Holger Hoock (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264065
- eISBN:
- 9780191734496
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264065.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This volume explores the commemoration of the Battle of Trafalgar and Admiral Lord Nelson's death over the past two centuries. It includes the celebrations of 2005, which saw hundreds of official, ...
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This volume explores the commemoration of the Battle of Trafalgar and Admiral Lord Nelson's death over the past two centuries. It includes the celebrations of 2005, which saw hundreds of official, commercial, and popular events celebrating and commemorating the bicentenary of Trafalgar and the death of Nelson. Leading historians of Britain and France reflect critically on complex notions of remembrance, celebration, honouring, and commemoration. Taking historical snapshots of the commemoration of Nelson at his death, a century later in 1905, and in contemporary Britain, the contributors ask: who drives the commemoration of historical anniversaries and to what ends? Which Nelson, or Nelsons, have had a role in national memory over the past two centuries? And who identifies with Nelson today? Focusing on Britain, but looking also at imperial and French contexts, the papers consider how memoirs, history writing, visual and modern media and museums, and official and unofficial interests, contribute to keeping and shaping memory. As the changing manner of memorializing key moments in national history allows historians to study cultural meanings and interpretations of national identity, the contributors to this volume exhort the wider profession to engage critically with ‘public history’. This work is about the history of memory and commemoration and will be of interest those with general interests in naval, maritime, cultural and public history.Less
This volume explores the commemoration of the Battle of Trafalgar and Admiral Lord Nelson's death over the past two centuries. It includes the celebrations of 2005, which saw hundreds of official, commercial, and popular events celebrating and commemorating the bicentenary of Trafalgar and the death of Nelson. Leading historians of Britain and France reflect critically on complex notions of remembrance, celebration, honouring, and commemoration. Taking historical snapshots of the commemoration of Nelson at his death, a century later in 1905, and in contemporary Britain, the contributors ask: who drives the commemoration of historical anniversaries and to what ends? Which Nelson, or Nelsons, have had a role in national memory over the past two centuries? And who identifies with Nelson today? Focusing on Britain, but looking also at imperial and French contexts, the papers consider how memoirs, history writing, visual and modern media and museums, and official and unofficial interests, contribute to keeping and shaping memory. As the changing manner of memorializing key moments in national history allows historians to study cultural meanings and interpretations of national identity, the contributors to this volume exhort the wider profession to engage critically with ‘public history’. This work is about the history of memory and commemoration and will be of interest those with general interests in naval, maritime, cultural and public history.
Iain Mclean
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199546954
- eISBN:
- 9780191720031
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546954.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, UK Politics
Temporary increase in number of veto players. Revolt of the landed class. Marxist explanation. Unionism and the British Empire. Primordial unionism. Bonar Law: the first non‐Anglican to lead the ...
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Temporary increase in number of veto players. Revolt of the landed class. Marxist explanation. Unionism and the British Empire. Primordial unionism. Bonar Law: the first non‐Anglican to lead the Conservative Party. Ireland: in the Union, but its opinions not to count.Less
Temporary increase in number of veto players. Revolt of the landed class. Marxist explanation. Unionism and the British Empire. Primordial unionism. Bonar Law: the first non‐Anglican to lead the Conservative Party. Ireland: in the Union, but its opinions not to count.
William R. Ryan
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195387285
- eISBN:
- 9780199775774
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387285.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter deals with the rise of the radical Whig faction and how they, under the leadership of William Henry Drayton, antagonized the governor by trying to blockade the port, thus precipitating ...
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This chapter deals with the rise of the radical Whig faction and how they, under the leadership of William Henry Drayton, antagonized the governor by trying to blockade the port, thus precipitating the opening shots of the war in South Carolina. Moreover, this chapter demonstrates how tenuous the position of the Whigs was and how they simultaneously attempted to pacify insurgent white settlers and hostile Cherokee Indians in the backcountry. As the chapter title suggests, it deals with the volatile geopolitics of Revolutionary South Carolina, as well as the regional and class divisions that plagued the province during the fall and winter of 1775.Less
This chapter deals with the rise of the radical Whig faction and how they, under the leadership of William Henry Drayton, antagonized the governor by trying to blockade the port, thus precipitating the opening shots of the war in South Carolina. Moreover, this chapter demonstrates how tenuous the position of the Whigs was and how they simultaneously attempted to pacify insurgent white settlers and hostile Cherokee Indians in the backcountry. As the chapter title suggests, it deals with the volatile geopolitics of Revolutionary South Carolina, as well as the regional and class divisions that plagued the province during the fall and winter of 1775.
William R. Ryan
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195387285
- eISBN:
- 9780199775774
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387285.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter illustrates how a mass exodus of slaves in Georgia (at Tybee Island) and a loyalist uprising in North Carolina hastened the drafting of an extremely conservative state constitution for ...
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This chapter illustrates how a mass exodus of slaves in Georgia (at Tybee Island) and a loyalist uprising in North Carolina hastened the drafting of an extremely conservative state constitution for South Carolina in March 1776. When the long‐anticipated British naval assault on Charles Town Harbor finally came on June 28, 1776, it was the skilled black navigators of South Carolina who piloted the Royal Navy ships over the bar. The “crime” that Thomas Jeremiah had been hanged and burned for just ten months earlier was carried out by a boatman named Sampson. Ironically, it was the insubordination of these pilots that ultimately led to Britain's humiliating defeat.Less
This chapter illustrates how a mass exodus of slaves in Georgia (at Tybee Island) and a loyalist uprising in North Carolina hastened the drafting of an extremely conservative state constitution for South Carolina in March 1776. When the long‐anticipated British naval assault on Charles Town Harbor finally came on June 28, 1776, it was the skilled black navigators of South Carolina who piloted the Royal Navy ships over the bar. The “crime” that Thomas Jeremiah had been hanged and burned for just ten months earlier was carried out by a boatman named Sampson. Ironically, it was the insubordination of these pilots that ultimately led to Britain's humiliating defeat.
Andrew Witmer
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195342536
- eISBN:
- 9780199867042
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342536.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
During the second half of the nineteenth century, American intellectuals found much to argue over in the writings of Auguste Comte. A French social theorist generally credited as the founder of ...
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During the second half of the nineteenth century, American intellectuals found much to argue over in the writings of Auguste Comte. A French social theorist generally credited as the founder of modern sociology, Comte grounded his Positivist philosophy in a theory of history predicting the demise of theism and the triumph of naturalistic science and humanistic religion. Debates over Positivism peaked in the United States between the 1860s and 1880s, and became entangled with arguments over Darwinism and the alleged battle between religion and science. Most Americans dismissed Comte's predictions that belief in God would vanish, but his theories won over a small group of important thinkers, clothed Enlightenment attacks on traditional religion in the garb of scientific neutrality and historical inevitability, spurred on the academic secularizers who sought to reduce religion's public influence, and emerged during the middle decades of the twentieth century as a commonplace of modern sociology.Less
During the second half of the nineteenth century, American intellectuals found much to argue over in the writings of Auguste Comte. A French social theorist generally credited as the founder of modern sociology, Comte grounded his Positivist philosophy in a theory of history predicting the demise of theism and the triumph of naturalistic science and humanistic religion. Debates over Positivism peaked in the United States between the 1860s and 1880s, and became entangled with arguments over Darwinism and the alleged battle between religion and science. Most Americans dismissed Comte's predictions that belief in God would vanish, but his theories won over a small group of important thinkers, clothed Enlightenment attacks on traditional religion in the garb of scientific neutrality and historical inevitability, spurred on the academic secularizers who sought to reduce religion's public influence, and emerged during the middle decades of the twentieth century as a commonplace of modern sociology.
Ken Binmore
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195300574
- eISBN:
- 9780199783748
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300574.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This chapter develops the idea of a mixed strategy using the entry into a sealed-bid auction as a non-trivial example. Reaction curves are first illustrated for the case of pure strategies and then ...
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This chapter develops the idea of a mixed strategy using the entry into a sealed-bid auction as a non-trivial example. Reaction curves are first illustrated for the case of pure strategies and then applied to computing mixed Nash equilibria. The Hawk-Dove Game is equivalent either to the Prisoner's Dilemma or Chicken, depending on parameter values. The mixed-strategy reaction curves are plotted in each case. The interpretation of mixed Nash equilibria as polymorphic equilibria in a game played by a large population is considered. The matrix algebra necessary for handling mixed strategies is reviewed and illustrated with O'Neill's Card Game. Convexity ideas are reviewed and applied to the geometric representation of mixed strategies. Cooperative and noncooperative payoff regions are introduced and illustrated using Chicken and the Battle of the Sexes. Correlated equilibria are introduced after a discussion of self-policing agreements, cheap talk, and preplay randomization. The possibility of correlation without a referee using techniques from cryptography is discussed.Less
This chapter develops the idea of a mixed strategy using the entry into a sealed-bid auction as a non-trivial example. Reaction curves are first illustrated for the case of pure strategies and then applied to computing mixed Nash equilibria. The Hawk-Dove Game is equivalent either to the Prisoner's Dilemma or Chicken, depending on parameter values. The mixed-strategy reaction curves are plotted in each case. The interpretation of mixed Nash equilibria as polymorphic equilibria in a game played by a large population is considered. The matrix algebra necessary for handling mixed strategies is reviewed and illustrated with O'Neill's Card Game. Convexity ideas are reviewed and applied to the geometric representation of mixed strategies. Cooperative and noncooperative payoff regions are introduced and illustrated using Chicken and the Battle of the Sexes. Correlated equilibria are introduced after a discussion of self-policing agreements, cheap talk, and preplay randomization. The possibility of correlation without a referee using techniques from cryptography is discussed.
Guy R. Everson and Edward H. Simpson
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195086645
- eISBN:
- 9780199853946
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195086645.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This chapter presents Tally Simpsonsʼ wartime letters to his family in South Carolina dated from September 1862 to January 1863. These letters were about the Third South Carolina's participation in ...
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This chapter presents Tally Simpsonsʼ wartime letters to his family in South Carolina dated from September 1862 to January 1863. These letters were about the Third South Carolina's participation in the battles of Second Manassas, Maryland Heights and Sharpsburg. These battles were the hottest part of the war, with the Confederate Army suffering a total of 84 casualties out of the 266 officers and men that fought.Less
This chapter presents Tally Simpsonsʼ wartime letters to his family in South Carolina dated from September 1862 to January 1863. These letters were about the Third South Carolina's participation in the battles of Second Manassas, Maryland Heights and Sharpsburg. These battles were the hottest part of the war, with the Confederate Army suffering a total of 84 casualties out of the 266 officers and men that fought.
Norman Housley
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198202141
- eISBN:
- 9780191675188
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198202141.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter examines the emergence of the so-called sanctified patriotism in Europe during the period from 1400 to 1600. It describes the possible premises that led to the development of sanctified ...
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This chapter examines the emergence of the so-called sanctified patriotism in Europe during the period from 1400 to 1600. It describes the possible premises that led to the development of sanctified patriotism, including the belief that waging war in defence of homeland could be a holy act. An interesting example of this is the Battle of the Standard in which northern baronial supporters of King Stephen defeated an invading Scottish army led by King David.Less
This chapter examines the emergence of the so-called sanctified patriotism in Europe during the period from 1400 to 1600. It describes the possible premises that led to the development of sanctified patriotism, including the belief that waging war in defence of homeland could be a holy act. An interesting example of this is the Battle of the Standard in which northern baronial supporters of King Stephen defeated an invading Scottish army led by King David.
John C. Wilkinson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199588268
- eISBN:
- 9780191595400
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588268.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
This chapter pursues the fortunes of the Azd and other ‘Gulf’ tribes in the Fârs campaign and then in Basra, their role in the Battle of the Camel, and the formation of the Azd khums. Misapprehension ...
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This chapter pursues the fortunes of the Azd and other ‘Gulf’ tribes in the Fârs campaign and then in Basra, their role in the Battle of the Camel, and the formation of the Azd khums. Misapprehension concerning the term Azd 'Umân has distorted this early history: all the Azd in Basra were Omani but there was a wave of new migrants, essentially bedu (who may well have been excluded by 'Uthmân) at the end of Mu'âwiya's reign and these new migrants played a crucial role in events in Basra at the start of the second civil war. Basra was now threatened by the Azâriqa, Khawârij extremists, and was saved by al–Muhallab, whose family were not originally of Omani ashrâf origins, but military leaders. This marked the real rise in Omani fortunes as Muhallab and his son Yazid received governorships of enormous dimensions and inevitably a growing determination of Hajjaj to break the powers of the great Yamani leaders, the Kindi al–Ash'ath from Kufa and Yazîd b. al–Muhallab al–Azdi from Basra.Less
This chapter pursues the fortunes of the Azd and other ‘Gulf’ tribes in the Fârs campaign and then in Basra, their role in the Battle of the Camel, and the formation of the Azd khums. Misapprehension concerning the term Azd 'Umân has distorted this early history: all the Azd in Basra were Omani but there was a wave of new migrants, essentially bedu (who may well have been excluded by 'Uthmân) at the end of Mu'âwiya's reign and these new migrants played a crucial role in events in Basra at the start of the second civil war. Basra was now threatened by the Azâriqa, Khawârij extremists, and was saved by al–Muhallab, whose family were not originally of Omani ashrâf origins, but military leaders. This marked the real rise in Omani fortunes as Muhallab and his son Yazid received governorships of enormous dimensions and inevitably a growing determination of Hajjaj to break the powers of the great Yamani leaders, the Kindi al–Ash'ath from Kufa and Yazîd b. al–Muhallab al–Azdi from Basra.
Mark Jurdjevic
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199204489
- eISBN:
- 9780191708084
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199204489.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
The fifth chapter analyses the private papers of the Valori dating from the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. In particular, the chapter examines a collection of documents gathered by ...
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The fifth chapter analyses the private papers of the Valori dating from the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. In particular, the chapter examines a collection of documents gathered by Baccio Valori that considers the relationship of the family to the Medici during key moments of political flux during the preceding century and that examines at a broader level the general impact of the family's traditions and activities on Florentine history. The documents continue to elaborate on the family's special connection to Savonarolan religion and politics and the family's distinguished and privileged role in the efflorescence of Neoplatonism in Renaissance Florence, but subtly recast the family's political past more in terms of friendship and alliance with the Medici than in the more clearly conflicting terms found in several members entries in the family diary.Less
The fifth chapter analyses the private papers of the Valori dating from the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. In particular, the chapter examines a collection of documents gathered by Baccio Valori that considers the relationship of the family to the Medici during key moments of political flux during the preceding century and that examines at a broader level the general impact of the family's traditions and activities on Florentine history. The documents continue to elaborate on the family's special connection to Savonarolan religion and politics and the family's distinguished and privileged role in the efflorescence of Neoplatonism in Renaissance Florence, but subtly recast the family's political past more in terms of friendship and alliance with the Medici than in the more clearly conflicting terms found in several members entries in the family diary.
Keith Beattie
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719078552
- eISBN:
- 9781781701836
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719078552.001.0001
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
Humphrey Jennings has been described as the only real poet of British cinema. His documentary films employ a range of representational approaches – including collagist narrative structures and ...
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Humphrey Jennings has been described as the only real poet of British cinema. His documentary films employ a range of representational approaches – including collagist narrative structures and dramatic re-enactment – in ways that transcend accepted notions of wartime propaganda and revise the strict codes of British documentary film of the 1930s and 1940s. The resultant body of work is a remarkable record of Britain at peace and war. This study examines a productive ambiguity of meanings associated with the subtle interaction of images and sounds within Jennings' films, and considers the ideological and institutional contexts and forces that impacted on the formal structure of his films. Central and lesser-known films are analysed, including Spare Time, Words for Battle, Listen to Britain, Fires Were Started, The Silent Village, A Diary for Timothy and Family Portrait. Poet, propagandist, surrealist and documentary filmmaker – Jennings' work embodies a mix of apprehension, personal expression and representational innovation. This book examines and explains the central components of Jennings' most significant films, and considers the relevance of his filmmaking to British cinema and contemporary experience.Less
Humphrey Jennings has been described as the only real poet of British cinema. His documentary films employ a range of representational approaches – including collagist narrative structures and dramatic re-enactment – in ways that transcend accepted notions of wartime propaganda and revise the strict codes of British documentary film of the 1930s and 1940s. The resultant body of work is a remarkable record of Britain at peace and war. This study examines a productive ambiguity of meanings associated with the subtle interaction of images and sounds within Jennings' films, and considers the ideological and institutional contexts and forces that impacted on the formal structure of his films. Central and lesser-known films are analysed, including Spare Time, Words for Battle, Listen to Britain, Fires Were Started, The Silent Village, A Diary for Timothy and Family Portrait. Poet, propagandist, surrealist and documentary filmmaker – Jennings' work embodies a mix of apprehension, personal expression and representational innovation. This book examines and explains the central components of Jennings' most significant films, and considers the relevance of his filmmaking to British cinema and contemporary experience.
MARK CONNELLY
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199278602
- eISBN:
- 9780191707056
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278602.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter discusses the defeat of Germany in 1918. Although they were by no means absolutely sure, the allies began to suspect that they had weathered the worst of the German offensives by late ...
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This chapter discusses the defeat of Germany in 1918. Although they were by no means absolutely sure, the allies began to suspect that they had weathered the worst of the German offensives by late June 1918. The Battle of Amiens signalled the greatest and most concentrated set of victories ever achieved by the British army, and resulted in the final defeat of Germany.Less
This chapter discusses the defeat of Germany in 1918. Although they were by no means absolutely sure, the allies began to suspect that they had weathered the worst of the German offensives by late June 1918. The Battle of Amiens signalled the greatest and most concentrated set of victories ever achieved by the British army, and resulted in the final defeat of Germany.
Colin Pengelly
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813033136
- eISBN:
- 9780813038780
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813033136.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
The Siege of Yorktown — the military engagement that ended the American Revolutionary War — would not have been possible without the French fleet's major strategic victory in the Battle of the ...
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The Siege of Yorktown — the military engagement that ended the American Revolutionary War — would not have been possible without the French fleet's major strategic victory in the Battle of the Chesapeake on September 5, 1781. It was during this battle that British fleets lost control of the Chesapeake Bay and the supply lines to the major military base at Yorktown, Virginia. As a direct result, General George Washington's forces and the newly arrived French troops were able to apply the pressure that finally broke the British army. Sir Samuel Hood (1724–1816) was one of the commanders of the British fleet off the Virginia Capes during the American Revolution. Responsibility for some of the missed opportunities and gaffes committed by the British during the bloody Battle of the Chesapeake can be traced to him, specifically his failure to bring his squadron into action at a key moment in the action. Afterward, Hood defended his actions by arguing that ordering his ships to attack would have contradicted the orders sent to him by battle flag. Hood largely escaped blame, which was assigned to Rear Admiral Graves, who commanded the fleet. Though Hood's inaction arguably resulted in the loss of the American colonies, he ultimately rose to command the Mediterranean fleet. This book engages the details of this battle, and the author sifts through Hood's own propaganda to determine how he escaped subsequent blame.Less
The Siege of Yorktown — the military engagement that ended the American Revolutionary War — would not have been possible without the French fleet's major strategic victory in the Battle of the Chesapeake on September 5, 1781. It was during this battle that British fleets lost control of the Chesapeake Bay and the supply lines to the major military base at Yorktown, Virginia. As a direct result, General George Washington's forces and the newly arrived French troops were able to apply the pressure that finally broke the British army. Sir Samuel Hood (1724–1816) was one of the commanders of the British fleet off the Virginia Capes during the American Revolution. Responsibility for some of the missed opportunities and gaffes committed by the British during the bloody Battle of the Chesapeake can be traced to him, specifically his failure to bring his squadron into action at a key moment in the action. Afterward, Hood defended his actions by arguing that ordering his ships to attack would have contradicted the orders sent to him by battle flag. Hood largely escaped blame, which was assigned to Rear Admiral Graves, who commanded the fleet. Though Hood's inaction arguably resulted in the loss of the American colonies, he ultimately rose to command the Mediterranean fleet. This book engages the details of this battle, and the author sifts through Hood's own propaganda to determine how he escaped subsequent blame.
CHRISTOPHER DUGGAN
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198206118
- eISBN:
- 9780191717178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206118.003.0020
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The scramble to get hold of potentially incriminating documents from the Banca Romana had been intense. Giovanni Giolitti had been desperate to secure as much material as he could. Giolitti decided ...
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The scramble to get hold of potentially incriminating documents from the Banca Romana had been intense. Giovanni Giolitti had been desperate to secure as much material as he could. Giolitti decided to make the documents in his possession public, placing a sealed file — the famous ‘plico’ — in front of Biancheri, the Chamber President. The general feeling in political circles was that Giolitti had shot himself in the foot, but also damaged Francesco Crispi. Crispi's opponents got a platform from which to launch a general attack on his morality. This chapter looks at the plico controversy, the proroguing of parliament that was denounced by Crispi's opponents in politics as an act of violence, Crispi's series of victories in Africa, the 1895 elections, Crispi's view of the cataclysm of war as a crucial agent of patriotism, and the Battle of Adua on March 1, 1896 pitting Italy against Ethiopia.Less
The scramble to get hold of potentially incriminating documents from the Banca Romana had been intense. Giovanni Giolitti had been desperate to secure as much material as he could. Giolitti decided to make the documents in his possession public, placing a sealed file — the famous ‘plico’ — in front of Biancheri, the Chamber President. The general feeling in political circles was that Giolitti had shot himself in the foot, but also damaged Francesco Crispi. Crispi's opponents got a platform from which to launch a general attack on his morality. This chapter looks at the plico controversy, the proroguing of parliament that was denounced by Crispi's opponents in politics as an act of violence, Crispi's series of victories in Africa, the 1895 elections, Crispi's view of the cataclysm of war as a crucial agent of patriotism, and the Battle of Adua on March 1, 1896 pitting Italy against Ethiopia.
CHRISTOPHER DUGGAN
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198206118
- eISBN:
- 9780191717178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206118.003.0021
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The loss of Italy to Ethiopia in the Battle of Adua ended Francesco Crispi's political career. A fundamental cause of Adua — and of its perception as an irrevocable disaster — was that Italy lacked ...
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The loss of Italy to Ethiopia in the Battle of Adua ended Francesco Crispi's political career. A fundamental cause of Adua — and of its perception as an irrevocable disaster — was that Italy lacked the strong moral foundations needed to sustain a major war. Herein lay the central and tragic paradox of Crispi's career, and indeed of much of Italy's history down to 1945. In seeking to foster loyalty to the institutions, allay the threat of subversion, and ‘make Italians’, Crispi was driven into a highly ambitious foreign policy whose success depended heavily on the very patriotism and moral unity that he was trying to generate. In the months after his fall from power, Crispi faced an avalanche of vilification and rarely attended parliament. This chapter looks at Crispi's final years until his death on August 11, 1901.Less
The loss of Italy to Ethiopia in the Battle of Adua ended Francesco Crispi's political career. A fundamental cause of Adua — and of its perception as an irrevocable disaster — was that Italy lacked the strong moral foundations needed to sustain a major war. Herein lay the central and tragic paradox of Crispi's career, and indeed of much of Italy's history down to 1945. In seeking to foster loyalty to the institutions, allay the threat of subversion, and ‘make Italians’, Crispi was driven into a highly ambitious foreign policy whose success depended heavily on the very patriotism and moral unity that he was trying to generate. In the months after his fall from power, Crispi faced an avalanche of vilification and rarely attended parliament. This chapter looks at Crispi's final years until his death on August 11, 1901.
S.P. Mackenzie
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748623891
- eISBN:
- 9780748651276
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748623891.001.0001
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
This book examines the origins, development and reception of the major dramatic screen representations of ‘The Few’ in the Battle of Britain produced over the past seventy years. It explores both ...
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This book examines the origins, development and reception of the major dramatic screen representations of ‘The Few’ in the Battle of Britain produced over the past seventy years. It explores both continuity and change of presentation in relation to a wartime event that acquired near-mythical dimensions in popular consciousness even before it happened, and which has been represented multiple times over the course of the past seven decades. Alongside technical developments, considerable social, cultural and political fluctuation (as well as an expansion of factual knowledge concerning the battle itself) occurred in this period, all of which helped to shape how the battle came to be framed at particular junctures. The ways in which the Battle of Britain was being represented in other fictional forms, as well as in histories and commemorations, form part of the context in which screen representations are explored. Films discussed in detail include The Lion Has Wings, First of the Few, Angels One Five, Reach for the Sky and Battle of Britain, along with the television productions Piece of Cake and A Perfect Hero. Foreign productions, such as A Yank in the RAF and Dark Blue World, as well as abandoned projects and dramas in which ‘The Few’ feature in a more tangential fashion, are also mentioned in context. The emphasis throughout is on production issues and the extent to which these screen dramas reflected or influenced popular understanding of 1940.Less
This book examines the origins, development and reception of the major dramatic screen representations of ‘The Few’ in the Battle of Britain produced over the past seventy years. It explores both continuity and change of presentation in relation to a wartime event that acquired near-mythical dimensions in popular consciousness even before it happened, and which has been represented multiple times over the course of the past seven decades. Alongside technical developments, considerable social, cultural and political fluctuation (as well as an expansion of factual knowledge concerning the battle itself) occurred in this period, all of which helped to shape how the battle came to be framed at particular junctures. The ways in which the Battle of Britain was being represented in other fictional forms, as well as in histories and commemorations, form part of the context in which screen representations are explored. Films discussed in detail include The Lion Has Wings, First of the Few, Angels One Five, Reach for the Sky and Battle of Britain, along with the television productions Piece of Cake and A Perfect Hero. Foreign productions, such as A Yank in the RAF and Dark Blue World, as well as abandoned projects and dramas in which ‘The Few’ feature in a more tangential fashion, are also mentioned in context. The emphasis throughout is on production issues and the extent to which these screen dramas reflected or influenced popular understanding of 1940.
Judith N. McArthur and Orville Vernon Burton
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195093124
- eISBN:
- 9780199853915
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195093124.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This chapter presents Griffin's wartime letters to his wife Leila dated from April 12 to June 14, 1862. These letters are about the move of Griffin's troops to Yorktown and his engagements at the ...
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This chapter presents Griffin's wartime letters to his wife Leila dated from April 12 to June 14, 1862. These letters are about the move of Griffin's troops to Yorktown and his engagements at the Battle of Eltham's Landing and at Seven Pines. Griffin also told Leila about the competition for election to company and field offices occasioned by the army reorganization that spring and assured her that his chances of winning were good.Less
This chapter presents Griffin's wartime letters to his wife Leila dated from April 12 to June 14, 1862. These letters are about the move of Griffin's troops to Yorktown and his engagements at the Battle of Eltham's Landing and at Seven Pines. Griffin also told Leila about the competition for election to company and field offices occasioned by the army reorganization that spring and assured her that his chances of winning were good.
Robert Tracy McKenzie
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195182941
- eISBN:
- 9780199788897
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182941.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This is the story of a bitterly divided Southern community during the American Civil War. Knoxville was the commercial center of East Tennessee, a prosperous mixed-farming area little reliant on ...
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This is the story of a bitterly divided Southern community during the American Civil War. Knoxville was the commercial center of East Tennessee, a prosperous mixed-farming area little reliant on slavery. Although the region as a whole was predominantly Unionist in sympathy, Knoxville split right down the middle on the question of secession. After Tennessee seceded, most Knoxville Unionists pursued a low profile, yet the town soon came to be perceived as a stronghold of stalwart Unionism, thanks to a handful who openly denounced the Confederacy. Chief among these was William G. Brownlow, editor of the most widely circulated Unionist newspaper in the South and a popular speaker across the North later in the war. Knoxville also attracted attention because of its strategic significance as a vital commercial and transportation center. Consequently, the townspeople endured military occupation for the entire war, hosting Confederate troops during the first half of the conflict and Union forces throughout the remainder, the transition punctuated by the bloody battle of Fort Sanders in November 1863. Mining a treasure-trove of manuscript collections and civil and military records, the book complicates our understanding of Southern Unionism and documents the complex ways in which patterns of allegiance informed the daily routine of a town gripped in a civil war within the Civil War. The narrative testifies to the capacity of war both to reveal and to re-shape the values of those swept up in it.Less
This is the story of a bitterly divided Southern community during the American Civil War. Knoxville was the commercial center of East Tennessee, a prosperous mixed-farming area little reliant on slavery. Although the region as a whole was predominantly Unionist in sympathy, Knoxville split right down the middle on the question of secession. After Tennessee seceded, most Knoxville Unionists pursued a low profile, yet the town soon came to be perceived as a stronghold of stalwart Unionism, thanks to a handful who openly denounced the Confederacy. Chief among these was William G. Brownlow, editor of the most widely circulated Unionist newspaper in the South and a popular speaker across the North later in the war. Knoxville also attracted attention because of its strategic significance as a vital commercial and transportation center. Consequently, the townspeople endured military occupation for the entire war, hosting Confederate troops during the first half of the conflict and Union forces throughout the remainder, the transition punctuated by the bloody battle of Fort Sanders in November 1863. Mining a treasure-trove of manuscript collections and civil and military records, the book complicates our understanding of Southern Unionism and documents the complex ways in which patterns of allegiance informed the daily routine of a town gripped in a civil war within the Civil War. The narrative testifies to the capacity of war both to reveal and to re-shape the values of those swept up in it.
Margot Minardi
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195379372
- eISBN:
- 9780199869152
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195379372.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
With a focus on early representations of the Boston Massacre and the Battle of Bunker Hill, this chapter argues that the individuals publicly honored as heroes of the Revolutionary War in the period ...
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With a focus on early representations of the Boston Massacre and the Battle of Bunker Hill, this chapter argues that the individuals publicly honored as heroes of the Revolutionary War in the period up to the War of 1812 were primarily those with recognized political, social, and cultural authority: elite white men. Early accounts of these pivotal Revolutionary events noted the presence, but not generally the political agency, of people of color. This chapter develops this argument by exploring the commemoration (or lack thereof) of the Revolutionary contributions of Crispus Attucks and black military veterans, including Primus Hall, Peter Salem, Salem Poor, and Edom London. The sources include both visual culture and print culture, including an analysis of John Trumbull's painting of Bunker Hill.Less
With a focus on early representations of the Boston Massacre and the Battle of Bunker Hill, this chapter argues that the individuals publicly honored as heroes of the Revolutionary War in the period up to the War of 1812 were primarily those with recognized political, social, and cultural authority: elite white men. Early accounts of these pivotal Revolutionary events noted the presence, but not generally the political agency, of people of color. This chapter develops this argument by exploring the commemoration (or lack thereof) of the Revolutionary contributions of Crispus Attucks and black military veterans, including Primus Hall, Peter Salem, Salem Poor, and Edom London. The sources include both visual culture and print culture, including an analysis of John Trumbull's painting of Bunker Hill.
Richard Stoneman
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780300180077
- eISBN:
- 9780300216042
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300180077.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This chapter focuses on Xerxes's invasion of Greece, with Athens as his main target. Xerxes remained confident despite the battering of his fleet and his considerable losses at Thermopylae. Training ...
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This chapter focuses on Xerxes's invasion of Greece, with Athens as his main target. Xerxes remained confident despite the battering of his fleet and his considerable losses at Thermopylae. Training his sights on the hated city of Athens, Xerxes led his army in sweeping through Phocis and destroyed and plundered the sanctuary of Apollo at Abae. The destruction of sanctuaries was one of the most shocking memories that the Greeks held of the Persian invasion. This chapter examines the Battle of Salamis, which proved to be the savior of the Greeks, as well as Mardonius's campaign, the Battle of Plataea, and the Greeks' war of attrition against Persian positions on the coast of Asia Minor. It also considers the impact of the Greek campaign on Xerxes's ambition to extend the Persian Empire further east.Less
This chapter focuses on Xerxes's invasion of Greece, with Athens as his main target. Xerxes remained confident despite the battering of his fleet and his considerable losses at Thermopylae. Training his sights on the hated city of Athens, Xerxes led his army in sweeping through Phocis and destroyed and plundered the sanctuary of Apollo at Abae. The destruction of sanctuaries was one of the most shocking memories that the Greeks held of the Persian invasion. This chapter examines the Battle of Salamis, which proved to be the savior of the Greeks, as well as Mardonius's campaign, the Battle of Plataea, and the Greeks' war of attrition against Persian positions on the coast of Asia Minor. It also considers the impact of the Greek campaign on Xerxes's ambition to extend the Persian Empire further east.
