James Weinstein
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199548781
- eISBN:
- 9780191720673
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199548781.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter describes the basic features of the American free speech doctrine and then considers its application to various forms of extreme speech. This analysis reveals that most of the speech ...
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This chapter describes the basic features of the American free speech doctrine and then considers its application to various forms of extreme speech. This analysis reveals that most of the speech restrictions considered in this book, while consistent with the constitutional norms of other democracies, would be unconstitutional in the U.S. The leitmotif of contemporary American free speech doctrine is its intense hostility to content regulation of public discourse, particularly viewpoint regulation. In addition, Brandenburg v. Ohio narrowly confines governmental power to punish the advocacy of law violation. Hate speech bans, whether in the form of public order regulations, prohibitions against group defamation, or bans on Holocaust denial, would be deemed unconstitutional. Under Brandenburg, laws that prohibit mere advocacy of terrorism would also be held to violate the First Amendment. The chapter concludes that much of the explanation for American free speech exceptionalism lies in the U.S. Supreme Court's extensive experience with free speech issues, particularly the lessons it learned from its failure to protect adequately dissent in the early part of the 20th century.Less
This chapter describes the basic features of the American free speech doctrine and then considers its application to various forms of extreme speech. This analysis reveals that most of the speech restrictions considered in this book, while consistent with the constitutional norms of other democracies, would be unconstitutional in the U.S. The leitmotif of contemporary American free speech doctrine is its intense hostility to content regulation of public discourse, particularly viewpoint regulation. In addition, Brandenburg v. Ohio narrowly confines governmental power to punish the advocacy of law violation. Hate speech bans, whether in the form of public order regulations, prohibitions against group defamation, or bans on Holocaust denial, would be deemed unconstitutional. Under Brandenburg, laws that prohibit mere advocacy of terrorism would also be held to violate the First Amendment. The chapter concludes that much of the explanation for American free speech exceptionalism lies in the U.S. Supreme Court's extensive experience with free speech issues, particularly the lessons it learned from its failure to protect adequately dissent in the early part of the 20th century.
Joachim Whaley
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199693078
- eISBN:
- 9780191732256
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199693078.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This section argues that absolutism is an inappropriate label to attach to the German territories. Government activity expanded in the face of the need for reconstruction after 1648 and new ideas ...
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This section argues that absolutism is an inappropriate label to attach to the German territories. Government activity expanded in the face of the need for reconstruction after 1648 and new ideas about the nature of government developed in the early Aufklärung (German Enlightenment). Conditions varied between Austria and Brandenburg-Prussia and smaller counties, knights' territories and imperial cities. The period saw a renewal of the court as a central agency of government (manifested in the construction of new castles and palaces in the baroque style), the development of armies, new relationships between princes and their subjects, and developments in both government and private economic enterprise. Rulers sought to impose confessional uniformity and to control phenomena such as Catholic popular piety or Pietism (Spener) and Protestant revivalism. Ideas of religious toleration emerged, reacting against the confessional conflicts of the past, as well as new forms of territorial patriotism.Less
This section argues that absolutism is an inappropriate label to attach to the German territories. Government activity expanded in the face of the need for reconstruction after 1648 and new ideas about the nature of government developed in the early Aufklärung (German Enlightenment). Conditions varied between Austria and Brandenburg-Prussia and smaller counties, knights' territories and imperial cities. The period saw a renewal of the court as a central agency of government (manifested in the construction of new castles and palaces in the baroque style), the development of armies, new relationships between princes and their subjects, and developments in both government and private economic enterprise. Rulers sought to impose confessional uniformity and to control phenomena such as Catholic popular piety or Pietism (Spener) and Protestant revivalism. Ideas of religious toleration emerged, reacting against the confessional conflicts of the past, as well as new forms of territorial patriotism.
Robert Bartlett
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198203612
- eISBN:
- 9780191675898
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203612.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
Between the 11th and the 13th centuries, the political map of Europe and the Mediterranean was transformed by a series of conquests which established, more or less securely, new ruling classes in ...
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Between the 11th and the 13th centuries, the political map of Europe and the Mediterranean was transformed by a series of conquests which established, more or less securely, new ruling classes in countries as distant and diverse as Ireland and Palestine, Andalusia and Prussia. In these places a new military and landed elite of foreign origin — a colonial aristocracy — intruded into and was imposed upon the indigenous society. Moreover, beyond this comparability of situation is the fact that the alien aristocracies all shared certain traditions of Latin and Frankish origin. Thus, when one analyses the changes brought about by the partial Anglo-Norman conquest of Ireland or the creation of the Mark of Brandenburg on formerly Slav terrain or the establishment of Outremer, the crusader colony in the Middle East, one is struck, simultaneously, by the contrasts between these different areas and by the common cultural and political baggage brought by the invaders.Less
Between the 11th and the 13th centuries, the political map of Europe and the Mediterranean was transformed by a series of conquests which established, more or less securely, new ruling classes in countries as distant and diverse as Ireland and Palestine, Andalusia and Prussia. In these places a new military and landed elite of foreign origin — a colonial aristocracy — intruded into and was imposed upon the indigenous society. Moreover, beyond this comparability of situation is the fact that the alien aristocracies all shared certain traditions of Latin and Frankish origin. Thus, when one analyses the changes brought about by the partial Anglo-Norman conquest of Ireland or the creation of the Mark of Brandenburg on formerly Slav terrain or the establishment of Outremer, the crusader colony in the Middle East, one is struck, simultaneously, by the contrasts between these different areas and by the common cultural and political baggage brought by the invaders.
Joel Lester
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195120974
- eISBN:
- 9780199865406
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195120974.003.04
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
The Siciliana lightens the tone of the G-minor Sonata with its dance-like rhythms (a siciliana being a dance related to the gigue) and with its looser construction into a series of parallel sections ...
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The Siciliana lightens the tone of the G-minor Sonata with its dance-like rhythms (a siciliana being a dance related to the gigue) and with its looser construction into a series of parallel sections with heightening activity, both within sections and in the recurrence of sections. Comparison with some other parallel-section movements by Bach in many genres (including the C-major Two-Part Invention, two movements of the Sonata in A major for Violin and Keyboard, and the first movement of the Brandenburg Concerto No. 2) highlights the construction of this movement and the slow movements to the other solo-violin sonatas. All these slow movements welcome ornamentation.Less
The Siciliana lightens the tone of the G-minor Sonata with its dance-like rhythms (a siciliana being a dance related to the gigue) and with its looser construction into a series of parallel sections with heightening activity, both within sections and in the recurrence of sections. Comparison with some other parallel-section movements by Bach in many genres (including the C-major Two-Part Invention, two movements of the Sonata in A major for Violin and Keyboard, and the first movement of the Brandenburg Concerto No. 2) highlights the construction of this movement and the slow movements to the other solo-violin sonatas. All these slow movements welcome ornamentation.
Brian Hamnett
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199695041
- eISBN:
- 9780191732164
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199695041.003.0013
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
Although originating in the late eighteenth century, the German historical novel did not win a wider European significance until Fontane’s ‘Before the Storm’ in 1879. Many historical novels gained ...
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Although originating in the late eighteenth century, the German historical novel did not win a wider European significance until Fontane’s ‘Before the Storm’ in 1879. Many historical novels gained popularity in Germany and Austria during the course of the century, but were little known elsewhere. They took events in earlier German history as their themes, sometimes influenced by the historical drama of the 1770s to 1830s. Since Germany had played such a leading role in drama, poetry, and philosophy, it is difficult to explain the delay in winning recognition for its historical novel, perhaps due to the greater respect for drama, poetry, music, and philosophy. Willibald Alexis prepared the way for Fontane in many respects through his attention to provincial history and landscape. Himself influenced by Flaubert, Fontane’s influence in turn prepared the way for Mann’s ‘Buddenbrooks’ in 1899—not an historical novel, but one in which the history of a fictionalized family plays a fundamental part. ‘Before the Storm’, like Galdós and Tolstoy, dealt with the problem of occupation by the French and the morality of resistance to Napoleon’s armies. The novel occasioned much criticism because of its construction, leaving the actual fighting until the very end, and luxuriating, as it were, in local and family details and conversations among friends and relatives. This, however, gives the book its particular strength as a provincial portrayal of life before national unification in 1871. Fontane’s lack of enthusiasm for the Prussian-created Second Reich is implicit throughout the novel.Less
Although originating in the late eighteenth century, the German historical novel did not win a wider European significance until Fontane’s ‘Before the Storm’ in 1879. Many historical novels gained popularity in Germany and Austria during the course of the century, but were little known elsewhere. They took events in earlier German history as their themes, sometimes influenced by the historical drama of the 1770s to 1830s. Since Germany had played such a leading role in drama, poetry, and philosophy, it is difficult to explain the delay in winning recognition for its historical novel, perhaps due to the greater respect for drama, poetry, music, and philosophy. Willibald Alexis prepared the way for Fontane in many respects through his attention to provincial history and landscape. Himself influenced by Flaubert, Fontane’s influence in turn prepared the way for Mann’s ‘Buddenbrooks’ in 1899—not an historical novel, but one in which the history of a fictionalized family plays a fundamental part. ‘Before the Storm’, like Galdós and Tolstoy, dealt with the problem of occupation by the French and the morality of resistance to Napoleon’s armies. The novel occasioned much criticism because of its construction, leaving the actual fighting until the very end, and luxuriating, as it were, in local and family details and conversations among friends and relatives. This, however, gives the book its particular strength as a provincial portrayal of life before national unification in 1871. Fontane’s lack of enthusiasm for the Prussian-created Second Reich is implicit throughout the novel.
Malcolm Boyd
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195307719
- eISBN:
- 9780199850785
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195307719.003.0005
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This chapter examines developments in the musical career of Johann Sebastian Bach in Cothen during the period from 1717 to 1723. In December 1717, Bach accepted Prince Leopold's offer to become music ...
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This chapter examines developments in the musical career of Johann Sebastian Bach in Cothen during the period from 1717 to 1723. In December 1717, Bach accepted Prince Leopold's offer to become music director of his collegium musicum and in March 1721 he completed the composition and dedication of the six Brandenburgh Concertos, which were among the most buoyant and inspiriting of all of Bach's works.Less
This chapter examines developments in the musical career of Johann Sebastian Bach in Cothen during the period from 1717 to 1723. In December 1717, Bach accepted Prince Leopold's offer to become music director of his collegium musicum and in March 1721 he completed the composition and dedication of the six Brandenburgh Concertos, which were among the most buoyant and inspiriting of all of Bach's works.
Mordechai Feingold (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198835509
- eISBN:
- 9780191873157
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198835509.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Ideas
This book contains a mix of learned articles and book reviews providing a history of higher education. Topics covered include alumni friendships in later medieval England, a study of portraits in the ...
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This book contains a mix of learned articles and book reviews providing a history of higher education. Topics covered include alumni friendships in later medieval England, a study of portraits in the Sorbonne, Galileo’s Philoponus, academic careers in Renaissance Brandenburg, the Scottish scientific revolution, and the history of the Institute for Advanced Studies in the Humanities (IASH).Less
This book contains a mix of learned articles and book reviews providing a history of higher education. Topics covered include alumni friendships in later medieval England, a study of portraits in the Sorbonne, Galileo’s Philoponus, academic careers in Renaissance Brandenburg, the Scottish scientific revolution, and the history of the Institute for Advanced Studies in the Humanities (IASH).
Bridget Heal
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198737575
- eISBN:
- 9780191800993
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198737575.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Cultural History
This book explains how and why Lutheranism—a confession that insisted upon the pre-eminence of God’s Word—became a visually magnificent faith, a faith whose adherents sought to captivate Christians’ ...
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This book explains how and why Lutheranism—a confession that insisted upon the pre-eminence of God’s Word—became a visually magnificent faith, a faith whose adherents sought to captivate Christians’ hearts and minds through seeing as well as through hearing. Although Protestantism is no longer understood as an exclusively word-based religion, the paradigm of evangelical ambivalence towards images retains its power. This is the first study to offer an account of the Reformation origins and subsequent flourishing of the Lutheran baroque, of the rich visual culture that developed in parts of the Holy Roman Empire during the later seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. The book opens with a discussion of the legacy of the Wittenberg Reformation. Three sections then focus on the confessional, devotional and magnificent image, exploring turning points in Lutherans’ attitudes towards religious art. Drawing on a wide variety of archival, printed and visual sources from two of the Empire’s most important Protestant territories—Saxony, the heartland of the Reformation, and Brandenburg—the book shows the extent to which Lutheran culture was shaped by territorial divisions. It traces the development of a theologically grounded aesthetic, and argues that images became become prominent vehicles for the articulation of Lutheran identity not only amongst theologians but also amongst laymen and women. By examining the role of images in the Lutheran tradition as it developed over the course of two centuries, A Magnificent Faith offers a new understanding of the relationship between Protestantism and the visual arts.Less
This book explains how and why Lutheranism—a confession that insisted upon the pre-eminence of God’s Word—became a visually magnificent faith, a faith whose adherents sought to captivate Christians’ hearts and minds through seeing as well as through hearing. Although Protestantism is no longer understood as an exclusively word-based religion, the paradigm of evangelical ambivalence towards images retains its power. This is the first study to offer an account of the Reformation origins and subsequent flourishing of the Lutheran baroque, of the rich visual culture that developed in parts of the Holy Roman Empire during the later seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. The book opens with a discussion of the legacy of the Wittenberg Reformation. Three sections then focus on the confessional, devotional and magnificent image, exploring turning points in Lutherans’ attitudes towards religious art. Drawing on a wide variety of archival, printed and visual sources from two of the Empire’s most important Protestant territories—Saxony, the heartland of the Reformation, and Brandenburg—the book shows the extent to which Lutheran culture was shaped by territorial divisions. It traces the development of a theologically grounded aesthetic, and argues that images became become prominent vehicles for the articulation of Lutheran identity not only amongst theologians but also amongst laymen and women. By examining the role of images in the Lutheran tradition as it developed over the course of two centuries, A Magnificent Faith offers a new understanding of the relationship between Protestantism and the visual arts.
John M. Porter
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813129891
- eISBN:
- 9780813135700
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813129891.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, American History: Civil War
Captain Thomas H. Hines, Lieutenant John M. Porter, and eighty men from the Ninth Kentucky Cavalry were sent by John Hunt Morgan to the area between Brandenburg and Covington, Kentucky, because ...
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Captain Thomas H. Hines, Lieutenant John M. Porter, and eighty men from the Ninth Kentucky Cavalry were sent by John Hunt Morgan to the area between Brandenburg and Covington, Kentucky, because crossing the Ohio River had to be completed before the entire division would be able to reenter the area. They were tasked with scouting for Federal occupation forces concentrations and determining which river sites were most appropriate for Morgan's operations. Porter chose the river crossing at Brandenburg but Hines and the others chose a river in Cincinnati. As they had already moved as far as Boston, Kentucky, Federal forces attacked them and several of Porter's men were killed and captured. While Porter was also seized, Hines escaped and was able to get the “Copperheads” to assist Morgan's command in Indiana.Less
Captain Thomas H. Hines, Lieutenant John M. Porter, and eighty men from the Ninth Kentucky Cavalry were sent by John Hunt Morgan to the area between Brandenburg and Covington, Kentucky, because crossing the Ohio River had to be completed before the entire division would be able to reenter the area. They were tasked with scouting for Federal occupation forces concentrations and determining which river sites were most appropriate for Morgan's operations. Porter chose the river crossing at Brandenburg but Hines and the others chose a river in Cincinnati. As they had already moved as far as Boston, Kentucky, Federal forces attacked them and several of Porter's men were killed and captured. While Porter was also seized, Hines escaped and was able to get the “Copperheads” to assist Morgan's command in Indiana.
Arthur B. Gunlicks
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719065323
- eISBN:
- 9781781700464
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719065323.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Five phases can be distinguished in the development of political parties in the Länder. In order to provide the reader with some of the flavour and spice of Landtag elections, and to better assess ...
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Five phases can be distinguished in the development of political parties in the Länder. In order to provide the reader with some of the flavour and spice of Landtag elections, and to better assess some of the hypotheses about Land elections and parties in Germany, this chapter presents a very brief overview of political developments in the Länder since 1945. This overview also contains a summary of the major issues, personalities and events associated with the most recent Land elections. The chapter first looks at the old Länder (Baden-Württemberg, Lower Saxony, North-Rhine Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate, Saarland and Schleswig-Holstein), and then focuses on politics in city-states such as Bremen, Hamburg and Berlin. Finally, it examines the five new Länder (Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia) and whether Land elections are ‘partial’ federal elections.Less
Five phases can be distinguished in the development of political parties in the Länder. In order to provide the reader with some of the flavour and spice of Landtag elections, and to better assess some of the hypotheses about Land elections and parties in Germany, this chapter presents a very brief overview of political developments in the Länder since 1945. This overview also contains a summary of the major issues, personalities and events associated with the most recent Land elections. The chapter first looks at the old Länder (Baden-Württemberg, Lower Saxony, North-Rhine Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate, Saarland and Schleswig-Holstein), and then focuses on politics in city-states such as Bremen, Hamburg and Berlin. Finally, it examines the five new Länder (Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia) and whether Land elections are ‘partial’ federal elections.
Andrea Weindl
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300134360
- eISBN:
- 9780300151749
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300134360.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
This chapter focuses on the German slave traders who played, at most, a minor part in the history of the transatlantic slave trade. The ending of the Brandenburg slave trade came quite abruptly after ...
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This chapter focuses on the German slave traders who played, at most, a minor part in the history of the transatlantic slave trade. The ending of the Brandenburg slave trade came quite abruptly after 1700, not only because of financial constraints but also because the English and French chose to stop buying slaves from the Germans. German involvement in the Atlantic slave trade was always dependent on broader political and economic conjunctures, as the German states were unable to provide sufficient resources to promote trading companies on their own. Although the Germans did not play a major role in the slave trade, the history of their involvement, especially that of Brandenburg-Prussia, provides an interesting example of how smaller states tried to share this trade in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.Less
This chapter focuses on the German slave traders who played, at most, a minor part in the history of the transatlantic slave trade. The ending of the Brandenburg slave trade came quite abruptly after 1700, not only because of financial constraints but also because the English and French chose to stop buying slaves from the Germans. German involvement in the Atlantic slave trade was always dependent on broader political and economic conjunctures, as the German states were unable to provide sufficient resources to promote trading companies on their own. Although the Germans did not play a major role in the slave trade, the history of their involvement, especially that of Brandenburg-Prussia, provides an interesting example of how smaller states tried to share this trade in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
Shira Brisman
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226354750
- eISBN:
- 9780226354897
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226354897.003.0006
- Subject:
- Art, Art History
Chapter Five considers how the imagery of message-sending was adopted, in the early sixteenth century, by prints that figured contemporary Humanists—such as Erasmus of Rotterdam—in the guise of ...
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Chapter Five considers how the imagery of message-sending was adopted, in the early sixteenth century, by prints that figured contemporary Humanists—such as Erasmus of Rotterdam—in the guise of letter-writing saints. This chapter proposes the condition of interception, in which private letters were brought to press, as a context in which to consider Dürer’s engraved portraits of his contemporaries. These images announce themselves as faithful representations at the same time that they allude proleptically to their already obsolescent resemblance to their prototypes.Less
Chapter Five considers how the imagery of message-sending was adopted, in the early sixteenth century, by prints that figured contemporary Humanists—such as Erasmus of Rotterdam—in the guise of letter-writing saints. This chapter proposes the condition of interception, in which private letters were brought to press, as a context in which to consider Dürer’s engraved portraits of his contemporaries. These images announce themselves as faithful representations at the same time that they allude proleptically to their already obsolescent resemblance to their prototypes.
Paul Stangl
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781503603202
- eISBN:
- 9781503605503
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9781503603202.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Shortly after the war, preservationists lobbied for funds to carry out emergency repairs to key structures on Unter den Linden. The SMAD displayed little interest, and German Communist politicians ...
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Shortly after the war, preservationists lobbied for funds to carry out emergency repairs to key structures on Unter den Linden. The SMAD displayed little interest, and German Communist politicians sought to efface monumental buildings as symbols of the Prussian-German monarchy and military. The adoption of socialist realism in 1950 meant that valuable architecture should be restored as national cultural heritage. Buildings created for cultural purposes were readily rehabilitated, while those with militaristic place-based meaning prompted debate over how best to reinterpret them. Socialist realism allowed multiple possibilities, and decision-makers sought a solution that best mitigated concerns over militarism while maintaining conceptual and formal continuity.Less
Shortly after the war, preservationists lobbied for funds to carry out emergency repairs to key structures on Unter den Linden. The SMAD displayed little interest, and German Communist politicians sought to efface monumental buildings as symbols of the Prussian-German monarchy and military. The adoption of socialist realism in 1950 meant that valuable architecture should be restored as national cultural heritage. Buildings created for cultural purposes were readily rehabilitated, while those with militaristic place-based meaning prompted debate over how best to reinterpret them. Socialist realism allowed multiple possibilities, and decision-makers sought a solution that best mitigated concerns over militarism while maintaining conceptual and formal continuity.
Boaz Atzili
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226031354
- eISBN:
- 9780226031378
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226031378.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines the conditions that may facilitate or impede state building. It explores case studies that illustrate the effect of border norms on weak states, examining four cases at its ...
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This chapter examines the conditions that may facilitate or impede state building. It explores case studies that illustrate the effect of border norms on weak states, examining four cases at its initial stage—Brandenburg-Prussia in 1640, Argentina in 1810, Lebanon in 1943, and Congo in 1960. The preconditions explored are economic conditions, arbitrary borders and ethnic diversity, administrative capacity, and population density.Less
This chapter examines the conditions that may facilitate or impede state building. It explores case studies that illustrate the effect of border norms on weak states, examining four cases at its initial stage—Brandenburg-Prussia in 1640, Argentina in 1810, Lebanon in 1943, and Congo in 1960. The preconditions explored are economic conditions, arbitrary borders and ethnic diversity, administrative capacity, and population density.
Boaz Atzili
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226031354
- eISBN:
- 9780226031378
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226031378.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines case studies of weak states in a world of flexible borders—Brandenburg-Prussia, Argentina, and Poland-Lithuania, It first examines the weakness of Brandenburg-Prussia in 1640 ...
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This chapter examines case studies of weak states in a world of flexible borders—Brandenburg-Prussia, Argentina, and Poland-Lithuania, It first examines the weakness of Brandenburg-Prussia in 1640 and the territorial pressures exerted on Brandenburg-Prussia between that year and 1740. This is followed by an examination of the effects of territorial pressures on state building in Argentina in the period of 1810 to 1880. Finally, the chapter explores state building in Poland-Lithuania from 1648 to 1795.Less
This chapter examines case studies of weak states in a world of flexible borders—Brandenburg-Prussia, Argentina, and Poland-Lithuania, It first examines the weakness of Brandenburg-Prussia in 1640 and the territorial pressures exerted on Brandenburg-Prussia between that year and 1740. This is followed by an examination of the effects of territorial pressures on state building in Argentina in the period of 1810 to 1880. Finally, the chapter explores state building in Poland-Lithuania from 1648 to 1795.
Boaz Atzili
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226031354
- eISBN:
- 9780226031378
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226031378.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This concluding chapter compares four case studies (Brandenburg-Prussia, Argentina, Lebanon, and Congo) and two smaller cases (Poland and Israel). The analysis proceeds along the following lines of ...
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This concluding chapter compares four case studies (Brandenburg-Prussia, Argentina, Lebanon, and Congo) and two smaller cases (Poland and Israel). The analysis proceeds along the following lines of inquiry: the level of territorial pressure faced by the state, the process of state building, and the relations between weak states and internal violence in a world of border fixity.Less
This concluding chapter compares four case studies (Brandenburg-Prussia, Argentina, Lebanon, and Congo) and two smaller cases (Poland and Israel). The analysis proceeds along the following lines of inquiry: the level of territorial pressure faced by the state, the process of state building, and the relations between weak states and internal violence in a world of border fixity.
Brigitta B. Wagner
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780816691715
- eISBN:
- 9781452953595
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816691715.003.0005
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
This chapter looks at how two German domestic and international successes by the fledgling New Berlin film production company X-Filme, bound up in the new funding policies of Filmboard ...
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This chapter looks at how two German domestic and international successes by the fledgling New Berlin film production company X-Filme, bound up in the new funding policies of Filmboard Berlin-Brandenburg, created new urban cinematic geographies for the postwall city and contributed to the project of East-West integration and reconciliation at home and among spectators abroad. Focusing on Tom Tykwer’s Lola rennt and Wolfgang Becker’s Good Bye, Lenin!, this section studies the degrees of conspicuousness of the city and the utility of the two directors’ varying strategies for unifying spectators across geographical and cultural divides.Less
This chapter looks at how two German domestic and international successes by the fledgling New Berlin film production company X-Filme, bound up in the new funding policies of Filmboard Berlin-Brandenburg, created new urban cinematic geographies for the postwall city and contributed to the project of East-West integration and reconciliation at home and among spectators abroad. Focusing on Tom Tykwer’s Lola rennt and Wolfgang Becker’s Good Bye, Lenin!, this section studies the degrees of conspicuousness of the city and the utility of the two directors’ varying strategies for unifying spectators across geographical and cultural divides.
Julia Sonnevend
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190604301
- eISBN:
- 9780190604349
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190604301.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology
The chapter examines the narrative that the East German and Soviet party-controlled press and television constructed for the East German border opening between the accidental day of November 9, 1989, ...
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The chapter examines the narrative that the East German and Soviet party-controlled press and television constructed for the East German border opening between the accidental day of November 9, 1989, and the ceremonial day of December 22, 1989 (the opening of the Brandenburg Gate). The chapter argues that the East German and Soviet media framed November 9, 1989, as an undistinguished moment in a complex, deliberate, and continuous reform process. Instead of a unique and dramatic event, a stand-alone item, the “new travel regulation” was presented as part of a chain of occurrences. This counter-narrative was no less accurate than the Western coverage; it may in fact have been more accurate. The “Eastern” coverage did not strip the border opening from its larger social, political, and cultural context. Instead, the coverage kept the border opening embedded in a broader web of social actions and political circumstances.Less
The chapter examines the narrative that the East German and Soviet party-controlled press and television constructed for the East German border opening between the accidental day of November 9, 1989, and the ceremonial day of December 22, 1989 (the opening of the Brandenburg Gate). The chapter argues that the East German and Soviet media framed November 9, 1989, as an undistinguished moment in a complex, deliberate, and continuous reform process. Instead of a unique and dramatic event, a stand-alone item, the “new travel regulation” was presented as part of a chain of occurrences. This counter-narrative was no less accurate than the Western coverage; it may in fact have been more accurate. The “Eastern” coverage did not strip the border opening from its larger social, political, and cultural context. Instead, the coverage kept the border opening embedded in a broader web of social actions and political circumstances.
Bridget Heal
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198737575
- eISBN:
- 9780191800993
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198737575.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Cultural History
Chapter 3 examines in detail the impact of Calvinist reform on Lutheran attitudes towards images in the two territories that form the main focus of this study: Electoral Saxony and Brandenburg. It ...
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Chapter 3 examines in detail the impact of Calvinist reform on Lutheran attitudes towards images in the two territories that form the main focus of this study: Electoral Saxony and Brandenburg. It shows that images served as confessional markers not only for Lutheran theologians but also for laypeople. In Saxony, where Elector Christian I introduced short-lived Calvinist reforms in 1586–91, members of the political elite expressed their loyalty to Lutheranism through the epitaphs and altarpieces that they commissioned. In Brandenburg, where Elector Johann Sigismund attempted to introduce a fully fledged Calvinist Reformation in 1615, there was widespread resistance to iconoclasm. In April 1615, Berlin’s Lutheran inhabitants rioted, in part in response to the stripping of the city’s main church. The chapter analyzes accounts of this riot and considers its legacy, arguing that during this period conflict served to embed images even more firmly in Lutheran confessional consciousness.Less
Chapter 3 examines in detail the impact of Calvinist reform on Lutheran attitudes towards images in the two territories that form the main focus of this study: Electoral Saxony and Brandenburg. It shows that images served as confessional markers not only for Lutheran theologians but also for laypeople. In Saxony, where Elector Christian I introduced short-lived Calvinist reforms in 1586–91, members of the political elite expressed their loyalty to Lutheranism through the epitaphs and altarpieces that they commissioned. In Brandenburg, where Elector Johann Sigismund attempted to introduce a fully fledged Calvinist Reformation in 1615, there was widespread resistance to iconoclasm. In April 1615, Berlin’s Lutheran inhabitants rioted, in part in response to the stripping of the city’s main church. The chapter analyzes accounts of this riot and considers its legacy, arguing that during this period conflict served to embed images even more firmly in Lutheran confessional consciousness.
Bridget Heal
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198737575
- eISBN:
- 9780191800993
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198737575.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Cultural History
While princely residential cities such as Dresden provided key focal points for the Empire’s spiritual and cultural life during the later seventeenth century, Chapter 8 shows that the appeal of the ...
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While princely residential cities such as Dresden provided key focal points for the Empire’s spiritual and cultural life during the later seventeenth century, Chapter 8 shows that the appeal of the Lutheran baroque extended well beyond courtly circles. Not only princes and nobles but also prosperous burghers commissioned magnificent churches and religious images, as the examples investigated here demonstrate. The chapter uses case studies from two Saxon territories, the Erzgebirge and Upper Lusatia, to suggest that wherever finances permitted churches were rebuilt or redecorated in the new style, employing visual magnificence in the service of Lutheran piety. There were some splendid monuments in Brandenburg as well, for example Andreas Schlüter’s pulpit for Berlin’s Marienkirche (1703). There, however, Lutheran culture was also shaped by the presence of Calvinists and Pietists.Less
While princely residential cities such as Dresden provided key focal points for the Empire’s spiritual and cultural life during the later seventeenth century, Chapter 8 shows that the appeal of the Lutheran baroque extended well beyond courtly circles. Not only princes and nobles but also prosperous burghers commissioned magnificent churches and religious images, as the examples investigated here demonstrate. The chapter uses case studies from two Saxon territories, the Erzgebirge and Upper Lusatia, to suggest that wherever finances permitted churches were rebuilt or redecorated in the new style, employing visual magnificence in the service of Lutheran piety. There were some splendid monuments in Brandenburg as well, for example Andreas Schlüter’s pulpit for Berlin’s Marienkirche (1703). There, however, Lutheran culture was also shaped by the presence of Calvinists and Pietists.
