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
The introductory chapter proffers an overview of the history of the CCR5 gene. It discusses the rush to patent a sequence, whose precise function was unknown at the time of the patent. It also ...
More
The introductory chapter proffers an overview of the history of the CCR5 gene. It discusses the rush to patent a sequence, whose precise function was unknown at the time of the patent. It also explores how the function of the gene was elucidated by various laboratories worldwide. Finally, this chapter outlines how an important mutation, Δ32, confers near immunity to AIDS and what the distribution of that allele is around the globe. The distribution of this allele worldwide added to the debate about race and the genome.Less
The introductory chapter proffers an overview of the history of the CCR5 gene. It discusses the rush to patent a sequence, whose precise function was unknown at the time of the patent. It also explores how the function of the gene was elucidated by various laboratories worldwide. Finally, this chapter outlines how an important mutation, Δ32, confers near immunity to AIDS and what the distribution of that allele is around the globe. The distribution of this allele worldwide added to the debate about race and the genome.
