Karen O’Brien
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264393
- eISBN:
- 9780191734571
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264393.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter focuses on white colonial emigration and the settlement of the British and Irish following the loss of the first British Empire. In particular, it examines the British imaginative ...
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This chapter focuses on white colonial emigration and the settlement of the British and Irish following the loss of the first British Empire. In particular, it examines the British imaginative engagement with the figure of the colonial settler as a casualty of war, industrialization, and poverty, as well as an economic migrant who nevertheless appeared to signify the potential for the recuperation of British society in the future. The chapter is also concerned with the role of the Romantic writers and literature in the new national imaginative investment in colonial settlement. It furthermore discusses Tory arguments and policy making, which encouraged state involvement and planning of the colonization of the white-settler territories in New South Wales, Canada, the Cape, and New Zealand. This Tory strain of British imperialism was issued out from the Romantic critique of classical political economy and the Romantic assault on Malthus’s non-interventionist stance on poverty. In contrast to the liberal economists, proponents of the Tory arguments advocated the active involvement of the state in managing poverty, and the export of the excess of the population to the overseas colonies. By focusing on the Tory outlook and its implications for the settler colonies, including the imaginative dimension of the literary writers, the chapter gives a profound understanding on the strand of imperialism that evolved together with the nineteenth-century imperial liberalism, yet substantially differed from it.Less
This chapter focuses on white colonial emigration and the settlement of the British and Irish following the loss of the first British Empire. In particular, it examines the British imaginative engagement with the figure of the colonial settler as a casualty of war, industrialization, and poverty, as well as an economic migrant who nevertheless appeared to signify the potential for the recuperation of British society in the future. The chapter is also concerned with the role of the Romantic writers and literature in the new national imaginative investment in colonial settlement. It furthermore discusses Tory arguments and policy making, which encouraged state involvement and planning of the colonization of the white-settler territories in New South Wales, Canada, the Cape, and New Zealand. This Tory strain of British imperialism was issued out from the Romantic critique of classical political economy and the Romantic assault on Malthus’s non-interventionist stance on poverty. In contrast to the liberal economists, proponents of the Tory arguments advocated the active involvement of the state in managing poverty, and the export of the excess of the population to the overseas colonies. By focusing on the Tory outlook and its implications for the settler colonies, including the imaginative dimension of the literary writers, the chapter gives a profound understanding on the strand of imperialism that evolved together with the nineteenth-century imperial liberalism, yet substantially differed from it.
Nancy O. Gallman and Alan Taylor
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781479850129
- eISBN:
- 9781479838394
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479850129.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
Gallman and Taylor take up murder at the boundary zones between the Iroquois and British settlers and between Spanish Florida and the Lower Creeks and Seminoles. Despite contrasts between the legal ...
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Gallman and Taylor take up murder at the boundary zones between the Iroquois and British settlers and between Spanish Florida and the Lower Creeks and Seminoles. Despite contrasts between the legal systems of the empires—civil law and inquisitorial procedure on the Spanish side, common law and trial by jury on the British side—indigenous groups came to similar conclusions regarding murder. Specifically, Native leaders rejected execution of the guilty, as proposed by English law, or other punishments, from execution to imprisonment to exile, under Spanish law. They opted instead to resolve matters by “covering the grave,” or giving gifts by the culpable party to the aggrieved party in lieu of revenge. This practice was less likely to spark a blood feud and enabled indigenous groups to preserve corporate autonomy in the face of pressures to conform to imperial norms. Though reluctantly, imperial officials often went along with this in order to keep the peace.Less
Gallman and Taylor take up murder at the boundary zones between the Iroquois and British settlers and between Spanish Florida and the Lower Creeks and Seminoles. Despite contrasts between the legal systems of the empires—civil law and inquisitorial procedure on the Spanish side, common law and trial by jury on the British side—indigenous groups came to similar conclusions regarding murder. Specifically, Native leaders rejected execution of the guilty, as proposed by English law, or other punishments, from execution to imprisonment to exile, under Spanish law. They opted instead to resolve matters by “covering the grave,” or giving gifts by the culpable party to the aggrieved party in lieu of revenge. This practice was less likely to spark a blood feud and enabled indigenous groups to preserve corporate autonomy in the face of pressures to conform to imperial norms. Though reluctantly, imperial officials often went along with this in order to keep the peace.
Maria Nugent and Sarah Carter
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781784991401
- eISBN:
- 9781526115065
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784991401.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
The introduction explains the objective of the collection, which is to plumb the ideas and interpretations which Indigenous people of the British settler colonies have formulated and articulated ...
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The introduction explains the objective of the collection, which is to plumb the ideas and interpretations which Indigenous people of the British settler colonies have formulated and articulated about or through Queen Victoria in response to the colonial encounter. Essays also consider how the representatives of the Crown employed the figure of the monarch in their interactions with Indigenous people. The introduction explains the scope of the collection, why the focus is on the settler colonies. It describes how this is an innovative, original, timely and significant contribution. It brings together scholarship that has been isolated within the confines of national histories, and contributes to understandings of comparable colonial cultures and networks and webs of empire. It is explained why the collection is divided into three parts, and the themes and issues that link the chapters. Each chapter is summarized. It concludes with the hope that this will generate further interdisciplinary scholarship.Less
The introduction explains the objective of the collection, which is to plumb the ideas and interpretations which Indigenous people of the British settler colonies have formulated and articulated about or through Queen Victoria in response to the colonial encounter. Essays also consider how the representatives of the Crown employed the figure of the monarch in their interactions with Indigenous people. The introduction explains the scope of the collection, why the focus is on the settler colonies. It describes how this is an innovative, original, timely and significant contribution. It brings together scholarship that has been isolated within the confines of national histories, and contributes to understandings of comparable colonial cultures and networks and webs of empire. It is explained why the collection is divided into three parts, and the themes and issues that link the chapters. Each chapter is summarized. It concludes with the hope that this will generate further interdisciplinary scholarship.
P.G. McHugh
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198252481
- eISBN:
- 9780191710438
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198252481.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law, Legal History
This book describes the encounter between the common law legal system and the tribal peoples of North America and Australasia. It is a history of the role of anglophone law in managing relations ...
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This book describes the encounter between the common law legal system and the tribal peoples of North America and Australasia. It is a history of the role of anglophone law in managing relations between the British settlers and indigenous peoples. That history runs from the plantation of Ireland and settlement of the New World to the end of the 20th century. The book begins by looking at the nature of British imperialism and the position of non-Christian peoples at large in the 17th and 18th centuries. It then focuses on North America and Australasia from their early national periods in the 19th century to the modern era. The historical basis of relations is described through the key, enduring, but constantly shifting questions of sovereignty, status and, more latterly, self-determination. Throughout the history of engagement with common law legalism, questions surrounding the settler-state's recognition — or otherwise — of the integrity of the tribe have recurred. These issues were addressed in many and varied imperial and colonial contexts, but all jurisdictions have shared remarkable historical parallels which have been accentuated by their common legal heritage. The same questioning continues today in the renewed and controversial claims of the tribal societies to a distinct constitutional position and associated rights of self-determination. The author examines the political resurgence of aboriginal peoples in the last quarter of the 20th century. A period of ‘rights-recognition’ was transformed into a second-generation jurisprudence of rights-management and rights-integration. From the 1990s onwards, aboriginal affairs have been driven by an increasingly rampant legalism.Less
This book describes the encounter between the common law legal system and the tribal peoples of North America and Australasia. It is a history of the role of anglophone law in managing relations between the British settlers and indigenous peoples. That history runs from the plantation of Ireland and settlement of the New World to the end of the 20th century. The book begins by looking at the nature of British imperialism and the position of non-Christian peoples at large in the 17th and 18th centuries. It then focuses on North America and Australasia from their early national periods in the 19th century to the modern era. The historical basis of relations is described through the key, enduring, but constantly shifting questions of sovereignty, status and, more latterly, self-determination. Throughout the history of engagement with common law legalism, questions surrounding the settler-state's recognition — or otherwise — of the integrity of the tribe have recurred. These issues were addressed in many and varied imperial and colonial contexts, but all jurisdictions have shared remarkable historical parallels which have been accentuated by their common legal heritage. The same questioning continues today in the renewed and controversial claims of the tribal societies to a distinct constitutional position and associated rights of self-determination. The author examines the political resurgence of aboriginal peoples in the last quarter of the 20th century. A period of ‘rights-recognition’ was transformed into a second-generation jurisprudence of rights-management and rights-integration. From the 1990s onwards, aboriginal affairs have been driven by an increasingly rampant legalism.
Julie Evans, Patricia Grimshaw, and David Phillips
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719060038
- eISBN:
- 9781781700334
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719060038.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
This book focuses on the ways in which the British settler colonies of Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa treated indigenous peoples in relation to political rights, commencing with the ...
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This book focuses on the ways in which the British settler colonies of Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa treated indigenous peoples in relation to political rights, commencing with the imperial policies of the 1830s and ending with the national political settlements in place by 1910. Drawing on a wide range of sources, its comparative approach provides an insight into the historical foundations of present-day controversies in these settler societies.Less
This book focuses on the ways in which the British settler colonies of Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa treated indigenous peoples in relation to political rights, commencing with the imperial policies of the 1830s and ending with the national political settlements in place by 1910. Drawing on a wide range of sources, its comparative approach provides an insight into the historical foundations of present-day controversies in these settler societies.
Julie Evans, Patricia Grimshaw, David Philips, and Shurlee Swain
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719060038
- eISBN:
- 9781781700334
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719060038.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
This chapter focuses on the political outcomes of the intensified appropriation of Indigenous lands by British settler colonists in Australasia from the 1870s to 1910. From the 1870s to the first ...
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This chapter focuses on the political outcomes of the intensified appropriation of Indigenous lands by British settler colonists in Australasia from the 1870s to 1910. From the 1870s to the first decade of the twentieth century, settler governments in the Australasian colonies built on their foundation years in their treatment of Indigenous political rights in their political systems. The seven colonies in the Australasian region contemplated federating into one nation state despite sharp divisions among them. Settlers wanting manhood suffrage for themselves in Australasian colonies, including New Zealand, Queensland and Western Australia, tried to keep Maori and Indigenous people in a marginalized situation. In the Electoral Bill, which was passed in 1879, politicians were enfranchised. White property-holders could have plural votes in any number of electorates, but Maori landowners were restricted to one settler electorate. In the Australasian colonies in the early 1890s, a debate on women's political rights intersected with the debates on Indigenous rights, and votes for women successfully passed through three Australasian colonial legislatures in the 1890s: New Zealand in 1893, South Australia in 1894; and Western Australia in 1899.Less
This chapter focuses on the political outcomes of the intensified appropriation of Indigenous lands by British settler colonists in Australasia from the 1870s to 1910. From the 1870s to the first decade of the twentieth century, settler governments in the Australasian colonies built on their foundation years in their treatment of Indigenous political rights in their political systems. The seven colonies in the Australasian region contemplated federating into one nation state despite sharp divisions among them. Settlers wanting manhood suffrage for themselves in Australasian colonies, including New Zealand, Queensland and Western Australia, tried to keep Maori and Indigenous people in a marginalized situation. In the Electoral Bill, which was passed in 1879, politicians were enfranchised. White property-holders could have plural votes in any number of electorates, but Maori landowners were restricted to one settler electorate. In the Australasian colonies in the early 1890s, a debate on women's political rights intersected with the debates on Indigenous rights, and votes for women successfully passed through three Australasian colonial legislatures in the 1890s: New Zealand in 1893, South Australia in 1894; and Western Australia in 1899.
Julie Evans, Patricia Grimshaw, David Philips, and Shurlee Swain
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719060038
- eISBN:
- 9781781700334
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719060038.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
This chapter focuses on the voting rights and political outcomes of the intensified appropriation of Indigenous lands by British settler colonists in South Africa from the 1870s to 1910. By the ...
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This chapter focuses on the voting rights and political outcomes of the intensified appropriation of Indigenous lands by British settler colonists in South Africa from the 1870s to 1910. By the 1870s, important economic and political developments in South Africa prompted Britain to act in consolidating its interests throughout the Southern African region. These developments, which included the ‘mineral revolution’ through the discovery of diamond fields and gold fields, and Lord Carnarvon's federation scheme of 1870, together reshaped the political geography of South Africa within three decades. By the end of the nineteenth century, the separate African polities had almost entirely disappeared under some form of European colonial jurisdiction, and Britain was also directly threatening the independence of the two Boer republics. The chapter summarizes the political developments related to the voting rights of people, including settlers and Indigenous in the British settler colonies of Natal and Cape Colony.Less
This chapter focuses on the voting rights and political outcomes of the intensified appropriation of Indigenous lands by British settler colonists in South Africa from the 1870s to 1910. By the 1870s, important economic and political developments in South Africa prompted Britain to act in consolidating its interests throughout the Southern African region. These developments, which included the ‘mineral revolution’ through the discovery of diamond fields and gold fields, and Lord Carnarvon's federation scheme of 1870, together reshaped the political geography of South Africa within three decades. By the end of the nineteenth century, the separate African polities had almost entirely disappeared under some form of European colonial jurisdiction, and Britain was also directly threatening the independence of the two Boer republics. The chapter summarizes the political developments related to the voting rights of people, including settlers and Indigenous in the British settler colonies of Natal and Cape Colony.
Sarah Carter and Maria Nugent (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781784991401
- eISBN:
- 9781526115065
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784991401.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
Indigenous people in Britain’s settler colonies engaged Queen Victoria in their diplomacy and politics, and incorporated her into their intellectual and narrative traditions. These interpretations of ...
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Indigenous people in Britain’s settler colonies engaged Queen Victoria in their diplomacy and politics, and incorporated her into their intellectual and narrative traditions. These interpretations of Victoria have much to tell us about indigenous peoples’ experiences of and responses to British colonization, and they also make a significant contribution to historical and contemporary understandings of British imperial and colonial history. The essays in this volume, that focus on Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Canada, offer detailed studies from these settings, of the political, imaginative, diplomatic and intellectual uses of Queen Victoria by indigenous peoples. They also consider the ways in which the Crown’s representatives employed the figure of the monarch in their dealings with the people displaced by British colonization. The collection offers compelling examples of the traffic of ideas, interpretations and political strategies among and between indigenous people and colonial officials across the settler colonies. Together the chapters demonstrate the contributions that Indigenous peoples of the settler colonies made to British imperial culture and cultures of monarchy.Less
Indigenous people in Britain’s settler colonies engaged Queen Victoria in their diplomacy and politics, and incorporated her into their intellectual and narrative traditions. These interpretations of Victoria have much to tell us about indigenous peoples’ experiences of and responses to British colonization, and they also make a significant contribution to historical and contemporary understandings of British imperial and colonial history. The essays in this volume, that focus on Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Canada, offer detailed studies from these settings, of the political, imaginative, diplomatic and intellectual uses of Queen Victoria by indigenous peoples. They also consider the ways in which the Crown’s representatives employed the figure of the monarch in their dealings with the people displaced by British colonization. The collection offers compelling examples of the traffic of ideas, interpretations and political strategies among and between indigenous people and colonial officials across the settler colonies. Together the chapters demonstrate the contributions that Indigenous peoples of the settler colonies made to British imperial culture and cultures of monarchy.
Julie Evans, Patricia Grimshaw, David Philips, and Shurlee Swain
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719060038
- eISBN:
- 9781781700334
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719060038.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
This chapter focuses on the political outcomes of the intensified appropriation of Indigenous lands by British settler colonists in Canada from the 1870s to 1910. The Canadian colonies entered into ...
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This chapter focuses on the political outcomes of the intensified appropriation of Indigenous lands by British settler colonists in Canada from the 1870s to 1910. The Canadian colonies entered into confederation without a uniform national franchise, choosing instead to allow anyone who had the vote at the provincial level to participate in national elections. In post-confederation Canada, the need to bring together disparate colonies, the financing and construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and the establishing of systems of governance in the old Hudson's Bay territories were the issues that preoccupied the government in Ottawa. Its exercise of responsibility for Indigenous people was closely related to those issues as well, negotiating a series of treaties which, under the immediate premise of giving access for the railway, laid the basis for the immigration that would populate what were to become the prairie provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. In 1883, Canadian Prime Minister Sir John Macdonald introduced a Bill to establish a uniform federal franchise, proposing the enfranchisement of single women and widows with property, and the inclusion of Indigenous people, whether or not they had embraced enfranchisement under the provisions of the Gradual Civilisation Act, in the legislation's definition of ‘persons’.Less
This chapter focuses on the political outcomes of the intensified appropriation of Indigenous lands by British settler colonists in Canada from the 1870s to 1910. The Canadian colonies entered into confederation without a uniform national franchise, choosing instead to allow anyone who had the vote at the provincial level to participate in national elections. In post-confederation Canada, the need to bring together disparate colonies, the financing and construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and the establishing of systems of governance in the old Hudson's Bay territories were the issues that preoccupied the government in Ottawa. Its exercise of responsibility for Indigenous people was closely related to those issues as well, negotiating a series of treaties which, under the immediate premise of giving access for the railway, laid the basis for the immigration that would populate what were to become the prairie provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. In 1883, Canadian Prime Minister Sir John Macdonald introduced a Bill to establish a uniform federal franchise, proposing the enfranchisement of single women and widows with property, and the inclusion of Indigenous people, whether or not they had embraced enfranchisement under the provisions of the Gradual Civilisation Act, in the legislation's definition of ‘persons’.
Jude Piesse
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- December 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198752967
- eISBN:
- 9780191814433
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198752967.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism, American, 19th Century Literature
This chapter argues that the Victorian periodical constituted an inherently mobile form, which was uniquely well equipped to register emigration. The first section explores the periodical’s ...
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This chapter argues that the Victorian periodical constituted an inherently mobile form, which was uniquely well equipped to register emigration. The first section explores the periodical’s investment in circulation, associations with technologies of motion and transport, transnational range, portability, and fluid formal dynamics. The second section argues that periodicals were foundationally preoccupied with the social construction of mobilities. Mainstream periodicals not only frequently galvanized real acts of emigration, but also worked to transform ideologically suspect modes of emigrant mobility into safer currents associated with circulation, liberty, and progress. More dissident mobilities were contained through recourse to a regulatory spatio-temporal framework. This capacity to dramatize interplays between forces of fixity and forces of flow gave the periodical particular affinities with settler emigration and enabled it to represent and moderate emigrant mobility to a greater extent than other forms. The chapter’s final section reveals how these dynamics operated in emigrant voyage texts.Less
This chapter argues that the Victorian periodical constituted an inherently mobile form, which was uniquely well equipped to register emigration. The first section explores the periodical’s investment in circulation, associations with technologies of motion and transport, transnational range, portability, and fluid formal dynamics. The second section argues that periodicals were foundationally preoccupied with the social construction of mobilities. Mainstream periodicals not only frequently galvanized real acts of emigration, but also worked to transform ideologically suspect modes of emigrant mobility into safer currents associated with circulation, liberty, and progress. More dissident mobilities were contained through recourse to a regulatory spatio-temporal framework. This capacity to dramatize interplays between forces of fixity and forces of flow gave the periodical particular affinities with settler emigration and enabled it to represent and moderate emigrant mobility to a greater extent than other forms. The chapter’s final section reveals how these dynamics operated in emigrant voyage texts.
Mavis Reimer, Clare Bradford, and Heather Snell
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- June 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780199609932
- eISBN:
- 9780191869761
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199609932.003.0017
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature, Prose (inc. letters, diaries)
This chapter focuses on the juvenile fiction of the British settler colonies to 1950, and considers how writers both take up forms familiar to them from British literature and revise these forms in ...
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This chapter focuses on the juvenile fiction of the British settler colonies to 1950, and considers how writers both take up forms familiar to them from British literature and revise these forms in the attempt to account for the specific geography, politics, and cultures of their places. It is during this time that the heroics associated with building the empire had taken hold of British cultural and literary imaginations. Repeatedly, the juvenile fiction of settler colonies returns to the question of the relations between settlers and Indigenous inhabitants—sometimes respecting the power of Indigenous knowledge and traditions; often expressing the conviction of natural British superiority to Indigenous ways of knowing and living; always revealing, whether overtly or covertly, the haunting of the stories of settler cultures by the displacement of Indigenous peoples on whose land those cultures are founded.Less
This chapter focuses on the juvenile fiction of the British settler colonies to 1950, and considers how writers both take up forms familiar to them from British literature and revise these forms in the attempt to account for the specific geography, politics, and cultures of their places. It is during this time that the heroics associated with building the empire had taken hold of British cultural and literary imaginations. Repeatedly, the juvenile fiction of settler colonies returns to the question of the relations between settlers and Indigenous inhabitants—sometimes respecting the power of Indigenous knowledge and traditions; often expressing the conviction of natural British superiority to Indigenous ways of knowing and living; always revealing, whether overtly or covertly, the haunting of the stories of settler cultures by the displacement of Indigenous peoples on whose land those cultures are founded.
Roger S. Levine
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300125214
- eISBN:
- 9780300168594
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300125214.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, World Early Modern History
This chapter focuses on the period after Tzatzoe left the Kat River in 1818. He spent the next few years at the Bethelsdorp and Theopolis mission stations where he worked as a carpenter and ...
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This chapter focuses on the period after Tzatzoe left the Kat River in 1818. He spent the next few years at the Bethelsdorp and Theopolis mission stations where he worked as a carpenter and wheelwright, evangelizing as an itinerant preacher in the surrounding countryside during his free time. By 1822, Jan Tzatzoe was crossing, once again, from the colony into Xhosaland. This time, his companions were not London Missionary Society missionaries but three ministers associated with the 1820 British settlers. Tzatzoe lead the Reverend William Shaw, who has been ministering in the Wesleyan church in the small town of Salem, just south of Graham's Town, and dreaming of establishing a Wesleyan mission in Xhosaland. They were accompanied by two more Methodist 1820 settlers: Stephen Kay and the Reverend William Threlfall.Less
This chapter focuses on the period after Tzatzoe left the Kat River in 1818. He spent the next few years at the Bethelsdorp and Theopolis mission stations where he worked as a carpenter and wheelwright, evangelizing as an itinerant preacher in the surrounding countryside during his free time. By 1822, Jan Tzatzoe was crossing, once again, from the colony into Xhosaland. This time, his companions were not London Missionary Society missionaries but three ministers associated with the 1820 British settlers. Tzatzoe lead the Reverend William Shaw, who has been ministering in the Wesleyan church in the small town of Salem, just south of Graham's Town, and dreaming of establishing a Wesleyan mission in Xhosaland. They were accompanied by two more Methodist 1820 settlers: Stephen Kay and the Reverend William Threlfall.
John Field
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780719087684
- eISBN:
- 9781781706015
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719087684.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Social History
A wide variety of voluntary work camp systems developed in the interwar years. This chapter distnguished between those which provided a social service, including the main work camp systems organised ...
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A wide variety of voluntary work camp systems developed in the interwar years. This chapter distnguished between those which provided a social service, including the main work camp systems organised by university students, and the pacifist International Voluntary Service camps; and camps organised in order to promote social change, including nationalist and environmentalist camps that both prepared people for a future world and exemplified aspects of life in the new world. Once more, there was a clear gender division, with work camps aimed almost exclusively at men. Unemplyed women were recruited into what were effectively holiday camps, to recuperate; and women in the IVS camps acted as domestic workers, while the men performed symbolically heavy manual labour.Less
A wide variety of voluntary work camp systems developed in the interwar years. This chapter distnguished between those which provided a social service, including the main work camp systems organised by university students, and the pacifist International Voluntary Service camps; and camps organised in order to promote social change, including nationalist and environmentalist camps that both prepared people for a future world and exemplified aspects of life in the new world. Once more, there was a clear gender division, with work camps aimed almost exclusively at men. Unemplyed women were recruited into what were effectively holiday camps, to recuperate; and women in the IVS camps acted as domestic workers, while the men performed symbolically heavy manual labour.
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226033211
- eISBN:
- 9780226033495
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226033495.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This introduction aims to explore the importance of diary writing for the nineteenth century Americans. Diaries can be traced back to colonial times, and the first people who used it were British ...
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This introduction aims to explore the importance of diary writing for the nineteenth century Americans. Diaries can be traced back to colonial times, and the first people who used it were British settlers, who carried it in a small pamphlet form. This chapter then follows the influence that diaries made throughout American history, before considering its future, as it is now endangered by the new digital platforms of social media.Less
This introduction aims to explore the importance of diary writing for the nineteenth century Americans. Diaries can be traced back to colonial times, and the first people who used it were British settlers, who carried it in a small pamphlet form. This chapter then follows the influence that diaries made throughout American history, before considering its future, as it is now endangered by the new digital platforms of social media.
