Tiago Saraiva
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262035033
- eISBN:
- 9780262335706
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262035033.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Political History
“Fascist Pigs” investigates the breeding of new animals and plants embodying fascism. It details the role of technoscientific organisms in the national battles for food independence launched by ...
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“Fascist Pigs” investigates the breeding of new animals and plants embodying fascism. It details the role of technoscientific organisms in the national battles for food independence launched by Mussolini, Salazar, and Hitler, the first large scale mobilizations of the three fascist regimes. The narrative transforms the fascist “back to the land” into a modernist experiment involving geneticists and their organisms (wheat, potatoes, pigs), mass propaganda for peasants and urban consumers, and overgrown bureaucratic structures. In contrast to the generalized emphasis on race, it brings food to the forefront of a renewed understanding of fascism.The fascist obsession with land translated also into violent imperial quests for Lebensraum in Europe and Africa. The book unveils how agricultural experiment stations in Ethiopia, Mozambique and Auschwitz were central for putting in place colonial forced labor schemes for the production of coffee, cotton, and rubber. The story of karakul sheep standardized by scientists at the University of Halle goes a step further. It follows sheep around into Germany, Ukraine, South West Africa, Libya, and Angola, connecting through the travels of a single organism the white settler stories and frontier genocide of the three fascist regimes.This is not a study about what happened to scientists under fascism, but one that by following the historical trajectories of technoscientific organisms reveals how new forms of life intervened in the formation and expansion of fascism.Less
“Fascist Pigs” investigates the breeding of new animals and plants embodying fascism. It details the role of technoscientific organisms in the national battles for food independence launched by Mussolini, Salazar, and Hitler, the first large scale mobilizations of the three fascist regimes. The narrative transforms the fascist “back to the land” into a modernist experiment involving geneticists and their organisms (wheat, potatoes, pigs), mass propaganda for peasants and urban consumers, and overgrown bureaucratic structures. In contrast to the generalized emphasis on race, it brings food to the forefront of a renewed understanding of fascism.The fascist obsession with land translated also into violent imperial quests for Lebensraum in Europe and Africa. The book unveils how agricultural experiment stations in Ethiopia, Mozambique and Auschwitz were central for putting in place colonial forced labor schemes for the production of coffee, cotton, and rubber. The story of karakul sheep standardized by scientists at the University of Halle goes a step further. It follows sheep around into Germany, Ukraine, South West Africa, Libya, and Angola, connecting through the travels of a single organism the white settler stories and frontier genocide of the three fascist regimes.This is not a study about what happened to scientists under fascism, but one that by following the historical trajectories of technoscientific organisms reveals how new forms of life intervened in the formation and expansion of fascism.
Rebecca J. H. Woods
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781469634661
- eISBN:
- 9781469634678
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469634661.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Environmental History
As Britain industrialized in the early nineteenth century, animal breeders faced the need to convert livestock into products while maintaining the distinctive character of their breeds. Thus they ...
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As Britain industrialized in the early nineteenth century, animal breeders faced the need to convert livestock into products while maintaining the distinctive character of their breeds. Thus they transformed cattle and sheep adapted to regional environments into bulky, quick-fattening beasts. Exploring the environmental and economic ramifications of imperial expansion on colonial environments and production practices, Rebecca J. H. Woods traces how global physiological and ecological diversity eroded under the technological, economic, and cultural system that grew up around the production of livestock by the British Empire. Attending to the relationship between type and place and what it means to call a particular breed of livestock “native,” Woods highlights the inherent tension between consumer expectations in the metropole and the ecological reality at the periphery. Based on extensive archival work in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Australia, this study illuminates the connections between the biological consequences and the politics of imperialism. In tracing both the national origins and imperial expansion of British breeds, Woods uncovers the processes that laid the foundation for our livestock industry today.Less
As Britain industrialized in the early nineteenth century, animal breeders faced the need to convert livestock into products while maintaining the distinctive character of their breeds. Thus they transformed cattle and sheep adapted to regional environments into bulky, quick-fattening beasts. Exploring the environmental and economic ramifications of imperial expansion on colonial environments and production practices, Rebecca J. H. Woods traces how global physiological and ecological diversity eroded under the technological, economic, and cultural system that grew up around the production of livestock by the British Empire. Attending to the relationship between type and place and what it means to call a particular breed of livestock “native,” Woods highlights the inherent tension between consumer expectations in the metropole and the ecological reality at the periphery. Based on extensive archival work in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Australia, this study illuminates the connections between the biological consequences and the politics of imperialism. In tracing both the national origins and imperial expansion of British breeds, Woods uncovers the processes that laid the foundation for our livestock industry today.
P. A. Buckley
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781501719615
- eISBN:
- 9781501719622
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501719615.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Ornithology
The avifauna of the study area is described and quantified, beginning with historical coverage since 1872. The Van Cortlandt Park cumulative and breeding avifaunas are dissected and contrasted with ...
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The avifauna of the study area is described and quantified, beginning with historical coverage since 1872. The Van Cortlandt Park cumulative and breeding avifaunas are dissected and contrasted with those of Central and Prospect Parks. Study area breeding species are treated quantitatively, followed by winter species, and migration phenomena; features and conclusions are amplified in 39 tables. The chapter concludes with extended discussion of past and current avian resource problems, particularly in Van Cortlandt Park and what park management is doing about them, with specific recommendations for needed research and management actions.Less
The avifauna of the study area is described and quantified, beginning with historical coverage since 1872. The Van Cortlandt Park cumulative and breeding avifaunas are dissected and contrasted with those of Central and Prospect Parks. Study area breeding species are treated quantitatively, followed by winter species, and migration phenomena; features and conclusions are amplified in 39 tables. The chapter concludes with extended discussion of past and current avian resource problems, particularly in Van Cortlandt Park and what park management is doing about them, with specific recommendations for needed research and management actions.
Ralph S. Hames, James D. Lowe, and Kenneth V. Rosenberg
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801449116
- eISBN:
- 9780801463952
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801449116.003.0010
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
This chapter explains how citizen science can be used to develop a conservation research program. It describes a specific case in which “super citizen scientists” used manipulative sampling to gather ...
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This chapter explains how citizen science can be used to develop a conservation research program. It describes a specific case in which “super citizen scientists” used manipulative sampling to gather data implicating acid rain and mercury in forest bird declines, highlighting the advantages of partnerships with governmental and nongovernmental organizations. Focusing on the Birds in Forested Landscapes (BFL) project that was originally developed at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, the chapter demonstrates how citizen data can help address the effects of pollution on birds over wide regions. It also considers the BFL's collaboration with The Nature Conservancy as well as new research using data from another citizen science project, the Breeding Bird Survey, to develop a program for investigating significant conservation issues for birds and for translating science for policy and management.Less
This chapter explains how citizen science can be used to develop a conservation research program. It describes a specific case in which “super citizen scientists” used manipulative sampling to gather data implicating acid rain and mercury in forest bird declines, highlighting the advantages of partnerships with governmental and nongovernmental organizations. Focusing on the Birds in Forested Landscapes (BFL) project that was originally developed at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, the chapter demonstrates how citizen data can help address the effects of pollution on birds over wide regions. It also considers the BFL's collaboration with The Nature Conservancy as well as new research using data from another citizen science project, the Breeding Bird Survey, to develop a program for investigating significant conservation issues for birds and for translating science for policy and management.
Lino Camprubí
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262027175
- eISBN:
- 9780262323222
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262027175.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter traces rice seeds as they circulated from the genetics laboratory through a vertically organized system for production and consumption onto the Spanish landscape. Rice production in ...
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This chapter traces rice seeds as they circulated from the genetics laboratory through a vertically organized system for production and consumption onto the Spanish landscape. Rice production in Spain during the early years of Francoism offers an illuminating example of the links between agricultural research and state corporatism. Agronomists who were engaged in rice breeding placed themselves at the center of a vertically integrated system that attempted to unify state politics, capital and labor issues, and scientific research. The scientific laboratory was able to shape the system from within and to capitalize on it to obtain new seeds and distribute them throughout the Spanish territory. Seeds provide a new entry point into the actual functioning of the regime's vertical unions. They also explain the transformation of the Guadalquivir marshes into a rice producing landscape.Less
This chapter traces rice seeds as they circulated from the genetics laboratory through a vertically organized system for production and consumption onto the Spanish landscape. Rice production in Spain during the early years of Francoism offers an illuminating example of the links between agricultural research and state corporatism. Agronomists who were engaged in rice breeding placed themselves at the center of a vertically integrated system that attempted to unify state politics, capital and labor issues, and scientific research. The scientific laboratory was able to shape the system from within and to capitalize on it to obtain new seeds and distribute them throughout the Spanish territory. Seeds provide a new entry point into the actual functioning of the regime's vertical unions. They also explain the transformation of the Guadalquivir marshes into a rice producing landscape.
Sherry F. Colb and Michael C. Dorf
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231175142
- eISBN:
- 9780231540957
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231175142.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Human control of animal reproduction ties the subjects of this book together in yet another way. Given past and ongoing human injustices against animals, humans who wish to care for animals incapable ...
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Human control of animal reproduction ties the subjects of this book together in yet another way. Given past and ongoing human injustices against animals, humans who wish to care for animals incapable of living free face difficult choices.Less
Human control of animal reproduction ties the subjects of this book together in yet another way. Given past and ongoing human injustices against animals, humans who wish to care for animals incapable of living free face difficult choices.
Sunil M. Agnani
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780823251803
- eISBN:
- 9780823253050
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823251803.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, World Literature
This chapter considers the failure of communication dramatized in Supplément au voyage de Bougainville which exists in tension with Diderot's empirical efforts at detailed description in the Histoire ...
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This chapter considers the failure of communication dramatized in Supplément au voyage de Bougainville which exists in tension with Diderot's empirical efforts at detailed description in the Histoire des deux Indes and the Encyclopédie. In one the effort to gather knowledge with infinite aspiration is asserted, while in another the emphasis is on the incommensurability of one culture with another. There is a double movement in the French Enlightenment: an encyclopedic impulse aiming to incorporate and comprehend alongside a sometimes contrary impulse emphasizing cultural and ethical singularity/uniqueness. Based on these antislavery/anticolonial works, this chapter examines how Diderot argued against empire. Yet, tacking in the other direction, it argues that Diderot's radicalism placed him in a bind that could be resolved only by turning to political fantasy: unwilling to fully accept the legitimacy of colonial dominance, he imagines a “consensual colonialism,” a soft colonization, in which the interests of settler and native are unified and the dominance of the settler is established with the voluntary consent of the colonized. Diderot speculates on how biologically breeding a docile subject has enabled the successful settling and peopling of colonial spaces.Less
This chapter considers the failure of communication dramatized in Supplément au voyage de Bougainville which exists in tension with Diderot's empirical efforts at detailed description in the Histoire des deux Indes and the Encyclopédie. In one the effort to gather knowledge with infinite aspiration is asserted, while in another the emphasis is on the incommensurability of one culture with another. There is a double movement in the French Enlightenment: an encyclopedic impulse aiming to incorporate and comprehend alongside a sometimes contrary impulse emphasizing cultural and ethical singularity/uniqueness. Based on these antislavery/anticolonial works, this chapter examines how Diderot argued against empire. Yet, tacking in the other direction, it argues that Diderot's radicalism placed him in a bind that could be resolved only by turning to political fantasy: unwilling to fully accept the legitimacy of colonial dominance, he imagines a “consensual colonialism,” a soft colonization, in which the interests of settler and native are unified and the dominance of the settler is established with the voluntary consent of the colonized. Diderot speculates on how biologically breeding a docile subject has enabled the successful settling and peopling of colonial spaces.
Simon Harding
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9781447300274
- eISBN:
- 9781447307594
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447300274.003.0004
- Subject:
- Social Work, Crime and Justice
This chapter provides a definition of status dog; a term first identified in 2007. Media roles are addressed and consideration given to the concept of moral panic. This is also reviewed in terms of ...
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This chapter provides a definition of status dog; a term first identified in 2007. Media roles are addressed and consideration given to the concept of moral panic. This is also reviewed in terms of the Dangerous Dogs Act (1991). A cultural criminology perspective is also employed regarding moral panic theory. A critical discourse analysis of the coverage of status dogs in the UK news media is presented and parallels are drawn between UK reporting and media coverage in the USA which is revealed as unbalanced, sensationalist and biased. Over the past 20 years there has been a shift in human-animal relations with increased commodification of animals. The media has also failed to distinguish between owners with commodification values and traditional values, an issue which has resulted in the Staffordshire bull terrier being viewed by many as a status dog. This chapter reviews Beverland’s concept of intrinsic and extrinsic ownership of animals. The causes of animal cruelty among owners of status dogs is considered which is linked to irresponsible dog ownership, and the vicious circle of demand and supply of status dogs, via irresponsible breeders seeking to make a profit.Less
This chapter provides a definition of status dog; a term first identified in 2007. Media roles are addressed and consideration given to the concept of moral panic. This is also reviewed in terms of the Dangerous Dogs Act (1991). A cultural criminology perspective is also employed regarding moral panic theory. A critical discourse analysis of the coverage of status dogs in the UK news media is presented and parallels are drawn between UK reporting and media coverage in the USA which is revealed as unbalanced, sensationalist and biased. Over the past 20 years there has been a shift in human-animal relations with increased commodification of animals. The media has also failed to distinguish between owners with commodification values and traditional values, an issue which has resulted in the Staffordshire bull terrier being viewed by many as a status dog. This chapter reviews Beverland’s concept of intrinsic and extrinsic ownership of animals. The causes of animal cruelty among owners of status dogs is considered which is linked to irresponsible dog ownership, and the vicious circle of demand and supply of status dogs, via irresponsible breeders seeking to make a profit.
Berris Charnley
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780719090981
- eISBN:
- 9781526115133
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719090981.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
In the first years of the twentieth century geneticists promised a revolution in plant breeding that would bring new forms of agriculture. This chapter tracks the successes and failures of the first ...
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In the first years of the twentieth century geneticists promised a revolution in plant breeding that would bring new forms of agriculture. This chapter tracks the successes and failures of the first geneticists’ plans for agriculture. Specifically we follow Rowland Biffen, based at University of Cambridge's Department of Agriculture, and his plan for an All-English loaf, produced without imported flour. The All-English loaf was a failure in Biffen’s lifetime but his varieties were a huge success. Farmers – especially in the south east of England – enthusiastically adopted the new wheat varieties for their own purposes rather than Biffen’s. Little Joss and Yeoman, the most successful varieties to emerge from Biffen’s scientific breeding program, were the leading edge of a large-scale technological intervention in English farming, in which science was to play a guiding role and backing came from the British Government. However, by the end of the 1920s, when it became obvious the All-English loaf was still a far-off dream, it was Biffen and the Ministry of Agriculture who had changed their views on how to farm wheat, as yields rather than bread-making quality became the leitmotif of intensive arable production.Less
In the first years of the twentieth century geneticists promised a revolution in plant breeding that would bring new forms of agriculture. This chapter tracks the successes and failures of the first geneticists’ plans for agriculture. Specifically we follow Rowland Biffen, based at University of Cambridge's Department of Agriculture, and his plan for an All-English loaf, produced without imported flour. The All-English loaf was a failure in Biffen’s lifetime but his varieties were a huge success. Farmers – especially in the south east of England – enthusiastically adopted the new wheat varieties for their own purposes rather than Biffen’s. Little Joss and Yeoman, the most successful varieties to emerge from Biffen’s scientific breeding program, were the leading edge of a large-scale technological intervention in English farming, in which science was to play a guiding role and backing came from the British Government. However, by the end of the 1920s, when it became obvious the All-English loaf was still a far-off dream, it was Biffen and the Ministry of Agriculture who had changed their views on how to farm wheat, as yields rather than bread-making quality became the leitmotif of intensive arable production.
Donovan Miyasaki
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780823262861
- eISBN:
- 9780823266524
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823262861.003.0012
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
In this paper, I clarify Nietzsche’s troubling notion of the morality of breeding or cultivation (Züchtung). I defend it as a naturalist morality that promotes life and human flourishing. I begin by ...
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In this paper, I clarify Nietzsche’s troubling notion of the morality of breeding or cultivation (Züchtung). I defend it as a naturalist morality that promotes life and human flourishing. I begin by arguing that breeding should be interpreted metaphorically as the socially conditioned production of character types through habitual, incorporated behaviour. I then place Nietzsche’s contrast of breeding and taming in the context of his broader categories of noble and slavish, natural and anti-natural, moralities. Moral breeding is a noble form of evaluation because it begins with affirmation and cultivation of character traits, in contrast to the slavish form of taming, which begins by identifying harmful traits for elimination. Breeding is consequently a natural morality because it affirms human nature and life, while taming condemns fundamental aspects of human nature and life. Finally, I argue that moral breeding is a natural morality in an additional sense. Because Nietzsche believes the accidental selection and preservation of traits is the necessary form of all human development, we are unable to opt out of the natural process of breeding. We can choose only to participate intentionally or accidentally. Consequently, the dangers of breeding are lessened, not increased, by bringing moral inquiry into the selection process to counter the ethical dangers of amoral and accidental criteria of breeding.Less
In this paper, I clarify Nietzsche’s troubling notion of the morality of breeding or cultivation (Züchtung). I defend it as a naturalist morality that promotes life and human flourishing. I begin by arguing that breeding should be interpreted metaphorically as the socially conditioned production of character types through habitual, incorporated behaviour. I then place Nietzsche’s contrast of breeding and taming in the context of his broader categories of noble and slavish, natural and anti-natural, moralities. Moral breeding is a noble form of evaluation because it begins with affirmation and cultivation of character traits, in contrast to the slavish form of taming, which begins by identifying harmful traits for elimination. Breeding is consequently a natural morality because it affirms human nature and life, while taming condemns fundamental aspects of human nature and life. Finally, I argue that moral breeding is a natural morality in an additional sense. Because Nietzsche believes the accidental selection and preservation of traits is the necessary form of all human development, we are unable to opt out of the natural process of breeding. We can choose only to participate intentionally or accidentally. Consequently, the dangers of breeding are lessened, not increased, by bringing moral inquiry into the selection process to counter the ethical dangers of amoral and accidental criteria of breeding.
Tim D. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780973007312
- eISBN:
- 9781786944733
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780973007312.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
Tim D. Smith seeks to examine the ecology of cetacean species, by bringing together data from whaling logbooks, governmental records, the examination of historical environmental sources, and evidence ...
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Tim D. Smith seeks to examine the ecology of cetacean species, by bringing together data from whaling logbooks, governmental records, the examination of historical environmental sources, and evidence from archaeological investigations, with the aim of creating a thorough and accurate history of the whaling industry and marine ecology. This final chapter raises the questions of changes in carrying capacity, breeding habitat, and breeding success of cetacean specifes, and concludes by finding gaps in records and previous analysis that the collaboration of whale biologists, ecolologists, climatologists and historians must seek to heal.Less
Tim D. Smith seeks to examine the ecology of cetacean species, by bringing together data from whaling logbooks, governmental records, the examination of historical environmental sources, and evidence from archaeological investigations, with the aim of creating a thorough and accurate history of the whaling industry and marine ecology. This final chapter raises the questions of changes in carrying capacity, breeding habitat, and breeding success of cetacean specifes, and concludes by finding gaps in records and previous analysis that the collaboration of whale biologists, ecolologists, climatologists and historians must seek to heal.
A.B. Dickinson
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780973893441
- eISBN:
- 9781786944603
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780973893441.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This chapter discusses the twentieth century sealing industry in the Falklands, paying particular attention to the Falklands Islands and Dependencies Sealing Company - established in 1928 - and their ...
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This chapter discusses the twentieth century sealing industry in the Falklands, paying particular attention to the Falklands Islands and Dependencies Sealing Company - established in 1928 - and their subsequent operation in the Falklands. It examines the company’s catch distribution; catch and production rates; and assets and liabilities in the 1920s and 1930s. It also explores the government’s role in twentieth-century sealing, noting the laudable attempts at re-establishing a stable industry, but that ultimately they made several major errors of judgement, such as basing quotas on outdated statistics. The conclusion identifies declining stock, poor demand, and high operating costs as key reasons for the failure of the Falkland Islands to establish a successful sealing industry in the twentieth century.Less
This chapter discusses the twentieth century sealing industry in the Falklands, paying particular attention to the Falklands Islands and Dependencies Sealing Company - established in 1928 - and their subsequent operation in the Falklands. It examines the company’s catch distribution; catch and production rates; and assets and liabilities in the 1920s and 1930s. It also explores the government’s role in twentieth-century sealing, noting the laudable attempts at re-establishing a stable industry, but that ultimately they made several major errors of judgement, such as basing quotas on outdated statistics. The conclusion identifies declining stock, poor demand, and high operating costs as key reasons for the failure of the Falkland Islands to establish a successful sealing industry in the twentieth century.
Sigrid Schmalzer
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226330150
- eISBN:
- 9780226330297
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226330297.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
The contradictions between the cities and the countryside, between mental and manual labor, and between intellectuals and rural people with which the Mao-era state wrestled have by no means ...
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The contradictions between the cities and the countryside, between mental and manual labor, and between intellectuals and rural people with which the Mao-era state wrestled have by no means disappeared. Moreover, current state policies and efforts by various social actors to transform Chinese rural society and agriculture yet again suggest strong continuities with Mao-era agricultural extension and the scientific experiment movement—though translated into the new context of global capitalism. The Epilogue first presents a sketch of the so-called sannong ("three-rural") problems that Chinese peasants, rural society, and agriculture face today. It then discusses some of the efforts now under way to address these problems, in particular the New Rural Reconstruction movement, the state campaign to "Build a New Socialist Countryside," the Participatory Plant Breeding project, and the Food Sovereignty Movement. In the process, it demonstrates the lasting significance of the Mao-era’s red and green revolutions, and their meanings for various social actors, in the current Chinese agricultural landscape.Less
The contradictions between the cities and the countryside, between mental and manual labor, and between intellectuals and rural people with which the Mao-era state wrestled have by no means disappeared. Moreover, current state policies and efforts by various social actors to transform Chinese rural society and agriculture yet again suggest strong continuities with Mao-era agricultural extension and the scientific experiment movement—though translated into the new context of global capitalism. The Epilogue first presents a sketch of the so-called sannong ("three-rural") problems that Chinese peasants, rural society, and agriculture face today. It then discusses some of the efforts now under way to address these problems, in particular the New Rural Reconstruction movement, the state campaign to "Build a New Socialist Countryside," the Participatory Plant Breeding project, and the Food Sovereignty Movement. In the process, it demonstrates the lasting significance of the Mao-era’s red and green revolutions, and their meanings for various social actors, in the current Chinese agricultural landscape.
