Monika Baár
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199581184
- eISBN:
- 9780191722806
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199581184.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Chapter 1, ‘Five Biographical Profiles’, is dedicated to the discussion of the five historians' lives and writings on an individual basis. It thus contains the intellectual and political ...
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Chapter 1, ‘Five Biographical Profiles’, is dedicated to the discussion of the five historians' lives and writings on an individual basis. It thus contains the intellectual and political mini‐biographies of Joachim Lelewel (Polish, 1786–1861), Simonas Daukantas (Lithuanian, 1793–1864), František Palacký (Czech, 1798–1876), Mihály Horváth (Hungarian, 1804–78) and Mihail Kogălniceanu (Romanian, 1818–91). It considers their political and academic careers and the relationship between the two. It looks at the social milieu to which they were born, their education, what motivated them to become historians and the intellectual atmosphere in which they pursued their studies and which may well have been influential in their subsequent scholarly ventures. It touches on the milestones in their lives and professional careers, their salient writings and activities, and the most important shifts in their life‐work.Less
Chapter 1, ‘Five Biographical Profiles’, is dedicated to the discussion of the five historians' lives and writings on an individual basis. It thus contains the intellectual and political mini‐biographies of Joachim Lelewel (Polish, 1786–1861), Simonas Daukantas (Lithuanian, 1793–1864), František Palacký (Czech, 1798–1876), Mihály Horváth (Hungarian, 1804–78) and Mihail Kogălniceanu (Romanian, 1818–91). It considers their political and academic careers and the relationship between the two. It looks at the social milieu to which they were born, their education, what motivated them to become historians and the intellectual atmosphere in which they pursued their studies and which may well have been influential in their subsequent scholarly ventures. It touches on the milestones in their lives and professional careers, their salient writings and activities, and the most important shifts in their life‐work.
Hillel Kieval
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520214101
- eISBN:
- 9780520921160
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520214101.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book examines the contours and distinctive features of Jewish experience in the lands of Bohemia and Moravia (the present-day Czech Republic), from the late eighteenth to the late twentieth ...
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This book examines the contours and distinctive features of Jewish experience in the lands of Bohemia and Moravia (the present-day Czech Republic), from the late eighteenth to the late twentieth century. In the Czech lands, the book states, Jews have felt the need constantly to define and articulate the nature of group identity, cultural loyalty, memory, and social cohesiveness, and the period of “modernizing” absolutism, which began in 1780, brought changes of enormous significance. From that time forward, new relationships with Gentile society and with the culture of the state blurred the traditional outlines of community and individual identity. The book navigates skillfully among histories and myths as well as demography, biography, culture, and politics, illuminating the maze of allegiances and alliances that have molded the Jewish experience during these 200 years.Less
This book examines the contours and distinctive features of Jewish experience in the lands of Bohemia and Moravia (the present-day Czech Republic), from the late eighteenth to the late twentieth century. In the Czech lands, the book states, Jews have felt the need constantly to define and articulate the nature of group identity, cultural loyalty, memory, and social cohesiveness, and the period of “modernizing” absolutism, which began in 1780, brought changes of enormous significance. From that time forward, new relationships with Gentile society and with the culture of the state blurred the traditional outlines of community and individual identity. The book navigates skillfully among histories and myths as well as demography, biography, culture, and politics, illuminating the maze of allegiances and alliances that have molded the Jewish experience during these 200 years.
Rita Krueger
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195323450
- eISBN:
- 9780199869138
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195323450.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book examines the intellectual ideas and political challenges that inspired patriotic activity among the Bohemian nobility, the infusion of national identity into public and institutional life, ...
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This book examines the intellectual ideas and political challenges that inspired patriotic activity among the Bohemian nobility, the infusion of national identity into public and institutional life, and the role of the nobility in crafting and supporting the national ideal within Habsburg Bohemia. Patriotic aristocrats created the visible and public institutional framework that cultivated national sentiment and provided the national movement with a degree of intellectual and social legitimacy. The book argues that the mutating identity of the aristocracy was tied both to insecurity and to a belief in the power of science to address social problems, commitment to the ideals of enlightenment as well as individual and social improvement, and profound confidence that progress was inevitable and that intellectual achievement would save society. The argument, that class mattered to the degree that it was irrelevant, intersects with several important historical questions beyond theories of nationalism, including debates about modernization and the longevity of aristocratic power, the nature of the public sphere and class, and the measurable impact of science, and intellectual movements on social and political life. The book is organized thematically to reflect the central argument that critical nation building was located in nascent institutions that incorporated fundamentally new ways of thinking about community, culture, competition, and status.Less
This book examines the intellectual ideas and political challenges that inspired patriotic activity among the Bohemian nobility, the infusion of national identity into public and institutional life, and the role of the nobility in crafting and supporting the national ideal within Habsburg Bohemia. Patriotic aristocrats created the visible and public institutional framework that cultivated national sentiment and provided the national movement with a degree of intellectual and social legitimacy. The book argues that the mutating identity of the aristocracy was tied both to insecurity and to a belief in the power of science to address social problems, commitment to the ideals of enlightenment as well as individual and social improvement, and profound confidence that progress was inevitable and that intellectual achievement would save society. The argument, that class mattered to the degree that it was irrelevant, intersects with several important historical questions beyond theories of nationalism, including debates about modernization and the longevity of aristocratic power, the nature of the public sphere and class, and the measurable impact of science, and intellectual movements on social and political life. The book is organized thematically to reflect the central argument that critical nation building was located in nascent institutions that incorporated fundamentally new ways of thinking about community, culture, competition, and status.
Rita Krueger
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195323450
- eISBN:
- 9780199869138
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195323450.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The book's third chapter focuses on the intellectual institutions established in Bohemia between the 1740s and the second decade of the nineteenth century, and places them in the context of broader ...
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The book's third chapter focuses on the intellectual institutions established in Bohemia between the 1740s and the second decade of the nineteenth century, and places them in the context of broader institutional change within Europe and the Habsburg lands. The analysis in this chapter covers the motivations behind the founding of individual institutions as well as their impact on the subsequent development of the intelligentsia and the national community. The chapter argues that despite the continued emphasis of court life, the new sociability of the salon and academy at the turn of the eighteenth century offered a social enclave operating separate from the state, with significant political repercussions for nation building.Less
The book's third chapter focuses on the intellectual institutions established in Bohemia between the 1740s and the second decade of the nineteenth century, and places them in the context of broader institutional change within Europe and the Habsburg lands. The analysis in this chapter covers the motivations behind the founding of individual institutions as well as their impact on the subsequent development of the intelligentsia and the national community. The chapter argues that despite the continued emphasis of court life, the new sociability of the salon and academy at the turn of the eighteenth century offered a social enclave operating separate from the state, with significant political repercussions for nation building.
Roger Warren
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198128779
- eISBN:
- 9780191671692
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198128779.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, Shakespeare Studies
One of Peter Hall's major concerns regarding The Winter's Tale involved how Shakespeare may have been associated with Sicily, since he somehow reversed Robert Greene's conception of Sicilia and ...
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One of Peter Hall's major concerns regarding The Winter's Tale involved how Shakespeare may have been associated with Sicily, since he somehow reversed Robert Greene's conception of Sicilia and Bohemia in Pandosto. Hall's initial conception of Sicilia was said to be ‘very sultry’ because Shakespeare perceived Sicilia to be – instead of how it is conventionally viewed, as the home of literary pastoral – a country of hot passions. One of the variations of this approach involves how David Williams was able to set the beginning of the play's action within a larger perspective. This chapter looks into the portrayals made by both the National Theatre and Ontario regarding the relationships of certain principals.Less
One of Peter Hall's major concerns regarding The Winter's Tale involved how Shakespeare may have been associated with Sicily, since he somehow reversed Robert Greene's conception of Sicilia and Bohemia in Pandosto. Hall's initial conception of Sicilia was said to be ‘very sultry’ because Shakespeare perceived Sicilia to be – instead of how it is conventionally viewed, as the home of literary pastoral – a country of hot passions. One of the variations of this approach involves how David Williams was able to set the beginning of the play's action within a larger perspective. This chapter looks into the portrayals made by both the National Theatre and Ontario regarding the relationships of certain principals.
Donald Prater
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198158912
- eISBN:
- 9780191673405
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198158912.003.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry, European Literature
René Karl Wilhelm Johann Josef Maria Rilke was born on 4 December 1875 in Prague, Bohemia. His father, Josef Rilke, was a retired officer who worked in a railroad company; and his mother, Sophie ...
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René Karl Wilhelm Johann Josef Maria Rilke was born on 4 December 1875 in Prague, Bohemia. His father, Josef Rilke, was a retired officer who worked in a railroad company; and his mother, Sophie Entz, came from a well-established family in Prague. Rene spent an unhappy childhood in Prague. Mourning the daughter she had lost, Sophie spoiled Rene, dressed him in girl's clothing and surrounded him with suffocating care. Rene began his formal education in the military academy at St. Pölten, Austria in 1886 until 1891, when he left due to health problems. In his memory it remained a traumatic experience, on which he looked back with horror and loathing. In 1895, Rene enrolled in Carl-Ferdinand University in Prague, and studied art history, literature, and philosophy.Less
René Karl Wilhelm Johann Josef Maria Rilke was born on 4 December 1875 in Prague, Bohemia. His father, Josef Rilke, was a retired officer who worked in a railroad company; and his mother, Sophie Entz, came from a well-established family in Prague. Rene spent an unhappy childhood in Prague. Mourning the daughter she had lost, Sophie spoiled Rene, dressed him in girl's clothing and surrounded him with suffocating care. Rene began his formal education in the military academy at St. Pölten, Austria in 1886 until 1891, when he left due to health problems. In his memory it remained a traumatic experience, on which he looked back with horror and loathing. In 1895, Rene enrolled in Carl-Ferdinand University in Prague, and studied art history, literature, and philosophy.
Helen Smith
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199651580
- eISBN:
- 9780191741654
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199651580.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, 16th-century and Renaissance Literature
Chapter Two addresses the question of patronage, briefly charting existing scholarship in the field before moving on to examine a number of neglected sources, which offer more concrete evidence of ...
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Chapter Two addresses the question of patronage, briefly charting existing scholarship in the field before moving on to examine a number of neglected sources, which offer more concrete evidence of the range, variety and rewards of early modern women's patronage. The chapter continues the theme of translation by exploring evidence of women's commission of translated texts, suggesting an ideological and practical link between women and vernacular literacy. The final section moves beyond questions of authorship and writing to explore women's patronage of particular printers, offering a challenge to recent accounts of the decline of patronage in the face of a burgeoning print marketplace.Less
Chapter Two addresses the question of patronage, briefly charting existing scholarship in the field before moving on to examine a number of neglected sources, which offer more concrete evidence of the range, variety and rewards of early modern women's patronage. The chapter continues the theme of translation by exploring evidence of women's commission of translated texts, suggesting an ideological and practical link between women and vernacular literacy. The final section moves beyond questions of authorship and writing to explore women's patronage of particular printers, offering a challenge to recent accounts of the decline of patronage in the face of a burgeoning print marketplace.
R. J. W. Evans
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199541621
- eISBN:
- 9780191701252
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541621.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter presents an essay on the Habsburg Monarchy's administration of the kingdom of Bohemia during the period from 1526 to 1848. It suggests that during this period Bohemia became a tractable ...
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This chapter presents an essay on the Habsburg Monarchy's administration of the kingdom of Bohemia during the period from 1526 to 1848. It suggests that during this period Bohemia became a tractable possession of Habsburg rulers partly because of the failure of the famous revolt of 1618–20. Bohemia was the material powerhouse of the Monarchy supplying personnel much its political, intellectual, and administrative leadership. After 1800, this relationship started to change but it was only in the revolution of 1848 that Bohemia's full debility was revealed.Less
This chapter presents an essay on the Habsburg Monarchy's administration of the kingdom of Bohemia during the period from 1526 to 1848. It suggests that during this period Bohemia became a tractable possession of Habsburg rulers partly because of the failure of the famous revolt of 1618–20. Bohemia was the material powerhouse of the Monarchy supplying personnel much its political, intellectual, and administrative leadership. After 1800, this relationship started to change but it was only in the revolution of 1848 that Bohemia's full debility was revealed.
Shawn Chandler Bingham and Lindsey A. Freeman (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781469631677
- eISBN:
- 9781469631691
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469631677.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
From the southern influence on nineteenth-century New York to the musical legacy of late-twentieth-century Athens, Georgia, to the cutting-edge cuisines of twenty-first-century Asheville, North ...
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From the southern influence on nineteenth-century New York to the musical legacy of late-twentieth-century Athens, Georgia, to the cutting-edge cuisines of twenty-first-century Asheville, North Carolina, the bohemian South has long contested traditional views of the region. Yet, even as the fruits of this creative South have famously been celebrated, exported, and expropriated, the region long was labeled a cultural backwater. This timely and illuminating collection uses bohemia as a novel lens for reconsidering more traditional views of the South. Exploring wide-ranging locales, such as Athens, Austin, Black Mountain College, Knoxville, Memphis, New Orleans, and North Carolina’s Research Triangle, each essay challenges popular interpretations of the South, while highlighting important bohemian sub- and countercultures. The Bohemian South provides an important perspective in the New South as an epicenter for progress, innovation, and experimentation.Less
From the southern influence on nineteenth-century New York to the musical legacy of late-twentieth-century Athens, Georgia, to the cutting-edge cuisines of twenty-first-century Asheville, North Carolina, the bohemian South has long contested traditional views of the region. Yet, even as the fruits of this creative South have famously been celebrated, exported, and expropriated, the region long was labeled a cultural backwater. This timely and illuminating collection uses bohemia as a novel lens for reconsidering more traditional views of the South. Exploring wide-ranging locales, such as Athens, Austin, Black Mountain College, Knoxville, Memphis, New Orleans, and North Carolina’s Research Triangle, each essay challenges popular interpretations of the South, while highlighting important bohemian sub- and countercultures. The Bohemian South provides an important perspective in the New South as an epicenter for progress, innovation, and experimentation.
R. J. W. Evans
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199541621
- eISBN:
- 9780191701252
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541621.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter presents an essay on the relationship between Hungary and Bohemia during the period from 1741 to 1871. It provides a chronological background starting with the state-building process ...
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This chapter presents an essay on the relationship between Hungary and Bohemia during the period from 1741 to 1871. It provides a chronological background starting with the state-building process when Hungary and Bohemia went their markedly different ways but interacted significantly with each other at the cultural and political centre. This essay suggests that the effective cooperation between Bohemian and Hungarian peripheries against the Austrian centre is one of the great might-have-beens in the history of Central Europe.Less
This chapter presents an essay on the relationship between Hungary and Bohemia during the period from 1741 to 1871. It provides a chronological background starting with the state-building process when Hungary and Bohemia went their markedly different ways but interacted significantly with each other at the cultural and political centre. This essay suggests that the effective cooperation between Bohemian and Hungarian peripheries against the Austrian centre is one of the great might-have-beens in the history of Central Europe.
Ritchie Robertson
- Published in print:
- 1987
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198158141
- eISBN:
- 9780191673276
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198158141.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, European Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
Early on the morning of August 13, 1917, Franz Kafka woke up and found himself spitting blood. It was a haemorrhage, the first sign of what was diagnosed a few weeks later as pulmonary tuberculosis. ...
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Early on the morning of August 13, 1917, Franz Kafka woke up and found himself spitting blood. It was a haemorrhage, the first sign of what was diagnosed a few weeks later as pulmonary tuberculosis. His employers granted him extended sick-leave, and on September 12 he left Prague for the village of Zürau (now Siřem) in north-western Bohemia. He stayed there until April the following year, except for a brief visit to Prague at the end of October and a longer one over the Christmas and New Year period. The immediate effect of tuberculosis was to make Kafka feel healthier. Tuberculosis gave Kafka the sharp break with his earlier life that he had hoped conscription would provide. Kafka's aphorisms have generally been neglected by his critics, or, at best, treated as marginal glosses on his fiction. Kafka's aphorisms are related to traditions of Jewish thought.Less
Early on the morning of August 13, 1917, Franz Kafka woke up and found himself spitting blood. It was a haemorrhage, the first sign of what was diagnosed a few weeks later as pulmonary tuberculosis. His employers granted him extended sick-leave, and on September 12 he left Prague for the village of Zürau (now Siřem) in north-western Bohemia. He stayed there until April the following year, except for a brief visit to Prague at the end of October and a longer one over the Christmas and New Year period. The immediate effect of tuberculosis was to make Kafka feel healthier. Tuberculosis gave Kafka the sharp break with his earlier life that he had hoped conscription would provide. Kafka's aphorisms have generally been neglected by his critics, or, at best, treated as marginal glosses on his fiction. Kafka's aphorisms are related to traditions of Jewish thought.
Eagle Glassheim
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263914
- eISBN:
- 9780191734359
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263914.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Although fascism has often been considered a plebeian, even radically egalitarian ideology, many of its outspoken proponents were members of the old European elite: nobles, clericalists and ...
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Although fascism has often been considered a plebeian, even radically egalitarian ideology, many of its outspoken proponents were members of the old European elite: nobles, clericalists and representatives of the haute bourgeoisie. Historians of Nazi Germany have puzzled over the affinity of German conservatives such as Paul von Hindenburg and Franz von Papen to Adolf Hitler's National Socialist version of fascism. A small but extremely wealthy noble elite struggled to maintain its long-standing social, economic and political influence in Bohemia. By the late nineteenth century, the Bohemian nobility was a self-consciously traditional social group with a decidedly modern economic relationship to agrarian and industrial capitalism. This chapter examines the response of the Bohemian aristocracy to the new state of Czechoslovakia. This restricted caste of cosmopolitan latifundist families was more German than Czech in sentiment, and further alienated by land reform. The aristocrats entertained divergent assessments of Nazism and responded in different ways to the crisis of the state by 1938.Less
Although fascism has often been considered a plebeian, even radically egalitarian ideology, many of its outspoken proponents were members of the old European elite: nobles, clericalists and representatives of the haute bourgeoisie. Historians of Nazi Germany have puzzled over the affinity of German conservatives such as Paul von Hindenburg and Franz von Papen to Adolf Hitler's National Socialist version of fascism. A small but extremely wealthy noble elite struggled to maintain its long-standing social, economic and political influence in Bohemia. By the late nineteenth century, the Bohemian nobility was a self-consciously traditional social group with a decidedly modern economic relationship to agrarian and industrial capitalism. This chapter examines the response of the Bohemian aristocracy to the new state of Czechoslovakia. This restricted caste of cosmopolitan latifundist families was more German than Czech in sentiment, and further alienated by land reform. The aristocrats entertained divergent assessments of Nazism and responded in different ways to the crisis of the state by 1938.
Catherine Albrecht
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263914
- eISBN:
- 9780191734359
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263914.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Industrialisation had created a segmented social structure among Germans in north and west Bohemia. The most important industrial sectors in the Sudetenland exhibited a bimodal distribution of firms, ...
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Industrialisation had created a segmented social structure among Germans in north and west Bohemia. The most important industrial sectors in the Sudetenland exhibited a bimodal distribution of firms, with a large number of small producers and a few large producers, each of which employed roughly an equal proportion of workers. Economic nationalism among German Bohemians was motivated primarily by the need to defend their status against Czech competition. This chapter explores how the advent of Czechoslovakia affected the long-standing economic competition between Czechs and Germans in Bohemia, which had a major ideological dimension. Already before 1918, it had yielded protectionist associations on both sides. The Czech ones now went on the offensive, pressing for national values to be implemented in the economic domain, especially through nostrification of those of the country's assets held in ‘foreign’ hands and through preference to Czech suppliers in such sectors as military contracts. Their formerly dominant German equivalents were forced onto the defensive, while the Czechoslovak government tried to manoeuvre between the two.Less
Industrialisation had created a segmented social structure among Germans in north and west Bohemia. The most important industrial sectors in the Sudetenland exhibited a bimodal distribution of firms, with a large number of small producers and a few large producers, each of which employed roughly an equal proportion of workers. Economic nationalism among German Bohemians was motivated primarily by the need to defend their status against Czech competition. This chapter explores how the advent of Czechoslovakia affected the long-standing economic competition between Czechs and Germans in Bohemia, which had a major ideological dimension. Already before 1918, it had yielded protectionist associations on both sides. The Czech ones now went on the offensive, pressing for national values to be implemented in the economic domain, especially through nostrification of those of the country's assets held in ‘foreign’ hands and through preference to Czech suppliers in such sectors as military contracts. Their formerly dominant German equivalents were forced onto the defensive, while the Czechoslovak government tried to manoeuvre between the two.
Zbyněk Zeman and Antonín Klimek
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205838
- eISBN:
- 9780191676802
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205838.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter describes the efforts of Beneš in establishing the international presence of a new state. The people of Bohemia and Moravia had the experience of more than half a century of ...
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This chapter describes the efforts of Beneš in establishing the international presence of a new state. The people of Bohemia and Moravia had the experience of more than half a century of representative democracy, as well as the development of vigorous political parties. Neither Masaryk nor Beneš trusted the useful remainders of the Habsburg state, and their lack of trust extended to the politicians who knew how to use them. Democracy for them contained the essential element of honoured leaders, and there was more than a touch of belief in their political ideas. The constitution of the republic referred to the Czechoslovak nation, but did not mention the rights of the minorities. The Castle group formed a counterweight to the pull of the powerful parties, where Masaryk understood that their influence should be allowed free play.Less
This chapter describes the efforts of Beneš in establishing the international presence of a new state. The people of Bohemia and Moravia had the experience of more than half a century of representative democracy, as well as the development of vigorous political parties. Neither Masaryk nor Beneš trusted the useful remainders of the Habsburg state, and their lack of trust extended to the politicians who knew how to use them. Democracy for them contained the essential element of honoured leaders, and there was more than a touch of belief in their political ideas. The constitution of the republic referred to the Czechoslovak nation, but did not mention the rights of the minorities. The Castle group formed a counterweight to the pull of the powerful parties, where Masaryk understood that their influence should be allowed free play.
H. E. J. Cowdrey
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206460
- eISBN:
- 9780191677144
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206460.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History, History of Religion
In April 1075, Pope Gregory VII dispatched a group of six letters to destinations in eastern and northern Europe — to Duke Gésa of Hungary who was the ...
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In April 1075, Pope Gregory VII dispatched a group of six letters to destinations in eastern and northern Europe — to Duke Gésa of Hungary who was the cousin and rival of King Solomon, to Duke Wratislav of Bohemia, to the Bohemian people, to Duke Boleslav II of Poland, to Prince Isjaslav of Russia, and to King Sweyn Estrithson of Denmark. The letters were written with diverse situations and purposes in view; yet, taken together, they provide an exceptionally full conspectus of Gregory's approach to the kingdoms and principalities that surrounded Germany, North Italy, and France — the nearer kingdoms to which his concern was particularly directed. This chapter also looks at Gregory VII's dealings with South Italy and Sicily, the north-east Adriatic, the Scandinavian kingdoms and Iceland, the Anglo-Norman kingdom, Ireland, and Christian Spain.Less
In April 1075, Pope Gregory VII dispatched a group of six letters to destinations in eastern and northern Europe — to Duke Gésa of Hungary who was the cousin and rival of King Solomon, to Duke Wratislav of Bohemia, to the Bohemian people, to Duke Boleslav II of Poland, to Prince Isjaslav of Russia, and to King Sweyn Estrithson of Denmark. The letters were written with diverse situations and purposes in view; yet, taken together, they provide an exceptionally full conspectus of Gregory's approach to the kingdoms and principalities that surrounded Germany, North Italy, and France — the nearer kingdoms to which his concern was particularly directed. This chapter also looks at Gregory VII's dealings with South Italy and Sicily, the north-east Adriatic, the Scandinavian kingdoms and Iceland, the Anglo-Norman kingdom, Ireland, and Christian Spain.
William Doyle
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199559855
- eISBN:
- 9780191701788
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199559855.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter discusses the breakdown of the nobilities of Europe during the 18th century. Between 1772 and 1775 Russia was wracked by the greatest popular uprising of the century led by the Cossack ...
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This chapter discusses the breakdown of the nobilities of Europe during the 18th century. Between 1772 and 1775 Russia was wracked by the greatest popular uprising of the century led by the Cossack Pugachev. In June 1774, serfs along the faraway Volga were massacring lords by the thousands. These incidents triggered an uprising in Bohemia the following year. After the fall of these two outbreaks, Catherine II decided that the Russian nobility must be supported more positively and integrated more firmly unto the fabric of regional government. In addition, the Empress Maria Theresia accelerated measures to limit the exactions of lords, while Joseph II charted at her timidity and dreamed of breaking land lord power totally.Less
This chapter discusses the breakdown of the nobilities of Europe during the 18th century. Between 1772 and 1775 Russia was wracked by the greatest popular uprising of the century led by the Cossack Pugachev. In June 1774, serfs along the faraway Volga were massacring lords by the thousands. These incidents triggered an uprising in Bohemia the following year. After the fall of these two outbreaks, Catherine II decided that the Russian nobility must be supported more positively and integrated more firmly unto the fabric of regional government. In addition, the Empress Maria Theresia accelerated measures to limit the exactions of lords, while Joseph II charted at her timidity and dreamed of breaking land lord power totally.
Jiří Kocian
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263914
- eISBN:
- 9780191734359
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263914.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
After the new Czechoslovak Republic emerged in 1918, the relations between Czechoslovakia and Slovakia immediately became one of the crucial domestic problems it had to cope with. The success of the ...
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After the new Czechoslovak Republic emerged in 1918, the relations between Czechoslovakia and Slovakia immediately became one of the crucial domestic problems it had to cope with. The success of the new Republic largely depended on whether the issue of bilateral relations would become a stabilizing factor or not. Czech politicians, however, followed the pre-war Czechoslovakian concepts even after the war. By the end of World War II, problems about the reunification of Bohemia and Moravia with Slovakia reemerged, as the issue of the legal settlement of relations between the Czechs and the Slovaks was raised. There was a continuation of centralism immediately after 1948, justified ideologically by the ‘necessity to struggle against bourgeois nationalism’. Nationally oriented Communists, such as Gustáv Husák, Vladimir Clementis, or Ladislav Novomeský, were accused of plotting to separate Slovakia from the Republic.Less
After the new Czechoslovak Republic emerged in 1918, the relations between Czechoslovakia and Slovakia immediately became one of the crucial domestic problems it had to cope with. The success of the new Republic largely depended on whether the issue of bilateral relations would become a stabilizing factor or not. Czech politicians, however, followed the pre-war Czechoslovakian concepts even after the war. By the end of World War II, problems about the reunification of Bohemia and Moravia with Slovakia reemerged, as the issue of the legal settlement of relations between the Czechs and the Slovaks was raised. There was a continuation of centralism immediately after 1948, justified ideologically by the ‘necessity to struggle against bourgeois nationalism’. Nationally oriented Communists, such as Gustáv Husák, Vladimir Clementis, or Ladislav Novomeský, were accused of plotting to separate Slovakia from the Republic.
Joachim Whaley
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198731016
- eISBN:
- 9780191730870
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198731016.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
Charles V, already king of Spain and ruler of the Low Countries, combined the imperial title with a wider collection of lands than any ruler previously. He had visions of establishing a new world ...
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Charles V, already king of Spain and ruler of the Low Countries, combined the imperial title with a wider collection of lands than any ruler previously. He had visions of establishing a new world empire. In reality, problems in Spain and conflicts with France and the Turks prevented him from asserting himself in Germany. His hesitation in handing significant power to his brother Ferdinand, who had inherited the Austrian duchies, Bohemia and Hungary, allowed the princes to assert their traditional freedom and prevented the emperor from intervening decisively to deal with Luther. The Reichstag of Speyer (1526) devolved responsibility for dealing with the religious issue to the princes. Meanwhile, however, the religious protest movement spawned other leaders such as Zwingli and Müntzer and exploded in religious radicalism, the Knights' War, the Peasants' War and a wave of popular urban Reformations.Less
Charles V, already king of Spain and ruler of the Low Countries, combined the imperial title with a wider collection of lands than any ruler previously. He had visions of establishing a new world empire. In reality, problems in Spain and conflicts with France and the Turks prevented him from asserting himself in Germany. His hesitation in handing significant power to his brother Ferdinand, who had inherited the Austrian duchies, Bohemia and Hungary, allowed the princes to assert their traditional freedom and prevented the emperor from intervening decisively to deal with Luther. The Reichstag of Speyer (1526) devolved responsibility for dealing with the religious issue to the princes. Meanwhile, however, the religious protest movement spawned other leaders such as Zwingli and Müntzer and exploded in religious radicalism, the Knights' War, the Peasants' War and a wave of popular urban Reformations.
Alfred Thomas
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198203612
- eISBN:
- 9780191675898
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198203612.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
The Slavs' response to the German hegemony was to adopt a policy of appeasement and resistance, whichever was required by the situation. The Slav-German relationship became most complex and ...
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The Slavs' response to the German hegemony was to adopt a policy of appeasement and resistance, whichever was required by the situation. The Slav-German relationship became most complex and paradoxical in Bohemia and Moravia. This chapter explores this relationship as reflected in Old Czech literature from the end of the 13th to the beginning of the 15th century. From the outset, the Czechs entertained ambivalent feelings toward their more powerful neighbours. In political and cultural matters they often sought to emulate the foreigners, yet at the same time felt resentful of their prosperity and accomplishments, especially when the Germans began to receive special favours from the Czech kings. The chapter further discusses the political and economic situation in the Czech lands, waves of German immigration, and the policy sovereigns of the Přemyslid dynasty.Less
The Slavs' response to the German hegemony was to adopt a policy of appeasement and resistance, whichever was required by the situation. The Slav-German relationship became most complex and paradoxical in Bohemia and Moravia. This chapter explores this relationship as reflected in Old Czech literature from the end of the 13th to the beginning of the 15th century. From the outset, the Czechs entertained ambivalent feelings toward their more powerful neighbours. In political and cultural matters they often sought to emulate the foreigners, yet at the same time felt resentful of their prosperity and accomplishments, especially when the Germans began to receive special favours from the Czech kings. The chapter further discusses the political and economic situation in the Czech lands, waves of German immigration, and the policy sovereigns of the Přemyslid dynasty.
Lisa Shapiro
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226204413
- eISBN:
- 9780226204444
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226204444.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, Women's Literature
This chapter presents some remarks about the texts and translations of the correspondence between Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia and René Descartes, Robert Barclay, and William Penn.
This chapter presents some remarks about the texts and translations of the correspondence between Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia and René Descartes, Robert Barclay, and William Penn.
