Benjamin René Jordan
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469627656
- eISBN:
- 9781469627670
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469627656.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gender and Sexuality
Chapter 1 argues that the Boy Scouts of America triumphed over competing programs by shifting emphasis from the virile primitivism and boy autonomy that defined the Woodcraft Indians and Boy Pioneers ...
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Chapter 1 argues that the Boy Scouts of America triumphed over competing programs by shifting emphasis from the virile primitivism and boy autonomy that defined the Woodcraft Indians and Boy Pioneers toward a balance with modern masculine values such as scientific efficiency, cooperative interdependence, and expert management. The Boy Scout organization gradually achieved a parallel compromise between local Scoutmasters’ charismatic volunteerism and the professionalization and bureaucratization of paid Scout Executives in charge of the national and local Scout council offices. America’s elite and government officials at all levels joined a widening spectrum of cultural and economic groups that supported Boy Scouting. Chapter 1 concludes by analyzing the organization’s resulting rapid membership growth and geographical spread in the 1910s and 1920s.Less
Chapter 1 argues that the Boy Scouts of America triumphed over competing programs by shifting emphasis from the virile primitivism and boy autonomy that defined the Woodcraft Indians and Boy Pioneers toward a balance with modern masculine values such as scientific efficiency, cooperative interdependence, and expert management. The Boy Scout organization gradually achieved a parallel compromise between local Scoutmasters’ charismatic volunteerism and the professionalization and bureaucratization of paid Scout Executives in charge of the national and local Scout council offices. America’s elite and government officials at all levels joined a widening spectrum of cultural and economic groups that supported Boy Scouting. Chapter 1 concludes by analyzing the organization’s resulting rapid membership growth and geographical spread in the 1910s and 1920s.
Carl E. Schneider
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262028912
- eISBN:
- 9780262328784
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262028912.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Bioethics
High costs are built into IRB regulation of research. Prior licensing of each study requires searching mountains of innocuous studies to find molehills of baneful ones. The bioethical ethos drives ...
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High costs are built into IRB regulation of research. Prior licensing of each study requires searching mountains of innocuous studies to find molehills of baneful ones. The bioethical ethos drives IRB scrutiny ever stricter. Bureaucratized IRBs need thousands of members and burgeoning staffs just to manage paperwork, and researchers are similarly taxed (in some multi-site studies, 15% of the research budget pays for dealing with IRBs). Because this research “is how we produce the innovations that improve health, reduce morbidity or mortality, and alleviate human suffering, preventing or delaying research results in vastly more suffering and death than occurs from researchers’ ethical lapses.” Chapter 2 amasses and assesses evidence that IRBs delay, distort, derail, and deter research; hobble research training; and repel researchers from fields IRBs regulate.Less
High costs are built into IRB regulation of research. Prior licensing of each study requires searching mountains of innocuous studies to find molehills of baneful ones. The bioethical ethos drives IRB scrutiny ever stricter. Bureaucratized IRBs need thousands of members and burgeoning staffs just to manage paperwork, and researchers are similarly taxed (in some multi-site studies, 15% of the research budget pays for dealing with IRBs). Because this research “is how we produce the innovations that improve health, reduce morbidity or mortality, and alleviate human suffering, preventing or delaying research results in vastly more suffering and death than occurs from researchers’ ethical lapses.” Chapter 2 amasses and assesses evidence that IRBs delay, distort, derail, and deter research; hobble research training; and repel researchers from fields IRBs regulate.
Peter Birch Sørensen
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262034449
- eISBN:
- 9780262332361
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262034449.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
The essay discusses some key features of the wawe of public sector reforms that has swept through the OECD area during the last three decades under the heading of New Public Management. I review what ...
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The essay discusses some key features of the wawe of public sector reforms that has swept through the OECD area during the last three decades under the heading of New Public Management. I review what economic theory and the empirical evidence can say about the effects of introducing pay for performance, performance measurement and various forms of competition in the public sector. I also review some evidence on the growing bureaucratization of the public sector and discuss the drivers behind this trend. The final part of the essay draws some implications for the design of public sector reforms.Less
The essay discusses some key features of the wawe of public sector reforms that has swept through the OECD area during the last three decades under the heading of New Public Management. I review what economic theory and the empirical evidence can say about the effects of introducing pay for performance, performance measurement and various forms of competition in the public sector. I also review some evidence on the growing bureaucratization of the public sector and discuss the drivers behind this trend. The final part of the essay draws some implications for the design of public sector reforms.
