William H. Boothby
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199569946
- eISBN:
- 9780191705250
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199569946.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter discusses the early rules, particularly those relating to poisons. The early beginnings of the modern law are charted, from the Lieber Code, through the St Petersburg Declaration to the ...
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This chapter discusses the early rules, particularly those relating to poisons. The early beginnings of the modern law are charted, from the Lieber Code, through the St Petersburg Declaration to the Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907. The learned writings of the 19th century are put in context and the evolution of the modern law, including the Geneva Gas Protocol, the Environmental Modification Convention, the Conventional Weapons Convention, and the Ottawa and Cluster Munitions Conventions, is related. The approach is to give a brief historical perspective against which the later detailed analysis of the respective texts can then be considered.Less
This chapter discusses the early rules, particularly those relating to poisons. The early beginnings of the modern law are charted, from the Lieber Code, through the St Petersburg Declaration to the Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907. The learned writings of the 19th century are put in context and the evolution of the modern law, including the Geneva Gas Protocol, the Environmental Modification Convention, the Conventional Weapons Convention, and the Ottawa and Cluster Munitions Conventions, is related. The approach is to give a brief historical perspective against which the later detailed analysis of the respective texts can then be considered.
Peter Gold
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780853232094
- eISBN:
- 9781846317262
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/UPO9781846317262
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This book is a detailed analysis of the attempt by Britain and Spain since 1980 to solve their dispute over the future of Gibraltar. Spain wants the restoration of her territorial integrity, whereas ...
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This book is a detailed analysis of the attempt by Britain and Spain since 1980 to solve their dispute over the future of Gibraltar. Spain wants the restoration of her territorial integrity, whereas the Gibraltarians have never shown any interest in becoming part of Spain. Britain had ignored UN calls for negotiations, but following the restoration of Spanish democracy and with Spain due to become a fellow member of both NATO and the European Community, Britain felt an obligation to try to resolve the dispute. The book examines the events which have taken place following the signing of the Lisbon Agreement between Britain and Spain to discuss the differences between them on this issue. It traces the effect of the Falklands war in 1982 on the Gibraltar negotiations, and shows that events in the South Atlantic did not prevent an explicit commitment in the Brussels Declaration of 1984 to discuss the thorny issue of the sovereignty of Gibraltar. Since that time, although communications and cooperation between Spain and the Rock have improved, little progress has been made towards resolving the question of sovereignty.Less
This book is a detailed analysis of the attempt by Britain and Spain since 1980 to solve their dispute over the future of Gibraltar. Spain wants the restoration of her territorial integrity, whereas the Gibraltarians have never shown any interest in becoming part of Spain. Britain had ignored UN calls for negotiations, but following the restoration of Spanish democracy and with Spain due to become a fellow member of both NATO and the European Community, Britain felt an obligation to try to resolve the dispute. The book examines the events which have taken place following the signing of the Lisbon Agreement between Britain and Spain to discuss the differences between them on this issue. It traces the effect of the Falklands war in 1982 on the Gibraltar negotiations, and shows that events in the South Atlantic did not prevent an explicit commitment in the Brussels Declaration of 1984 to discuss the thorny issue of the sovereignty of Gibraltar. Since that time, although communications and cooperation between Spain and the Rock have improved, little progress has been made towards resolving the question of sovereignty.
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780853232094
- eISBN:
- 9781846317262
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/UPO9781846317262.009
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter details the progress of negotiations between Spain and Britain from March 1983 to November 1984. The spring of 1983 marked a real beginning of negotiations heralded by the Lisbon ...
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This chapter details the progress of negotiations between Spain and Britain from March 1983 to November 1984. The spring of 1983 marked a real beginning of negotiations heralded by the Lisbon Agreement. The first opportunity for talks presented itself on 16 March, when Spanish Foreign Affairs Minister Fernando Moran went to London as part of a series of bilateral visits he was making to European Community countries. On 27 November 1984 Sir Geoffrey Howe and Fernando Moran met in Brussels. The negotiations which had been going on behind the scenes finally bore fruit in the agreement which has come to be known in Britain as the Brussels Declaration. Designed as a statement which committed both sides to apply the Lisbon Agreement of 1980, the two most significant aspects of the Brussels accord were that Spain would lift restrictions on Gibraltar by 15 February 1985 and that Britain would discuss the question of sovereignty.Less
This chapter details the progress of negotiations between Spain and Britain from March 1983 to November 1984. The spring of 1983 marked a real beginning of negotiations heralded by the Lisbon Agreement. The first opportunity for talks presented itself on 16 March, when Spanish Foreign Affairs Minister Fernando Moran went to London as part of a series of bilateral visits he was making to European Community countries. On 27 November 1984 Sir Geoffrey Howe and Fernando Moran met in Brussels. The negotiations which had been going on behind the scenes finally bore fruit in the agreement which has come to be known in Britain as the Brussels Declaration. Designed as a statement which committed both sides to apply the Lisbon Agreement of 1980, the two most significant aspects of the Brussels accord were that Spain would lift restrictions on Gibraltar by 15 February 1985 and that Britain would discuss the question of sovereignty.
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780853232094
- eISBN:
- 9781846317262
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/UPO9781846317262.010
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter discusses the full opening of the border on 5 February 1985. In preparation for the event, Spanish and Gibraltarian officials met on 10 and 11 January to discuss practical matters ...
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This chapter discusses the full opening of the border on 5 February 1985. In preparation for the event, Spanish and Gibraltarian officials met on 10 and 11 January to discuss practical matters relating to the re–establishment of communications, such as police control, customs, work permits, and telecommunications. The talks resulted in the publication in Madrid on 18 January of detailed regulations about the movement of people, goods, and vehicles across the border. At the stroke of midnight between 4 and 5 February 1985, the border gates which had been closed on the Spanish side for the last 16 years were finally fully opened. That same day British and Spanish delegations, led by their respective Foreign Ministers, met at the International Conference Centre in Geneva to discuss the implementation of the Brussels Declaration. It was the first occasion on which the two Foreign Ministers had arranged a formal encounter specifically to talk about Gibraltar.Less
This chapter discusses the full opening of the border on 5 February 1985. In preparation for the event, Spanish and Gibraltarian officials met on 10 and 11 January to discuss practical matters relating to the re–establishment of communications, such as police control, customs, work permits, and telecommunications. The talks resulted in the publication in Madrid on 18 January of detailed regulations about the movement of people, goods, and vehicles across the border. At the stroke of midnight between 4 and 5 February 1985, the border gates which had been closed on the Spanish side for the last 16 years were finally fully opened. That same day British and Spanish delegations, led by their respective Foreign Ministers, met at the International Conference Centre in Geneva to discuss the implementation of the Brussels Declaration. It was the first occasion on which the two Foreign Ministers had arranged a formal encounter specifically to talk about Gibraltar.
Will Smiley
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- October 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198785415
- eISBN:
- 9780191827334
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198785415.003.0011
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History, Public International Law
This chapter explores European influence on Ottoman captivity in the 1850s–1870s, through the humanitarian movement, including the Red Cross, and the codified law it spawned: the Geneva Convention ...
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This chapter explores European influence on Ottoman captivity in the 1850s–1870s, through the humanitarian movement, including the Red Cross, and the codified law it spawned: the Geneva Convention and the Brussels Convention. Humanitarianism, during the Crimean War, led the Porte to end the wartime enslavement of civilians. But otherwise, it came to the Ottoman Empire during and after the Crimean War, as it did elsewhere, and helped Ottoman captives on the same terms as others. The Porte signed multilateral treaties at the same time as other states, and Ottoman captivity practices structurally resembled, though did not fulfil, the new rules. More importantly, during the 1877–78 Russo–Ottoman War, the Ottoman Empire came to use the language of European customary law—the Law of Nations—to defend its practices and assert its place. This was the first time the Porte did so with respect to captivity.Less
This chapter explores European influence on Ottoman captivity in the 1850s–1870s, through the humanitarian movement, including the Red Cross, and the codified law it spawned: the Geneva Convention and the Brussels Convention. Humanitarianism, during the Crimean War, led the Porte to end the wartime enslavement of civilians. But otherwise, it came to the Ottoman Empire during and after the Crimean War, as it did elsewhere, and helped Ottoman captives on the same terms as others. The Porte signed multilateral treaties at the same time as other states, and Ottoman captivity practices structurally resembled, though did not fulfil, the new rules. More importantly, during the 1877–78 Russo–Ottoman War, the Ottoman Empire came to use the language of European customary law—the Law of Nations—to defend its practices and assert its place. This was the first time the Porte did so with respect to captivity.
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780853232094
- eISBN:
- 9781846317262
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/UPO9781846317262.017
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter describes events that took place between January and February 1989. These include Joe Bossano's first official visit to La Línea on 10 and 11 January; and Sir Geoffrey Howe' visit to ...
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This chapter describes events that took place between January and February 1989. These include Joe Bossano's first official visit to La Línea on 10 and 11 January; and Sir Geoffrey Howe' visit to Gibraltar on 30 January, his first since Bossano's election victory in March 1988. The chapter discusses Bosanno's strategy, which was to seek economic independence for Gibraltar as a means of maintaining political independence. He also refused to participate in the annual round of talks between the British and Spanish Foreign Ministers, in order to indicate his rejection of the Brussels Declaration.Less
This chapter describes events that took place between January and February 1989. These include Joe Bossano's first official visit to La Línea on 10 and 11 January; and Sir Geoffrey Howe' visit to Gibraltar on 30 January, his first since Bossano's election victory in March 1988. The chapter discusses Bosanno's strategy, which was to seek economic independence for Gibraltar as a means of maintaining political independence. He also refused to participate in the annual round of talks between the British and Spanish Foreign Ministers, in order to indicate his rejection of the Brussels Declaration.
Sibylle Scheipers
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199596737
- eISBN:
- 9780191803543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199596737.003.0022
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory, International Relations and Politics
This chapter focuses on changes in the treatment and protection of prisoners of war (POWs). It covers the rules and customs of war before and during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars; the ...
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This chapter focuses on changes in the treatment and protection of prisoners of war (POWs). It covers the rules and customs of war before and during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars; the transitory period between the breakdown of the ancien régime principles and practices during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars and the beginning of the codification of the law of armed conflict at the end of the nineteenth century; and the Lieber Code and the Brussels Declaration.Less
This chapter focuses on changes in the treatment and protection of prisoners of war (POWs). It covers the rules and customs of war before and during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars; the transitory period between the breakdown of the ancien régime principles and practices during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars and the beginning of the codification of the law of armed conflict at the end of the nineteenth century; and the Lieber Code and the Brussels Declaration.
