Neil M. Maher
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195306019
- eISBN:
- 9780199867820
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195306019.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Chapter One examines the ideological origins of New Deal conservation and the CCC. It begins by showing how the idea for the Corps originated both from Roosevelt's early experiences with the ...
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Chapter One examines the ideological origins of New Deal conservation and the CCC. It begins by showing how the idea for the Corps originated both from Roosevelt's early experiences with the Progressive conservation movement, and, more surprisingly, from his lifelong involvement with the Boy Scouts. Similar to many progressive reform efforts such as the city beautiful, playground, and urban parks movements, the Boy Scouts promoted the notion that social behavior could be shaped by manipulating one's physical surroundings or environment. Chapter One illustrates how this philosophy not only influenced Roosevelt's decision to create the Corps, which like the Boy Scouts took young men from diseased urban settings and placed them in healthful environments in nature, but also greatly influenced early New Deal politics. The creation of work relief programs that put urban men to work in rural areas, Roosevelt knew from experiences as governor of New York, significantly raised his political capital. Creating the Corps, this chapter concludes, not only introduced the Boy Scout philosophy to the conservation movement but also helped the new president jump-start the New Deal.Less
Chapter One examines the ideological origins of New Deal conservation and the CCC. It begins by showing how the idea for the Corps originated both from Roosevelt's early experiences with the Progressive conservation movement, and, more surprisingly, from his lifelong involvement with the Boy Scouts. Similar to many progressive reform efforts such as the city beautiful, playground, and urban parks movements, the Boy Scouts promoted the notion that social behavior could be shaped by manipulating one's physical surroundings or environment. Chapter One illustrates how this philosophy not only influenced Roosevelt's decision to create the Corps, which like the Boy Scouts took young men from diseased urban settings and placed them in healthful environments in nature, but also greatly influenced early New Deal politics. The creation of work relief programs that put urban men to work in rural areas, Roosevelt knew from experiences as governor of New York, significantly raised his political capital. Creating the Corps, this chapter concludes, not only introduced the Boy Scout philosophy to the conservation movement but also helped the new president jump-start the New Deal.
Randall P. Bezanson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252037115
- eISBN:
- 9780252094224
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252037115.003.0005
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Media Studies
This chapter examines the Supreme Court's decision in Boy Scouts of America v. Dale. Since age eight, James Dale had been a Scout in his home town of Monmouth, New Jersey. By 1988, when he finished ...
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This chapter examines the Supreme Court's decision in Boy Scouts of America v. Dale. Since age eight, James Dale had been a Scout in his home town of Monmouth, New Jersey. By 1988, when he finished as a youth Scout on his eighteenth birthday, he had earned twenty-five merit badges and had become an Eagle Scout, one of the highest honors in Scouting. At age 19, Dale “came out” while attending Rutgers, and became actively involved in the university's lesbian and gay organization. He later received a letter from the Boy Scouts of America saying that he no longer met its standards for leadership, since avowed homosexuals were not permitted in the organization. Dale sought to appeal the decision, but to no avail. He was dismissed from his position as assistant scoutmaster, and his adult membership in the Scouts was revoked. Dale sued, claiming that the Scouts' decision was illegal under the terms of the New Jersey public accommodations law. Dale's lawsuit ultimately prevailed in the New Jersey Supreme Court. The Boy Scouts then appealed the case to the United States Supreme Court. In order to get to the Supreme Court the Scouts had to argue that the New Jersey law could not constitutionally be applied to the Boy Scouts based on its First Amendment right of free speech.Less
This chapter examines the Supreme Court's decision in Boy Scouts of America v. Dale. Since age eight, James Dale had been a Scout in his home town of Monmouth, New Jersey. By 1988, when he finished as a youth Scout on his eighteenth birthday, he had earned twenty-five merit badges and had become an Eagle Scout, one of the highest honors in Scouting. At age 19, Dale “came out” while attending Rutgers, and became actively involved in the university's lesbian and gay organization. He later received a letter from the Boy Scouts of America saying that he no longer met its standards for leadership, since avowed homosexuals were not permitted in the organization. Dale sought to appeal the decision, but to no avail. He was dismissed from his position as assistant scoutmaster, and his adult membership in the Scouts was revoked. Dale sued, claiming that the Scouts' decision was illegal under the terms of the New Jersey public accommodations law. Dale's lawsuit ultimately prevailed in the New Jersey Supreme Court. The Boy Scouts then appealed the case to the United States Supreme Court. In order to get to the Supreme Court the Scouts had to argue that the New Jersey law could not constitutionally be applied to the Boy Scouts based on its First Amendment right of free speech.
Ina Zweiniger‐Bargielowska
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199280520
- eISBN:
- 9780191594878
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280520.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The question of national physique was catapulted to the forefront of public debate amidst revelations of high rejection rates among military recruits during the Boer War, 1899‐1902. Military ...
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The question of national physique was catapulted to the forefront of public debate amidst revelations of high rejection rates among military recruits during the Boer War, 1899‐1902. Military recruitment statistics were represented as a barometer of racial fitness and attention focused on the male body which became a symbol of national strength. This chapter traces the debate about physical deterioration. The Inter‐departmental Committee on Physical Deterioration paved the way for the Edwardian welfare reforms. The deterioration debate further precipitated the launch of new pressure groups and voluntary associations including the Eugenics Education Society, the Empire Day Movement, the Boy Scouts, and the Health and Strength League. In response to the deterioration debate, physical culture and life reform promoters, public health officials, and leaders of voluntary organizations redefined the cultivation of a fit male body as a duty of citizenship and a patriotic response to the needs of the British Empire.Less
The question of national physique was catapulted to the forefront of public debate amidst revelations of high rejection rates among military recruits during the Boer War, 1899‐1902. Military recruitment statistics were represented as a barometer of racial fitness and attention focused on the male body which became a symbol of national strength. This chapter traces the debate about physical deterioration. The Inter‐departmental Committee on Physical Deterioration paved the way for the Edwardian welfare reforms. The deterioration debate further precipitated the launch of new pressure groups and voluntary associations including the Eugenics Education Society, the Empire Day Movement, the Boy Scouts, and the Health and Strength League. In response to the deterioration debate, physical culture and life reform promoters, public health officials, and leaders of voluntary organizations redefined the cultivation of a fit male body as a duty of citizenship and a patriotic response to the needs of the British Empire.
Margaret Peacock
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781469618579
- eISBN:
- 9781469618593
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469618579.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Political History
This chapter discusses the shift in image of the Cold War child into an activist for the promotion of government-led peace around the world and a symbol of international legitimacy for the Soviet ...
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This chapter discusses the shift in image of the Cold War child into an activist for the promotion of government-led peace around the world and a symbol of international legitimacy for the Soviet Union and United States. This new child would be able to face the multifarious threats that menaced the young, the family, and the nation at home and abroad. He or she would be willing and able to slough off the comforts of domestic insularism in exchange for the challenges and rewards posed by the outside world. Youth organizations assumed responsibility for promoting this new image of the young. The two biggest youth organizations in the Soviet Union and the United States, the Pioneers and the Boy Scouts of America, helped to create this new image and the consensus around it. They promoted an image of peaceful mobilization that would unite a population and hopefully quell the rising uncertainty around them.Less
This chapter discusses the shift in image of the Cold War child into an activist for the promotion of government-led peace around the world and a symbol of international legitimacy for the Soviet Union and United States. This new child would be able to face the multifarious threats that menaced the young, the family, and the nation at home and abroad. He or she would be willing and able to slough off the comforts of domestic insularism in exchange for the challenges and rewards posed by the outside world. Youth organizations assumed responsibility for promoting this new image of the young. The two biggest youth organizations in the Soviet Union and the United States, the Pioneers and the Boy Scouts of America, helped to create this new image and the consensus around it. They promoted an image of peaceful mobilization that would unite a population and hopefully quell the rising uncertainty around them.
Nicholas K. Rademacher
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780823276769
- eISBN:
- 9780823277292
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823276769.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Paul Hanly Furfey chose to pursue Social Work in his doctoral studies as a way to best witness to the Christian tradition. As a graduate student, Furfey served in a parish near the university and ...
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Paul Hanly Furfey chose to pursue Social Work in his doctoral studies as a way to best witness to the Christian tradition. As a graduate student, Furfey served in a parish near the university and worked for John O’Grady at Catholic Charities. At Catholic Charities, Furfey became involved in a broader debate over the extent to which Catholic youth should mix with Protestant or secular communities for recreation. Furfey disagreed with Boy Scout leaders who urged Catholics to mix indiscriminately with other children at their camps. Furfey agreed that should Catholics attend BSA camps but only under Catholic auspices. Furfey also disagreed with his Catholic counterpart, Kilian Hennrich of the Catholic Boys Brigade. Hennrich insisted that Catholic boy scouts remain completely separate from non-Catholic institutions where the children might be pulled away from the Catholic Church by Protestant proselytizers or secular indifference. Furfey argued that a compromise was possible in maintaining a Catholic ethos among Catholic boys within a broader secular camping experience. Furfey’s dissertation, later published as a book, The Gang Age, engaged the latest research in the burgeoning field of boyology. His work at the parish and Catholic Charities provided him direct contact with the field.Less
Paul Hanly Furfey chose to pursue Social Work in his doctoral studies as a way to best witness to the Christian tradition. As a graduate student, Furfey served in a parish near the university and worked for John O’Grady at Catholic Charities. At Catholic Charities, Furfey became involved in a broader debate over the extent to which Catholic youth should mix with Protestant or secular communities for recreation. Furfey disagreed with Boy Scout leaders who urged Catholics to mix indiscriminately with other children at their camps. Furfey agreed that should Catholics attend BSA camps but only under Catholic auspices. Furfey also disagreed with his Catholic counterpart, Kilian Hennrich of the Catholic Boys Brigade. Hennrich insisted that Catholic boy scouts remain completely separate from non-Catholic institutions where the children might be pulled away from the Catholic Church by Protestant proselytizers or secular indifference. Furfey argued that a compromise was possible in maintaining a Catholic ethos among Catholic boys within a broader secular camping experience. Furfey’s dissertation, later published as a book, The Gang Age, engaged the latest research in the burgeoning field of boyology. His work at the parish and Catholic Charities provided him direct contact with the field.
Jay Mechling
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226517049
- eISBN:
- 9780226517032
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226517032.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This book explores the folk customs of adolescent males in the Boy Scouts of America during a summer encampment in California's Sierra Nevada. Drawing on more than twenty years of research and ...
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This book explores the folk customs of adolescent males in the Boy Scouts of America during a summer encampment in California's Sierra Nevada. Drawing on more than twenty years of research and extensive visits and interviews with members of the troop, the author uncovers the key rituals and play events through which the Boy Scouts shapes boys into men. He describes the campfire songs, initiation rites, games, and activities that are used to mold the Scouts into responsible adults. The themes of honor and character alternate in this new study as we witness troop leaders offering examples in structure, discipline, and guidance, and teaching scouts the difficult balance between freedom and self-control. What results is a probing look into the inner lives of boys in our culture and their rocky transition into manhood. This book provides a provocative, sometimes shocking glimpse into the sexual awakening and moral development of young men coming to grips with their nascent desires, their innate aggressions, their inclination toward peer pressure and violence, and their social acculturation. This book ultimately shows how the Boy Scouts of America continues to edify and mentor young men against the backdrop of controversies over freedom of religious expression, homosexuality, and the proposed inclusion of female members. While the organization's bureaucracy has taken an unyielding stance against gay men and atheists, real live Scouts are often more open to plurality than we might assume. In their embrace of tolerance, acceptance, and understanding, troop leaders at the local level have the power to shape boys into emotionally mature men.Less
This book explores the folk customs of adolescent males in the Boy Scouts of America during a summer encampment in California's Sierra Nevada. Drawing on more than twenty years of research and extensive visits and interviews with members of the troop, the author uncovers the key rituals and play events through which the Boy Scouts shapes boys into men. He describes the campfire songs, initiation rites, games, and activities that are used to mold the Scouts into responsible adults. The themes of honor and character alternate in this new study as we witness troop leaders offering examples in structure, discipline, and guidance, and teaching scouts the difficult balance between freedom and self-control. What results is a probing look into the inner lives of boys in our culture and their rocky transition into manhood. This book provides a provocative, sometimes shocking glimpse into the sexual awakening and moral development of young men coming to grips with their nascent desires, their innate aggressions, their inclination toward peer pressure and violence, and their social acculturation. This book ultimately shows how the Boy Scouts of America continues to edify and mentor young men against the backdrop of controversies over freedom of religious expression, homosexuality, and the proposed inclusion of female members. While the organization's bureaucracy has taken an unyielding stance against gay men and atheists, real live Scouts are often more open to plurality than we might assume. In their embrace of tolerance, acceptance, and understanding, troop leaders at the local level have the power to shape boys into emotionally mature men.
Benjamin René Jordan
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469627656
- eISBN:
- 9781469627670
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469627656.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Gender and Sexuality
Contrary to works arguing that both Boy Scouting and mainstream American manhood emphasized primitive virility and martial aggression in the early twentieth century, this book demonstrates that the ...
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Contrary to works arguing that both Boy Scouting and mainstream American manhood emphasized primitive virility and martial aggression in the early twentieth century, this book demonstrates that the Boy Scouts of America widely promulgated a popular new construct of “modern manhood.” It combined nineteenth century men's virtues such as self-control and a diligent work ethic with the scientific efficiency, expert management, and hierarchical loyalty that boys in their adolescence and men needed to adapt to a rapidly urbanizing and industrializing society. Scout leaders utilized a scientific, constructive engagement with nature and natural resource conservation to teach members such values, and to partner with reformers and businessmen to advance a modern vision of “practical citizenship” and nonpartisan service leadership. The book analyzes a wealth of Scout texts and images, policy and membership debates, and local practices as well as surveys and memoirs of boys and leaders reflecting on their experiences in the 1910s and 1920s. By insisting that modern manhood and practical citizenship represented universal values while actively incorporating European immigrant Catholics, Jews, and labor unionists, BSA administrators helped redraw the bounds of mainstream American manhood and leading citizenship to include light-skinned, working class urban dwellers and corporate-industrial employees while marginalizing traditional rural farmers of all ethnicities.Less
Contrary to works arguing that both Boy Scouting and mainstream American manhood emphasized primitive virility and martial aggression in the early twentieth century, this book demonstrates that the Boy Scouts of America widely promulgated a popular new construct of “modern manhood.” It combined nineteenth century men's virtues such as self-control and a diligent work ethic with the scientific efficiency, expert management, and hierarchical loyalty that boys in their adolescence and men needed to adapt to a rapidly urbanizing and industrializing society. Scout leaders utilized a scientific, constructive engagement with nature and natural resource conservation to teach members such values, and to partner with reformers and businessmen to advance a modern vision of “practical citizenship” and nonpartisan service leadership. The book analyzes a wealth of Scout texts and images, policy and membership debates, and local practices as well as surveys and memoirs of boys and leaders reflecting on their experiences in the 1910s and 1920s. By insisting that modern manhood and practical citizenship represented universal values while actively incorporating European immigrant Catholics, Jews, and labor unionists, BSA administrators helped redraw the bounds of mainstream American manhood and leading citizenship to include light-skinned, working class urban dwellers and corporate-industrial employees while marginalizing traditional rural farmers of all ethnicities.
Andrew Koppelman and Tobias Barrington Wolff
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300121278
- eISBN:
- 9780300155921
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300121278.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
This chapter examines the reasoning in Boy Scouts of America v. Dale. It argues that the Supreme Court's opinion in the case offers a useful cautionary lesson in First Amendment jurisprudence: ...
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This chapter examines the reasoning in Boy Scouts of America v. Dale. It argues that the Supreme Court's opinion in the case offers a useful cautionary lesson in First Amendment jurisprudence: determinations of what is protected speech cannot defer either to individual speakers or to the culture as a whole, because such deference produces bizarre results.Less
This chapter examines the reasoning in Boy Scouts of America v. Dale. It argues that the Supreme Court's opinion in the case offers a useful cautionary lesson in First Amendment jurisprudence: determinations of what is protected speech cannot defer either to individual speakers or to the culture as a whole, because such deference produces bizarre results.
Sara Rzeszutek Haviland
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780813166254
- eISBN:
- 9780813166735
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813166254.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
James Jackson and Esther Cooper were raised in similar middle-class, talented-tenth black households with politically engaged parents. Jack grew aware of race, segregation, and economic inequality by ...
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James Jackson and Esther Cooper were raised in similar middle-class, talented-tenth black households with politically engaged parents. Jack grew aware of race, segregation, and economic inequality by engaging with the tobacco workers in his community, whom he later organized into a union, and by protesting segregation in the Boy Scouts of America. Esther was active in college organizations dedicated to supporting the opposition in the Spanish American War and then worked in a segregated Methodist settlement house in Nashville, Tennessee, where she was exposed to extreme poverty. They each attended college during the Great Depression and joined the Communist Party before meeting. They met in 1939 and worked with the Southern Negro Youth Congress, which Jack founded, before marrying in 1941.Less
James Jackson and Esther Cooper were raised in similar middle-class, talented-tenth black households with politically engaged parents. Jack grew aware of race, segregation, and economic inequality by engaging with the tobacco workers in his community, whom he later organized into a union, and by protesting segregation in the Boy Scouts of America. Esther was active in college organizations dedicated to supporting the opposition in the Spanish American War and then worked in a segregated Methodist settlement house in Nashville, Tennessee, where she was exposed to extreme poverty. They each attended college during the Great Depression and joined the Communist Party before meeting. They met in 1939 and worked with the Southern Negro Youth Congress, which Jack founded, before marrying in 1941.
Simon Featherstone
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748623655
- eISBN:
- 9780748651764
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748623655.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature
This chapter examines three private initiatives of national recovery during the main period of English revivalism. It states that the Boy Scouts of Robert Baden-Powell and the English folk-dance ...
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This chapter examines three private initiatives of national recovery during the main period of English revivalism. It states that the Boy Scouts of Robert Baden-Powell and the English folk-dance movements that were founded by Mary Neal and Cecil Sharp used both modern and traditional resources for similar revivals. The chapter also suggests the disorderly influence of conflicts about gender, race and class in the development of a new vision of Englishness.Less
This chapter examines three private initiatives of national recovery during the main period of English revivalism. It states that the Boy Scouts of Robert Baden-Powell and the English folk-dance movements that were founded by Mary Neal and Cecil Sharp used both modern and traditional resources for similar revivals. The chapter also suggests the disorderly influence of conflicts about gender, race and class in the development of a new vision of Englishness.
James B. Salazar
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814741306
- eISBN:
- 9780814786536
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814741306.003.0002
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
This chapter explores the pedagogy of “habit” through a reading of Mark Twain's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889). By tracing the novel's formal inversion of the realist modes of ...
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This chapter explores the pedagogy of “habit” through a reading of Mark Twain's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889). By tracing the novel's formal inversion of the realist modes of readerly identification that defined the “bad boy” literary genre of the 1870s and 1880s, it demonstrates how Twain mimics and models in the allegorical structure of the novel itself the institutional practices of “boyology” that were taking shape at the moment of A Connecticut Yankee's publication. In aligning these practices with the Yankee's own brand of cultural imperialism, the novel implicates such character-building agencies as the Boy Scouts of America—and the forms of homosocial chumminess, “Indian” identification, and military training around which they were organized—in the ideology of “Americanization” that increasingly dominated debates over racial segregation, Native American sovereignty, immigration policy, and overseas expansion in the 1890s. The chapter traces the cultural work of such character-building agencies to the broader discourse of habit as it was developed in the pragmatist psychology of William James, as well as in one of the most popular nonfiction genres of the period, the success manual. It argues that the ideological function of the complex pedagogy of will training and self-habituation articulated in such works is to obscure the reification of class difference through a democratization of middle-class character.Less
This chapter explores the pedagogy of “habit” through a reading of Mark Twain's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889). By tracing the novel's formal inversion of the realist modes of readerly identification that defined the “bad boy” literary genre of the 1870s and 1880s, it demonstrates how Twain mimics and models in the allegorical structure of the novel itself the institutional practices of “boyology” that were taking shape at the moment of A Connecticut Yankee's publication. In aligning these practices with the Yankee's own brand of cultural imperialism, the novel implicates such character-building agencies as the Boy Scouts of America—and the forms of homosocial chumminess, “Indian” identification, and military training around which they were organized—in the ideology of “Americanization” that increasingly dominated debates over racial segregation, Native American sovereignty, immigration policy, and overseas expansion in the 1890s. The chapter traces the cultural work of such character-building agencies to the broader discourse of habit as it was developed in the pragmatist psychology of William James, as well as in one of the most popular nonfiction genres of the period, the success manual. It argues that the ideological function of the complex pedagogy of will training and self-habituation articulated in such works is to obscure the reification of class difference through a democratization of middle-class character.
Mischa Honeck
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781501716188
- eISBN:
- 9781501716201
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501716188.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Since its founding more than one hundred years ago, the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) has been a fulcrum in debates over what constitutes proper boyhood and manhood. Although the BSA developed a strong ...
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Since its founding more than one hundred years ago, the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) has been a fulcrum in debates over what constitutes proper boyhood and manhood. Although the BSA developed a strong national identity, these debates had implications that extended far beyond the borders of the United States. Writing the global back into the history of one of the country’s largest youth organizations, Our Frontier is the World details how the BSA operated as a vehicle of empire from the Progressive Era to the countercultural movements of the second half of the twentieth century. American boys and men wearing the Scout uniform never simply hiked local trails to citizenship; they forged ties with their international peers, camped in foreign lands, started troops on overseas military bases, traveled to Africa, and even sailed to icy Antarctica. Weaving together these stories of youthful border-crossings, this book demonstrates how the BSA presented America’s complex engagements with the world as an honorable and playful masculine adventure.Less
Since its founding more than one hundred years ago, the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) has been a fulcrum in debates over what constitutes proper boyhood and manhood. Although the BSA developed a strong national identity, these debates had implications that extended far beyond the borders of the United States. Writing the global back into the history of one of the country’s largest youth organizations, Our Frontier is the World details how the BSA operated as a vehicle of empire from the Progressive Era to the countercultural movements of the second half of the twentieth century. American boys and men wearing the Scout uniform never simply hiked local trails to citizenship; they forged ties with their international peers, camped in foreign lands, started troops on overseas military bases, traveled to Africa, and even sailed to icy Antarctica. Weaving together these stories of youthful border-crossings, this book demonstrates how the BSA presented America’s complex engagements with the world as an honorable and playful masculine adventure.
Andrew Koppelman and Tobias Wolff
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300121278
- eISBN:
- 9780300155921
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300121278.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
Should the Boy Scouts of America and other noncommercial associations have a right to discriminate when selecting their members? Does the state have a legitimate interest in regulating the membership ...
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Should the Boy Scouts of America and other noncommercial associations have a right to discriminate when selecting their members? Does the state have a legitimate interest in regulating the membership practices of private associations? These questions—raised by Boy Scouts of America v. Dale, in which the Supreme Court ruled that the Scouts had a right to expel gay members—are at the core of this book, an in-depth exploration of the tension between freedom of association and antidiscrimination law. The book demonstrates that the “right” to discriminate has a long and unpleasant history. The book brings together legal history, constitutional theory, and political philosophy to analyze how the law ought to deal with discriminatory private organizations.Less
Should the Boy Scouts of America and other noncommercial associations have a right to discriminate when selecting their members? Does the state have a legitimate interest in regulating the membership practices of private associations? These questions—raised by Boy Scouts of America v. Dale, in which the Supreme Court ruled that the Scouts had a right to expel gay members—are at the core of this book, an in-depth exploration of the tension between freedom of association and antidiscrimination law. The book demonstrates that the “right” to discriminate has a long and unpleasant history. The book brings together legal history, constitutional theory, and political philosophy to analyze how the law ought to deal with discriminatory private organizations.
Andrew Koppelman and Tobias Barrington Wolff
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300121278
- eISBN:
- 9780300155921
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300121278.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
This chapter argues that the Boy Scouts of America's (BSA) policy is, in pertinent ways, the moral equivalent of racial discrimination. It begins by identifying what is essentially morally malignant ...
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This chapter argues that the Boy Scouts of America's (BSA) policy is, in pertinent ways, the moral equivalent of racial discrimination. It begins by identifying what is essentially morally malignant about racism: the stigmatizing of people as intrinsically inferior. Next, it demonstrates that some, but not all, objections to homosexuality do the same thing and are similarly malignant. Finally, it shows that the BSA's policy falls within this malign category of antigay positions.Less
This chapter argues that the Boy Scouts of America's (BSA) policy is, in pertinent ways, the moral equivalent of racial discrimination. It begins by identifying what is essentially morally malignant about racism: the stigmatizing of people as intrinsically inferior. Next, it demonstrates that some, but not all, objections to homosexuality do the same thing and are similarly malignant. Finally, it shows that the BSA's policy falls within this malign category of antigay positions.
Carey Anthony Watt
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195668025
- eISBN:
- 9780199081905
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195668025.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
This chapter explores how education was used to train both the mind and body to promote active participation in society, a belief common to Indian and Western understandings of the connection between ...
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This chapter explores how education was used to train both the mind and body to promote active participation in society, a belief common to Indian and Western understandings of the connection between a citizen’s physical health and service to society The leaders of the subcontinent’s social service organizations were keen that healthy Indians became active, patriotic, and efficient citizens. The chapter focuses on the educational interventions of the Arya Samaj, the Kanya Mahavidyalaya, the Theosophical Society, The Servants of India Society, The Kangri Gurukul, among others. Students were also encouraged to reject colonial employment in favour of social service. The observation of brahmacharya was encouraged amongst male students. The chapter also describes the physical capabilities of Professor Ramamurti Naidu, the athletics instructor of Central Hindu College. The influence of Baden-Powell’s Scouting for Boys (1908) is discussed as is also the threat posed by the growing number of Boy Scout movements to British power.Less
This chapter explores how education was used to train both the mind and body to promote active participation in society, a belief common to Indian and Western understandings of the connection between a citizen’s physical health and service to society The leaders of the subcontinent’s social service organizations were keen that healthy Indians became active, patriotic, and efficient citizens. The chapter focuses on the educational interventions of the Arya Samaj, the Kanya Mahavidyalaya, the Theosophical Society, The Servants of India Society, The Kangri Gurukul, among others. Students were also encouraged to reject colonial employment in favour of social service. The observation of brahmacharya was encouraged amongst male students. The chapter also describes the physical capabilities of Professor Ramamurti Naidu, the athletics instructor of Central Hindu College. The influence of Baden-Powell’s Scouting for Boys (1908) is discussed as is also the threat posed by the growing number of Boy Scout movements to British power.
Ronald J. Colombo
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199335671
- eISBN:
- 9780199361915
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199335671.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law, Company and Commercial Law
Freedom of association is not explicitly mentioned in the First Amendment. This freedom makes its first Supreme Court appearance in the 1927 case Whitney v. California. Over time, culminating in the ...
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Freedom of association is not explicitly mentioned in the First Amendment. This freedom makes its first Supreme Court appearance in the 1927 case Whitney v. California. Over time, culminating in the case Boy Scouts of America v. Dale, the freedom has come to permit organizations both privacy of their membership rosters and control over who can be admitted as members. Although at one time, freedom of association was arguably limited to only intimate associations and expressive associations, after Dale it appears invocable by any association that happens to engage in expression, regardless of whether it was organized as an explicitly expressive association or not. For reasons discussed previously, the postmodern corporation has expressive potential, whereas the modern corporation does not. Consequently, freedom of association ought to be a right recognized by postmodern corporations but not by modern corporations.Less
Freedom of association is not explicitly mentioned in the First Amendment. This freedom makes its first Supreme Court appearance in the 1927 case Whitney v. California. Over time, culminating in the case Boy Scouts of America v. Dale, the freedom has come to permit organizations both privacy of their membership rosters and control over who can be admitted as members. Although at one time, freedom of association was arguably limited to only intimate associations and expressive associations, after Dale it appears invocable by any association that happens to engage in expression, regardless of whether it was organized as an explicitly expressive association or not. For reasons discussed previously, the postmodern corporation has expressive potential, whereas the modern corporation does not. Consequently, freedom of association ought to be a right recognized by postmodern corporations but not by modern corporations.
Andrew Horrall
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781526113849
- eISBN:
- 9781526128225
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526113849.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This chapter shows that the war consolidated the cave man’s status as a global cultural character. Cave men have since been frequently depicted on stage, in films, in advertisements, literature, and ...
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This chapter shows that the war consolidated the cave man’s status as a global cultural character. Cave men have since been frequently depicted on stage, in films, in advertisements, literature, and more recently on television. Hollywood finally embraced the British conception of comic cave men in the 1920s. By then the character was so completely divorced from earlier evolutionary associations, that religious fundamentalists ignored it. The character has subsequently followed an almost unrelenting downward trajectory into b-movies, cheap comedies and cartoons, and productions that paraded hyper-sexualised women. The slide decelerated in 1960 when The Flintstones, the most influential depiction of cave men, debuted on American television. The series satirised middle-class, suburban America, in much the same spirit as E.T. Reed had once viewed Britain. The chapter concludes by briefly examining more recent depictions of cave men and prehistory in film and television to show that comedy predominates alongside healthy doses of action and attempts at scientific accuracy. Various examples are used to show that women continue to be portrayed in dismissive and overtly sexualised ways and that prehistory still denigrates and dismisses racial minorities. At the same time, the seemingly endless popularity and profitability of cave men films and television series mean that they will continue to be made for years.Less
This chapter shows that the war consolidated the cave man’s status as a global cultural character. Cave men have since been frequently depicted on stage, in films, in advertisements, literature, and more recently on television. Hollywood finally embraced the British conception of comic cave men in the 1920s. By then the character was so completely divorced from earlier evolutionary associations, that religious fundamentalists ignored it. The character has subsequently followed an almost unrelenting downward trajectory into b-movies, cheap comedies and cartoons, and productions that paraded hyper-sexualised women. The slide decelerated in 1960 when The Flintstones, the most influential depiction of cave men, debuted on American television. The series satirised middle-class, suburban America, in much the same spirit as E.T. Reed had once viewed Britain. The chapter concludes by briefly examining more recent depictions of cave men and prehistory in film and television to show that comedy predominates alongside healthy doses of action and attempts at scientific accuracy. Various examples are used to show that women continue to be portrayed in dismissive and overtly sexualised ways and that prehistory still denigrates and dismisses racial minorities. At the same time, the seemingly endless popularity and profitability of cave men films and television series mean that they will continue to be made for years.
Andrew Koppelman and Tobias Barrington Wolff
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300121278
- eISBN:
- 9780300155921
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300121278.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
This chapter examines the Court's latest foray into the freedom of association question in Rumsfeld v. FAIR. It argues that the Court in that case restrained the worst excesses of Dale while leaving ...
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This chapter examines the Court's latest foray into the freedom of association question in Rumsfeld v. FAIR. It argues that the Court in that case restrained the worst excesses of Dale while leaving the law fundamentally unsettled.Less
This chapter examines the Court's latest foray into the freedom of association question in Rumsfeld v. FAIR. It argues that the Court in that case restrained the worst excesses of Dale while leaving the law fundamentally unsettled.
Caryl Rivers and Rosalind C. Barnett
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231151634
- eISBN:
- 9780231525305
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231151634.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter discusses the issue of boys and books, either they are reading too much, not reading enough, or just reading badly. According to experts, boys need to learn from male role models and not ...
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This chapter discusses the issue of boys and books, either they are reading too much, not reading enough, or just reading badly. According to experts, boys need to learn from male role models and not books—a notion that led to the establishment of the Boy Scouts. The alarming statistics on which the notion of a “boy crisis” is based are hardly varied by race or class. Apparently, if there is a crisis, it is among inner-city and rural boys; white suburban boys are generally not dropping out of school or lacking in verbal skills. But the media does not advertise this reality. The idea being hyped is that all boys are in trouble, and they must have their own simplified books that lack nuance or emotion. Pushing boys towards low-level “action” texts is causing them even more trouble-they will be deprived of the richness of well-written stories that could improve their imagination and understanding.Less
This chapter discusses the issue of boys and books, either they are reading too much, not reading enough, or just reading badly. According to experts, boys need to learn from male role models and not books—a notion that led to the establishment of the Boy Scouts. The alarming statistics on which the notion of a “boy crisis” is based are hardly varied by race or class. Apparently, if there is a crisis, it is among inner-city and rural boys; white suburban boys are generally not dropping out of school or lacking in verbal skills. But the media does not advertise this reality. The idea being hyped is that all boys are in trouble, and they must have their own simplified books that lack nuance or emotion. Pushing boys towards low-level “action” texts is causing them even more trouble-they will be deprived of the richness of well-written stories that could improve their imagination and understanding.
Joe Sutliff Sanders
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781496807267
- eISBN:
- 9781496807304
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781496807267.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Comics Studies
Although Hergé is most famous for crystalizing and popularizing the “clear line” art style, the lines of his life and work are anything but clear. His lifelong gratitude to the Boy Scouts for their ...
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Although Hergé is most famous for crystalizing and popularizing the “clear line” art style, the lines of his life and work are anything but clear. His lifelong gratitude to the Boy Scouts for their influence during his formative years notwithstanding, Hergé came under fire for both a lack of loyalty (to the resistance during occupation, to his first wife) as well as excessive loyalty (to the exiled king and his wartime friends). Scholarship on Hergé has explored the artist’s work as it blurs the lines between high art and low, biography and cultural history, psychoanalysis and gender.Less
Although Hergé is most famous for crystalizing and popularizing the “clear line” art style, the lines of his life and work are anything but clear. His lifelong gratitude to the Boy Scouts for their influence during his formative years notwithstanding, Hergé came under fire for both a lack of loyalty (to the resistance during occupation, to his first wife) as well as excessive loyalty (to the exiled king and his wartime friends). Scholarship on Hergé has explored the artist’s work as it blurs the lines between high art and low, biography and cultural history, psychoanalysis and gender.
