Antony Bryant
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780199922604
- eISBN:
- 9780190652548
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199922604.003.0016
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
Clarification of ideas around Big Data and the ways in which a clear understanding of GTM offers a sound basis for insightful use of Big Data. Anderson’s challenge – the 21st century version of naïve ...
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Clarification of ideas around Big Data and the ways in which a clear understanding of GTM offers a sound basis for insightful use of Big Data. Anderson’s challenge – the 21st century version of naïve Baonian induction. Digital data as a key source for researchers, but one to be used with care and the same criteria as other sources. Pathologies of Big Data analyses – apophenia; seeing patterns in everything. Mandelbrot’s abductive leap and the analysis of chaos. Metaphors in the understanding of data – mining, refining, construction, discovery. Leetaru’s Culturomics as an example of big data analytics; its strengths and its weaknesses. The continuing necessity for theoretical sensitivity. The paradox of big data – however much exists today, there will be far more by tomorrow.Less
Clarification of ideas around Big Data and the ways in which a clear understanding of GTM offers a sound basis for insightful use of Big Data. Anderson’s challenge – the 21st century version of naïve Baonian induction. Digital data as a key source for researchers, but one to be used with care and the same criteria as other sources. Pathologies of Big Data analyses – apophenia; seeing patterns in everything. Mandelbrot’s abductive leap and the analysis of chaos. Metaphors in the understanding of data – mining, refining, construction, discovery. Leetaru’s Culturomics as an example of big data analytics; its strengths and its weaknesses. The continuing necessity for theoretical sensitivity. The paradox of big data – however much exists today, there will be far more by tomorrow.
Dariusz Jemielniak
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198839705
- eISBN:
- 9780191897351
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198839705.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
The social sciences are becoming datafied. The questions that have been considered the domain of sociologists, now are answered by data scientists, operating on large datasets, and breaking with the ...
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The social sciences are becoming datafied. The questions that have been considered the domain of sociologists, now are answered by data scientists, operating on large datasets, and breaking with the methodological tradition for better or worse. The traditional social sciences, such as sociology or anthropology, are thus under the double threat of becoming marginalized or even irrelevant; both because of the new methods of research, which require more computational skills, and because of the increasing competition from the corporate world, which gains an additional advantage based on data access. However, sociologists and anthropologists still have some important assets, too. Unlike data scientists, they have a long history of doing qualitative research. The more quantified datasets we have, the more difficult it is to interpret them without adding layers of qualitative interpretation. Big Data needs Thick Data. This book presents the available arsenal of new tools for studying the society quantitatively, but also show the new methods of analysis from the qualitative side and encourages their combination. In shows that Big Data can and should be supplemented and interpreted through thick data, as well as cultural analysis, in a novel approach of Thick Big Data.The book is critically important for students and researchers in the social sciences to understand the possibilities of digital analysis, both in the quantitative and qualitative area, and successfully build mixed-methods approaches.Less
The social sciences are becoming datafied. The questions that have been considered the domain of sociologists, now are answered by data scientists, operating on large datasets, and breaking with the methodological tradition for better or worse. The traditional social sciences, such as sociology or anthropology, are thus under the double threat of becoming marginalized or even irrelevant; both because of the new methods of research, which require more computational skills, and because of the increasing competition from the corporate world, which gains an additional advantage based on data access. However, sociologists and anthropologists still have some important assets, too. Unlike data scientists, they have a long history of doing qualitative research. The more quantified datasets we have, the more difficult it is to interpret them without adding layers of qualitative interpretation. Big Data needs Thick Data. This book presents the available arsenal of new tools for studying the society quantitatively, but also show the new methods of analysis from the qualitative side and encourages their combination. In shows that Big Data can and should be supplemented and interpreted through thick data, as well as cultural analysis, in a novel approach of Thick Big Data.The book is critically important for students and researchers in the social sciences to understand the possibilities of digital analysis, both in the quantitative and qualitative area, and successfully build mixed-methods approaches.
Dariusz Jemielniak
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198839705
- eISBN:
- 9780191897351
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198839705.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
The chapter presents the idea of Thick Big Data, a methodological approach combining big data sets with thick, ethnographic analysis. It presents different quantitative methods, including Google ...
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The chapter presents the idea of Thick Big Data, a methodological approach combining big data sets with thick, ethnographic analysis. It presents different quantitative methods, including Google Correlate, social network analysis (SNA), online polls, culturomics, and data scraping, as well as easy tools to start working with online data. It describes the key differences in performing qualitative studies online, by focusing on the example of digital ethnography. It helps using case studies for digital communities as well. It gives specific guidance on conducting interviews online, and describes how to perform narrative analysis of digital culture. It concludes with describing methods of studying online cultural production, and discusses the notions of remix culture, memes, and trolling.Less
The chapter presents the idea of Thick Big Data, a methodological approach combining big data sets with thick, ethnographic analysis. It presents different quantitative methods, including Google Correlate, social network analysis (SNA), online polls, culturomics, and data scraping, as well as easy tools to start working with online data. It describes the key differences in performing qualitative studies online, by focusing on the example of digital ethnography. It helps using case studies for digital communities as well. It gives specific guidance on conducting interviews online, and describes how to perform narrative analysis of digital culture. It concludes with describing methods of studying online cultural production, and discusses the notions of remix culture, memes, and trolling.
Geoffrey Rockwell and Stéfan Sinclair
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262034357
- eISBN:
- 9780262332064
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262034357.003.0007
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
What is big data, and what does it have to do with the humanities? The Snowden revelations have drawn attention to the opportunities and dangers to the gathering of large collections of data, ...
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What is big data, and what does it have to do with the humanities? The Snowden revelations have drawn attention to the opportunities and dangers to the gathering of large collections of data, including the collecting of text messages and email. Techniques that digital humanists have used in the study of individual texts are now being scaled up to study large collections. The digital humanities have a valuable historical and ethical perspective on big data analytics. Questions about what to do with too much information go back to Plato. Questions about the completeness of data, the usefulness of metadata, and the value of analytics can help us understand what big data can and cannot do. In particular we need to be careful of false positives, or false predictions based on data too large to check with other methods.Less
What is big data, and what does it have to do with the humanities? The Snowden revelations have drawn attention to the opportunities and dangers to the gathering of large collections of data, including the collecting of text messages and email. Techniques that digital humanists have used in the study of individual texts are now being scaled up to study large collections. The digital humanities have a valuable historical and ethical perspective on big data analytics. Questions about what to do with too much information go back to Plato. Questions about the completeness of data, the usefulness of metadata, and the value of analytics can help us understand what big data can and cannot do. In particular we need to be careful of false positives, or false predictions based on data too large to check with other methods.
Peter J. Taylor, Geoff O’Brien, and Phil O’Keefe
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781529210477
- eISBN:
- 9781529210514
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781529210477.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
This chapter asks the question, what does this unthinking mean for current anthropogenic climate change policies? This is answered in two ways. First, the concept of urban demand is discussed in its ...
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This chapter asks the question, what does this unthinking mean for current anthropogenic climate change policies? This is answered in two ways. First, the concept of urban demand is discussed in its current manifestation as the product of a global Advertising-Big Data-Social Media complex. Second, the mechanisms behind the immensity of Chinese urban growth in recent decades are described. In their different, but intertwined, ways these two expressions of today’s modernity are pointing irrevocably towards terminal consumption. The only means to stop this happening appears to a reinvention of the city, creating an urban demand for stewarding nature for future generations, a posterity cityLess
This chapter asks the question, what does this unthinking mean for current anthropogenic climate change policies? This is answered in two ways. First, the concept of urban demand is discussed in its current manifestation as the product of a global Advertising-Big Data-Social Media complex. Second, the mechanisms behind the immensity of Chinese urban growth in recent decades are described. In their different, but intertwined, ways these two expressions of today’s modernity are pointing irrevocably towards terminal consumption. The only means to stop this happening appears to a reinvention of the city, creating an urban demand for stewarding nature for future generations, a posterity city
Peter F. Cowhey and Jonathan D. Aronson
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- August 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190657932
- eISBN:
- 9780190657963
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190657932.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
Chapter 8 lays out the political economic trade-offs in privacy protection designs and their implications for the types of privacy risks and constraints on innovations. To delve more deeply, it then ...
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Chapter 8 lays out the political economic trade-offs in privacy protection designs and their implications for the types of privacy risks and constraints on innovations. To delve more deeply, it then contrasts the U.S. and EU approaches. This leads into an analysis of the protracted U.S.–EU disputes on privacy safeguards and the efforts to forge international agreements on privacy protection forged at the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. The most promising initiatives will require a significant role for global civil society in governance. The three issues examined in Part III are interlinked. A robust trade regime for the cloud ecosystem requires that common international understandings about cybersecurity and digital privacy also be developed. However, tidy grand bargains are unnecessary to make progress on these linked issues.Less
Chapter 8 lays out the political economic trade-offs in privacy protection designs and their implications for the types of privacy risks and constraints on innovations. To delve more deeply, it then contrasts the U.S. and EU approaches. This leads into an analysis of the protracted U.S.–EU disputes on privacy safeguards and the efforts to forge international agreements on privacy protection forged at the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. The most promising initiatives will require a significant role for global civil society in governance. The three issues examined in Part III are interlinked. A robust trade regime for the cloud ecosystem requires that common international understandings about cybersecurity and digital privacy also be developed. However, tidy grand bargains are unnecessary to make progress on these linked issues.
Joe Deville
Mark Featherstone (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781447339526
- eISBN:
- 9781447339571
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447339526.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology
This chapter introduces a phenomenon I call ‘digital subprime’. Digital subprime represents a frontier in lenders’ quest for predictive power, involving a growing group of technology startups who are ...
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This chapter introduces a phenomenon I call ‘digital subprime’. Digital subprime represents a frontier in lenders’ quest for predictive power, involving a growing group of technology startups who are entering subprime, payday lending markets in various countries and are lending at high rates of interest to borrowers who often have either poor or not credit histories. In this variant of consumer credit lending, diverse forms of data are processed through forms of algorithmic analysis in the attempt to better predict the repayment behaviour of individuals. This data often appears extremely mundane and to have very little to do with the credit product in hand. The chapter seeks to map the terrain of possibility represented by the diverse forms of data that are rendered accessible to lenders, partly as a basis for future research, and partly to highlight key developments in the present and future ontologies of money.Less
This chapter introduces a phenomenon I call ‘digital subprime’. Digital subprime represents a frontier in lenders’ quest for predictive power, involving a growing group of technology startups who are entering subprime, payday lending markets in various countries and are lending at high rates of interest to borrowers who often have either poor or not credit histories. In this variant of consumer credit lending, diverse forms of data are processed through forms of algorithmic analysis in the attempt to better predict the repayment behaviour of individuals. This data often appears extremely mundane and to have very little to do with the credit product in hand. The chapter seeks to map the terrain of possibility represented by the diverse forms of data that are rendered accessible to lenders, partly as a basis for future research, and partly to highlight key developments in the present and future ontologies of money.
Lorraine Daston (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226432229
- eISBN:
- 9780226432533
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226432533.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
The natural and the human sciences depend on archives just as much as they depend on the laboratory, the observatory, the field, the library, and other sites of research. For sciences that track ...
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The natural and the human sciences depend on archives just as much as they depend on the laboratory, the observatory, the field, the library, and other sites of research. For sciences that track phenomena that unfold on a superhuman timescale, such as astronomy and paleonotology, the preservation and retrieval of remnants of the past, whether in the form of observations or fossils, is a precondition for present and future research. In other sciences, such as medicine or climatology, past data may suddenly become urgently relevant when a new pattern is detected: has this disease ever been observed before? Have rainfall patterns changed significantly in the past century? For still other sciences, such as genetics and molecular biology, genomic databases make new research programs possible. Because scientific archives are so costly in terms of the invested labor, money, and other resources, they are often the flashpoint of disciplinary disputes about access, usage, and maintenance. This volume explores the role of scientific archives in astronomy, ancient natural philosophy, medicine, genetics, paleontology, natural history, climatology, and history, as well as recent developments in the age of Big Data, including self-archiving, stop lists, and data mining.Less
The natural and the human sciences depend on archives just as much as they depend on the laboratory, the observatory, the field, the library, and other sites of research. For sciences that track phenomena that unfold on a superhuman timescale, such as astronomy and paleonotology, the preservation and retrieval of remnants of the past, whether in the form of observations or fossils, is a precondition for present and future research. In other sciences, such as medicine or climatology, past data may suddenly become urgently relevant when a new pattern is detected: has this disease ever been observed before? Have rainfall patterns changed significantly in the past century? For still other sciences, such as genetics and molecular biology, genomic databases make new research programs possible. Because scientific archives are so costly in terms of the invested labor, money, and other resources, they are often the flashpoint of disciplinary disputes about access, usage, and maintenance. This volume explores the role of scientific archives in astronomy, ancient natural philosophy, medicine, genetics, paleontology, natural history, climatology, and history, as well as recent developments in the age of Big Data, including self-archiving, stop lists, and data mining.
Ronald J. Krotoszynski Jr.
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199315215
- eISBN:
- 9780190274290
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199315215.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter considers privacy in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), a supranational tribunal that enforces a kind of pan-European human rights law. The ECHR, established ...
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This chapter considers privacy in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), a supranational tribunal that enforces a kind of pan-European human rights law. The ECHR, established in the immediate aftermath of World War II, has been a leading expositor of human rights values for over 60 years. Consideration of the privacy jurisprudence of the ECHR helps to illustrate some of the points of tangent, and points of departure, between the wider world and the United States. The standard narrative, that Europe prioritizes privacy, whereas the United States prioritizes speech, does hold true—but only to a point. Significant common ground exists between Europe and the United States. This chapter argues that in the age of Big Data, both Europe and the United States will have to use this common ground to find ways of reconciling privacy and speech in the service of democratic self-government.Less
This chapter considers privacy in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), a supranational tribunal that enforces a kind of pan-European human rights law. The ECHR, established in the immediate aftermath of World War II, has been a leading expositor of human rights values for over 60 years. Consideration of the privacy jurisprudence of the ECHR helps to illustrate some of the points of tangent, and points of departure, between the wider world and the United States. The standard narrative, that Europe prioritizes privacy, whereas the United States prioritizes speech, does hold true—but only to a point. Significant common ground exists between Europe and the United States. This chapter argues that in the age of Big Data, both Europe and the United States will have to use this common ground to find ways of reconciling privacy and speech in the service of democratic self-government.
Tim Unwin
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198795292
- eISBN:
- 9780191836589
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198795292.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
Technology is all too often seen as being inherently good, and there are powerful interests limiting the amount of attention paid to the darker side of ICTs and Internet access in particular. ...
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Technology is all too often seen as being inherently good, and there are powerful interests limiting the amount of attention paid to the darker side of ICTs and Internet access in particular. However, these darker aspects are crucial to understanding ICT4D, especially since they can more seriously impact the poor, both countries and people, than the rich. The following main challenges are covered in the chapter: privacy and security; the Surface Web and the Dark Web; cyber-security and resilience; negative aspects of the exploitation of Big Data and the abuse of people through social media; and the increasing dehumanization of people through the use of ICTs and the Internet of Things.Less
Technology is all too often seen as being inherently good, and there are powerful interests limiting the amount of attention paid to the darker side of ICTs and Internet access in particular. However, these darker aspects are crucial to understanding ICT4D, especially since they can more seriously impact the poor, both countries and people, than the rich. The following main challenges are covered in the chapter: privacy and security; the Surface Web and the Dark Web; cyber-security and resilience; negative aspects of the exploitation of Big Data and the abuse of people through social media; and the increasing dehumanization of people through the use of ICTs and the Internet of Things.
Efthimios Parasidis
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231171182
- eISBN:
- 9780231540070
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231171182.003.0020
- Subject:
- Law, Medical Law
This chapter focuses on current and emerging issues related to post-market analysis of medical products. It argues that the future of the FDA as a public health agency is largely dependent on how ...
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This chapter focuses on current and emerging issues related to post-market analysis of medical products. It argues that the future of the FDA as a public health agency is largely dependent on how well the agency leverages its mandate and resources to address the limitations of pre-market review and expand the instances in which post-market analysis is required.Less
This chapter focuses on current and emerging issues related to post-market analysis of medical products. It argues that the future of the FDA as a public health agency is largely dependent on how well the agency leverages its mandate and resources to address the limitations of pre-market review and expand the instances in which post-market analysis is required.
Patrick Dunleavy
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781447329367
- eISBN:
- 9781447329480
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447329367.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter explores how the revolutionary capacity of analysing Big Data to understand human behaviour is only just beginning to be exploited by social science, and it opens new opportunities for ...
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This chapter explores how the revolutionary capacity of analysing Big Data to understand human behaviour is only just beginning to be exploited by social science, and it opens new opportunities for discovery for policy makers. Again, this chapter will explore its social science foundations, some applications to policy and then address strengths and weaknesses.Less
This chapter explores how the revolutionary capacity of analysing Big Data to understand human behaviour is only just beginning to be exploited by social science, and it opens new opportunities for discovery for policy makers. Again, this chapter will explore its social science foundations, some applications to policy and then address strengths and weaknesses.
Michael J. Madison
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199972036
- eISBN:
- 9780199361908
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199972036.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter applies the knowledge commons research framework to research in modern astronomy. The case that it examines, Galaxy Zoo, is a leading example simultaneously of a successful global ...
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This chapter applies the knowledge commons research framework to research in modern astronomy. The case that it examines, Galaxy Zoo, is a leading example simultaneously of a successful global citizen science project; of peer production (sometimes known colloquially as crowdsourcing); and of data-intensive science, sometimes referred to as e-science or Big Data science. Galaxy Zoo scientists and volunteers have organized themselves and massive quantities of observational data about the universe in ways that are well suited to study as a case of commons. Galaxy Zoo has applied techniques of knowledge sharing and collaboration to produce unprecedented insights about galaxies. Examining Galaxy Zoo as a case of commons several additional questions to pursue in further commons investigation.Less
This chapter applies the knowledge commons research framework to research in modern astronomy. The case that it examines, Galaxy Zoo, is a leading example simultaneously of a successful global citizen science project; of peer production (sometimes known colloquially as crowdsourcing); and of data-intensive science, sometimes referred to as e-science or Big Data science. Galaxy Zoo scientists and volunteers have organized themselves and massive quantities of observational data about the universe in ways that are well suited to study as a case of commons. Galaxy Zoo has applied techniques of knowledge sharing and collaboration to produce unprecedented insights about galaxies. Examining Galaxy Zoo as a case of commons several additional questions to pursue in further commons investigation.
Sabina Leonelli
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226416335
- eISBN:
- 9780226416502
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226416502.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
Chapter 6, which is targeted at anyone interested specifically in the life sciences, examines the implications of my analysis of data-centric science for biology as a discipline and for the knowledge ...
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Chapter 6, which is targeted at anyone interested specifically in the life sciences, examines the implications of my analysis of data-centric science for biology as a discipline and for the knowledge thus gained about living organisms. I consider three examples of successful data integration within the field of plant science, which I take to exemplify three different modes of data integration in biology as a whole, each with its own goals, means and ways of valuing and assessing data. I then use this analysis to stress how differences in how data are elected, analyzed and integrated may challenge existing conceptions of what counts as scientific knowledge in the first place. Finally, I highlight the opportunities offered by data-centric research as well as the dangers and misconceptions associated with big data rhetoric and practices, paying particular attention to related processes of inclusion and exclusion, and the ways in which data infrastructures can affect the visibility and future development of research traditions both within and beyond the life sciences.Less
Chapter 6, which is targeted at anyone interested specifically in the life sciences, examines the implications of my analysis of data-centric science for biology as a discipline and for the knowledge thus gained about living organisms. I consider three examples of successful data integration within the field of plant science, which I take to exemplify three different modes of data integration in biology as a whole, each with its own goals, means and ways of valuing and assessing data. I then use this analysis to stress how differences in how data are elected, analyzed and integrated may challenge existing conceptions of what counts as scientific knowledge in the first place. Finally, I highlight the opportunities offered by data-centric research as well as the dangers and misconceptions associated with big data rhetoric and practices, paying particular attention to related processes of inclusion and exclusion, and the ways in which data infrastructures can affect the visibility and future development of research traditions both within and beyond the life sciences.
Dariusz Jemielniak
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198839705
- eISBN:
- 9780191897351
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198839705.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
This chapter includes the final remarks about conducting digital social studies. It summarizes the book briefly and encourages to start own independent projects. This monograph has presented the ...
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This chapter includes the final remarks about conducting digital social studies. It summarizes the book briefly and encourages to start own independent projects. This monograph has presented the variety of approaches and tools to conduct social research of and through the online world. It explained why the Internet ought to be the subject of sociological studies, and why even traditional social sciences projects ought to include elements of online research. It identified three trends that are strictly connected with the development of communication technology and networks (online transformation of interpersonal relations, crisis of expert knowledge, and the sharing economy). It indicated their importance in many areas, and the need for deep and recurring social science analyses due to the high changeability of the phenomena. It then described the main quantitative approaches, focusing on those that do not require long-term specialist training. It highlighted those qualitative methods that may be used to interpret quantitative research and be a starting point for qualitative analysis. It outlined the possibilities of doing online cultural studies—studying products of Internet culture as a valid method of doing social sciences. Finally, it outlined the ethical considerations that every author of a digital study ought to consider.Less
This chapter includes the final remarks about conducting digital social studies. It summarizes the book briefly and encourages to start own independent projects. This monograph has presented the variety of approaches and tools to conduct social research of and through the online world. It explained why the Internet ought to be the subject of sociological studies, and why even traditional social sciences projects ought to include elements of online research. It identified three trends that are strictly connected with the development of communication technology and networks (online transformation of interpersonal relations, crisis of expert knowledge, and the sharing economy). It indicated their importance in many areas, and the need for deep and recurring social science analyses due to the high changeability of the phenomena. It then described the main quantitative approaches, focusing on those that do not require long-term specialist training. It highlighted those qualitative methods that may be used to interpret quantitative research and be a starting point for qualitative analysis. It outlined the possibilities of doing online cultural studies—studying products of Internet culture as a valid method of doing social sciences. Finally, it outlined the ethical considerations that every author of a digital study ought to consider.
Ronald J. Krotoszynski Jr.
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199315215
- eISBN:
- 9780190274290
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199315215.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This concluding chapter brings this project to an end and draws on the iconic work of Professor Alexander Meiklejohn to mount a sustained argument that privacy and speech are, at bottom, ...
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This concluding chapter brings this project to an end and draws on the iconic work of Professor Alexander Meiklejohn to mount a sustained argument that privacy and speech are, at bottom, fundamentally complementary, rather than conflicting, human rights. Meiklejohn famously argued that free speech merited constitutional protection because it was integral to the process of democratic self-government. This chapter argues that in the era of Big Data, privacy is no less integral to democratic self-government than speech. It also considers the ways in which privacy and speech are more complementary then we commonly suppose them to be, because privacy and speech are both necessary conditions for democracy to function. This chapter also provides a summary and overview of some of the more salient potential lessons that a comparative law survey of privacy law provides.Less
This concluding chapter brings this project to an end and draws on the iconic work of Professor Alexander Meiklejohn to mount a sustained argument that privacy and speech are, at bottom, fundamentally complementary, rather than conflicting, human rights. Meiklejohn famously argued that free speech merited constitutional protection because it was integral to the process of democratic self-government. This chapter argues that in the era of Big Data, privacy is no less integral to democratic self-government than speech. It also considers the ways in which privacy and speech are more complementary then we commonly suppose them to be, because privacy and speech are both necessary conditions for democracy to function. This chapter also provides a summary and overview of some of the more salient potential lessons that a comparative law survey of privacy law provides.
Colin Koopman
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226626444
- eISBN:
- 9780226626611
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226626611.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
The central argument of How We Became Our Data is that over the past century we have become informational persons whose lives are increasingly conducted through an information politics. This chapter ...
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The central argument of How We Became Our Data is that over the past century we have become informational persons whose lives are increasingly conducted through an information politics. This chapter tracks emergent informational persons in the contexts of the bureaucratizing paperwork of the standardized birth certificate in the United States. Haphazard at the turn of the last century, the standardization of birth registration took three decades of effort beginning in 1903, and involved a panoply of agencies including the Census Bureau, the Children’s Bureau, the American Medical Association, and the American Child Health Association. The project was considered completed when, in 1933, every state was registering 90 percent of its births. Shortly after the development of the informational infrastructure that made this early ‘Big Data’ project possible, the Social Security Board would assign Social Security numbers to more than 90 percent of eligible American workers in just three months in the Winter of 1935. Building on the work of political scientist James Scott, this chapter attends to the formats of birth certificates and standard registration in order to excavate the informational conditions at the heart of the most important moments of registration in the lives of Americans today.Less
The central argument of How We Became Our Data is that over the past century we have become informational persons whose lives are increasingly conducted through an information politics. This chapter tracks emergent informational persons in the contexts of the bureaucratizing paperwork of the standardized birth certificate in the United States. Haphazard at the turn of the last century, the standardization of birth registration took three decades of effort beginning in 1903, and involved a panoply of agencies including the Census Bureau, the Children’s Bureau, the American Medical Association, and the American Child Health Association. The project was considered completed when, in 1933, every state was registering 90 percent of its births. Shortly after the development of the informational infrastructure that made this early ‘Big Data’ project possible, the Social Security Board would assign Social Security numbers to more than 90 percent of eligible American workers in just three months in the Winter of 1935. Building on the work of political scientist James Scott, this chapter attends to the formats of birth certificates and standard registration in order to excavate the informational conditions at the heart of the most important moments of registration in the lives of Americans today.
Lee A. Bygrave
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- March 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780198826491
- eISBN:
- 9780191932267
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198826491.003.0055
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
Article 3(2)(b) (Monitoring of data subjects’ behaviour); Article 4(4) (Definition of ‘profiling’); Article 5(1)(a) (Fair and transparent processing) (see also recitals 39 and 60); Article 5(2) ...
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Article 3(2)(b) (Monitoring of data subjects’ behaviour); Article 4(4) (Definition of ‘profiling’); Article 5(1)(a) (Fair and transparent processing) (see also recitals 39 and 60); Article 5(2) (Accountability); Article 6 (Legal grounds for processing of personal data); Article 8 (Conditions applicable to children’s consent in relation to information society services); Article 12 (see too recital 58); Article 13(2)(f) (Information on the existence of automated decision-making); Article 14(2)(g) (Information on the existence of automated decision-making); Article 15(1)(h) (Right of access regarding automated decision-making); Article 21 (Right to object) (see also recital 70); Article 23 (Restrictions); Article 35(3)(a) (Data protection impact assessment) (see too recital 84); Article 47(2)(e) (Binding corporate rules); Article 70(1)(f) (EDPB guidelines on automated decisions based on profiling).
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Article 3(2)(b) (Monitoring of data subjects’ behaviour); Article 4(4) (Definition of ‘profiling’); Article 5(1)(a) (Fair and transparent processing) (see also recitals 39 and 60); Article 5(2) (Accountability); Article 6 (Legal grounds for processing of personal data); Article 8 (Conditions applicable to children’s consent in relation to information society services); Article 12 (see too recital 58); Article 13(2)(f) (Information on the existence of automated decision-making); Article 14(2)(g) (Information on the existence of automated decision-making); Article 15(1)(h) (Right of access regarding automated decision-making); Article 21 (Right to object) (see also recital 70); Article 23 (Restrictions); Article 35(3)(a) (Data protection impact assessment) (see too recital 84); Article 47(2)(e) (Binding corporate rules); Article 70(1)(f) (EDPB guidelines on automated decisions based on profiling).
Lee A. Bygrave and Luca Tosoni
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- March 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780198826491
- eISBN:
- 9780191932267
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198826491.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
The principles of data protection should apply to any information concerning an identified or identifiable natural person. Personal data which have undergone pseudonymisation, which could be ...
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The principles of data protection should apply to any information concerning an identified or identifiable natural person. Personal data which have undergone pseudonymisation, which could be attributed to a natural person by the use of additional information should be considered to be information on an identifiable natural person. To determine whether a natural person is identifiable, account should be taken of all the means reasonably likely to be used, such as singling out, either by the controller or by another person to identify the natural person directly or indirectly.
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The principles of data protection should apply to any information concerning an identified or identifiable natural person. Personal data which have undergone pseudonymisation, which could be attributed to a natural person by the use of additional information should be considered to be information on an identifiable natural person. To determine whether a natural person is identifiable, account should be taken of all the means reasonably likely to be used, such as singling out, either by the controller or by another person to identify the natural person directly or indirectly.
Bill Seaman
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- March 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190498900
- eISBN:
- 9780190498924
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190498900.003.0015
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
The contemporary city is quickly changing in line with the quixotic nature of today’s array of computational media. As a result, we need to begin to create new technological methodologies to aid in ...
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The contemporary city is quickly changing in line with the quixotic nature of today’s array of computational media. As a result, we need to begin to create new technological methodologies to aid in the study of the cityscape over time. This chapter presents some interesting ideas, given that the physical nature of buildings and material infrastructures change at a different rate from that of contemporary digital media. In terms of the cityscape, the digital media and their presence in differing forms are evermore ubiquitous. The author’s approach is to combine two areas of study—cyber-archaeology and media archaeology—in the service of future research. The notion is to create intelligent new systems for the archiving and perusal of multimodal media. He proposes new computationally intelligent approaches to generative virtual environments and relational databases. Also, he points to the nature of context and the limits of current computing in terms of discerning that context. And he asks: As humans we can quickly size up situations, shifting conceptual contexts without a problem; can we build new polysensing systems to help augment the machinic understanding of context and define a vast compendium of relationalities, as well as develop new multimodal search methodologies? This would help us create contemplative media contexts that lend insights into our ongoing learning in terms of research and cultural understanding of the present, enfolding multiple chosen perspectives.Less
The contemporary city is quickly changing in line with the quixotic nature of today’s array of computational media. As a result, we need to begin to create new technological methodologies to aid in the study of the cityscape over time. This chapter presents some interesting ideas, given that the physical nature of buildings and material infrastructures change at a different rate from that of contemporary digital media. In terms of the cityscape, the digital media and their presence in differing forms are evermore ubiquitous. The author’s approach is to combine two areas of study—cyber-archaeology and media archaeology—in the service of future research. The notion is to create intelligent new systems for the archiving and perusal of multimodal media. He proposes new computationally intelligent approaches to generative virtual environments and relational databases. Also, he points to the nature of context and the limits of current computing in terms of discerning that context. And he asks: As humans we can quickly size up situations, shifting conceptual contexts without a problem; can we build new polysensing systems to help augment the machinic understanding of context and define a vast compendium of relationalities, as well as develop new multimodal search methodologies? This would help us create contemplative media contexts that lend insights into our ongoing learning in terms of research and cultural understanding of the present, enfolding multiple chosen perspectives.