Carl Beckwith
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199551644
- eISBN:
- 9780191720789
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199551644.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
Hilary of Poitiers (c300–368), who was instrumental in shaping the development of pro-Nicene theology in the West, combined two separate works, a treatise on faith (De Fide) and a treatise against ...
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Hilary of Poitiers (c300–368), who was instrumental in shaping the development of pro-Nicene theology in the West, combined two separate works, a treatise on faith (De Fide) and a treatise against the “Arians” (Adversus Arianos), to create De Trinitate; his chief theological contribution to the 4th-century Trinitarian debates. Scholars have long recognized the presence of these two treatises in Hilary's De Trinitate but have been unable to settle the questions of when and why Hilary did this. This book addresses these questions concerning the structure and chronology of De Trinitate by situating Hilary's treatise in its historical and theological context and offering a close reading of the text. It is argued that De Fide was written in 356 following Hilary's condemnation at the synod of Béziers and prior to receiving a decision on his exile from the Emperor. When Hilary arrived in exile, he wrote a second work, Adversus Arianos. Following the synod of Sirmium in 357 and his collaboration with Basil of Ancyra in early 358, Hilary recast his efforts and began to write De Trinitate. He decided to incorporate his two earlier works, De Fide and Adversus Arianos, into this project. Toward that end, he returned to his earlier works and drastically revised their content by adding new prefaces and new theological and exegetical material to reflect his mature pro-Nicene theology. These revisions and textual alterations have never before been acknowledged in the scholarship on De Trinitate.Less
Hilary of Poitiers (c300–368), who was instrumental in shaping the development of pro-Nicene theology in the West, combined two separate works, a treatise on faith (De Fide) and a treatise against the “Arians” (Adversus Arianos), to create De Trinitate; his chief theological contribution to the 4th-century Trinitarian debates. Scholars have long recognized the presence of these two treatises in Hilary's De Trinitate but have been unable to settle the questions of when and why Hilary did this. This book addresses these questions concerning the structure and chronology of De Trinitate by situating Hilary's treatise in its historical and theological context and offering a close reading of the text. It is argued that De Fide was written in 356 following Hilary's condemnation at the synod of Béziers and prior to receiving a decision on his exile from the Emperor. When Hilary arrived in exile, he wrote a second work, Adversus Arianos. Following the synod of Sirmium in 357 and his collaboration with Basil of Ancyra in early 358, Hilary recast his efforts and began to write De Trinitate. He decided to incorporate his two earlier works, De Fide and Adversus Arianos, into this project. Toward that end, he returned to his earlier works and drastically revised their content by adding new prefaces and new theological and exegetical material to reflect his mature pro-Nicene theology. These revisions and textual alterations have never before been acknowledged in the scholarship on De Trinitate.
Ronald K. S. Macaulay
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195173819
- eISBN:
- 9780199788361
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173819.003.0008
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter looks at the frequency of coordinate clauses, because-clauses, passive voice, and dislocated syntax (e.g., clefting and left dislocation). There are some age and gender differences but ...
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This chapter looks at the frequency of coordinate clauses, because-clauses, passive voice, and dislocated syntax (e.g., clefting and left dislocation). There are some age and gender differences but few social class differences. The two social class differences that are statistically significant are passive voice, which the middle-class speakers use more frequently than the working-class speakers, and dislocated syntax, which the working-class speakers use much more frequently than the middle-class speakers. In contrast to the views of Basil Bernstein, there is no reason to believe that there are many social class differences in the use of syntax.Less
This chapter looks at the frequency of coordinate clauses, because-clauses, passive voice, and dislocated syntax (e.g., clefting and left dislocation). There are some age and gender differences but few social class differences. The two social class differences that are statistically significant are passive voice, which the middle-class speakers use more frequently than the working-class speakers, and dislocated syntax, which the working-class speakers use much more frequently than the middle-class speakers. In contrast to the views of Basil Bernstein, there is no reason to believe that there are many social class differences in the use of syntax.
Sara Parvis
Gillian Clark and Andrew Louth (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199280131
- eISBN:
- 9780191603792
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199280134.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
This chapter examines the complex events of 337-341, arguing that the returning exiles were probably not re-deposed on the basis of new synods, but of the earlier ones. The Dedication Synod of 341 ...
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This chapter examines the complex events of 337-341, arguing that the returning exiles were probably not re-deposed on the basis of new synods, but of the earlier ones. The Dedication Synod of 341 was, if not the voice of the ‘moderate majority’ of Eastern bishops, at least a breath of fresh air on the Eastern ecclesiastical scene, allowing new voices to be heard such as that of Basil of Ancyra. The synod’s creeds and its reply to the letter of Julius of Rome are examined and given a context. It is argued that the synod found its unity in condemning the theology of Marcellus of Ancyra, lampooned in a speech by Acacius of Caesarea, though on somewhat different grounds from those on which Marcellus had originally been deposed.Less
This chapter examines the complex events of 337-341, arguing that the returning exiles were probably not re-deposed on the basis of new synods, but of the earlier ones. The Dedication Synod of 341 was, if not the voice of the ‘moderate majority’ of Eastern bishops, at least a breath of fresh air on the Eastern ecclesiastical scene, allowing new voices to be heard such as that of Basil of Ancyra. The synod’s creeds and its reply to the letter of Julius of Rome are examined and given a context. It is argued that the synod found its unity in condemning the theology of Marcellus of Ancyra, lampooned in a speech by Acacius of Caesarea, though on somewhat different grounds from those on which Marcellus had originally been deposed.
Timothy Larsen
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199287871
- eISBN:
- 9780191713422
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199287871.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
This chapter documents the way that the theme of Victorian crisis of faith has become vastly overblown in general histories of the period, textbooks, literary studies, and intellectual history. It ...
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This chapter documents the way that the theme of Victorian crisis of faith has become vastly overblown in general histories of the period, textbooks, literary studies, and intellectual history. It recounts the main studies that have established this theme from Basil Willey to A. N. Wilson, and casts the Victorian crisis of faith as a by-product of the evangelicalism and general religiosity of the age.Less
This chapter documents the way that the theme of Victorian crisis of faith has become vastly overblown in general histories of the period, textbooks, literary studies, and intellectual history. It recounts the main studies that have established this theme from Basil Willey to A. N. Wilson, and casts the Victorian crisis of faith as a by-product of the evangelicalism and general religiosity of the age.
Gregory A. Beeley
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195313970
- eISBN:
- 9780199871827
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195313970.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
The introduction provides an orientation to Gregory's' life and works within his multiple contexts. It covers Gregory's family, childhood, education, training in biblical study and Greek ...
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The introduction provides an orientation to Gregory's' life and works within his multiple contexts. It covers Gregory's family, childhood, education, training in biblical study and Greek philosophical rhetoric; his pioneering, moderate form of monasticism as a “middle path” between solitude and public service; his strong influence by Origen and complicated relationship with Basil; his theological and ecclesiastical leadership as a priest and bishop; his central role in the consolidation of the Trinitarian faith and the pro‐Nicene movement in Constantinople; and his retirement, literary corpus, and the distinctive character of the Theological Orations. In addition, it offers a summary narrative of the mid‐fourth‐century theological controversies, in which Gregory played a key part—with attention to Marcellus of Ancyra, the Council of Nicaea 325, Eusebius of Caesarea, Athanasius, Basil of Ancyra, George of Laodicea, Melitius of Antioch, Damasus and the Western synods, Eunomius and the Heterousians, the Homoiousians, the Pneumatomachians, the homoian regimes of Constantius and Valens, the synod of Antioch in 372, the religious policy of Theodosius, and other church councils; an account of the negative effects of the Antiochene schism, and a reconstruction of the Council of Constantinople 381.Less
The introduction provides an orientation to Gregory's' life and works within his multiple contexts. It covers Gregory's family, childhood, education, training in biblical study and Greek philosophical rhetoric; his pioneering, moderate form of monasticism as a “middle path” between solitude and public service; his strong influence by Origen and complicated relationship with Basil; his theological and ecclesiastical leadership as a priest and bishop; his central role in the consolidation of the Trinitarian faith and the pro‐Nicene movement in Constantinople; and his retirement, literary corpus, and the distinctive character of the Theological Orations. In addition, it offers a summary narrative of the mid‐fourth‐century theological controversies, in which Gregory played a key part—with attention to Marcellus of Ancyra, the Council of Nicaea 325, Eusebius of Caesarea, Athanasius, Basil of Ancyra, George of Laodicea, Melitius of Antioch, Damasus and the Western synods, Eunomius and the Heterousians, the Homoiousians, the Pneumatomachians, the homoian regimes of Constantius and Valens, the synod of Antioch in 372, the religious policy of Theodosius, and other church councils; an account of the negative effects of the Antiochene schism, and a reconstruction of the Council of Constantinople 381.
Gregory A. Beeley
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195313970
- eISBN:
- 9780199871827
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195313970.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
The final chapter examines the pastoral dimension of Gregory's Trinitarian doctrine and the Trinitarian shape of his pastoral theory, on which he is the seminal teacher in Eastern and Western ...
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The final chapter examines the pastoral dimension of Gregory's Trinitarian doctrine and the Trinitarian shape of his pastoral theory, on which he is the seminal teacher in Eastern and Western Christianity. Drawing on his influential Oration 2 On the Priesthood and his panegyrics on such figures as Athanasius and Basil, it traces Gregory's lifelong concern for the leadership of the Church and analyzes his understanding of pastoral ministry, while also providing an excursus on the love of the poor by all Christians. After noting the intrinsic connection between pastoral ministry and the divine economy as recorded in Scripture, it analyzes the practicalities of the cure of souls—a work that Gregory memorably terms “the art of arts and the science of sciences”—which are summed up in the pastor's adaptive treatment of different spiritual conditions. It then identifies the basis of pastoral praxis in the personal experience and virtue of the priest—exemplified above all by the apostle Paul—against which abuses of the pastoral office and the examples of bad bishops are considered. It shows the central place of the Scriptures in pastoral ministry, from the priest's preparation through the spiritual study of the Bible to the central work of the ministry of the word, which is compared with broader sacramental ministry. Finally, it locates the heart of pastoral ministry in the administration of the Holy Trinity.Less
The final chapter examines the pastoral dimension of Gregory's Trinitarian doctrine and the Trinitarian shape of his pastoral theory, on which he is the seminal teacher in Eastern and Western Christianity. Drawing on his influential Oration 2 On the Priesthood and his panegyrics on such figures as Athanasius and Basil, it traces Gregory's lifelong concern for the leadership of the Church and analyzes his understanding of pastoral ministry, while also providing an excursus on the love of the poor by all Christians. After noting the intrinsic connection between pastoral ministry and the divine economy as recorded in Scripture, it analyzes the practicalities of the cure of souls—a work that Gregory memorably terms “the art of arts and the science of sciences”—which are summed up in the pastor's adaptive treatment of different spiritual conditions. It then identifies the basis of pastoral praxis in the personal experience and virtue of the priest—exemplified above all by the apostle Paul—against which abuses of the pastoral office and the examples of bad bishops are considered. It shows the central place of the Scriptures in pastoral ministry, from the priest's preparation through the spiritual study of the Bible to the central work of the ministry of the word, which is compared with broader sacramental ministry. Finally, it locates the heart of pastoral ministry in the administration of the Holy Trinity.
Gregory A. Beeley
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195313970
- eISBN:
- 9780199871827
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195313970.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
In conclusion, this book highlights the distinctive character of Gregory's theological and ecclesiastical achievement through a detailed comparison with his key predecessors and contemporaries and an ...
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In conclusion, this book highlights the distinctive character of Gregory's theological and ecclesiastical achievement through a detailed comparison with his key predecessors and contemporaries and an account of his pervasive influence in later Christian tradition. It identifies Gregory's deep indebtedness to Origen—arguably the greatest among Origen's later disciples—and his strong reliance on the work of the Cappadocian patron saint, Gregory Thaumaturgus, particularly in the area of Christology. On the basis of detailed textual analysis, it argues for Gregory's independence of the work of Athanasius and Didymus the Blind, even as he made use of Athanasius' reputation for his own work in Constantinople. It then accounts for Gregory's substantial, and heretofore unrecognized, use of Apollinarian concepts, even as he opposes Apollinarius on a central point of soteriology. Shedding further new light, it identifies the major differences between Gregory's work and that of Basil of Caesarea and Gregory of Nyssa, who have previously been assumed to agree with one another on most matters of theological importance. Finally, it highlights Gregory's magisterial achievement as a representative of the Eastern Trinitarian tradition of Asia Minor that was based in the thought of Origen and Eusebius of Caesarea and symbolized in the Dedication Council of Antioch in 341, in distinction from the doctrine of Athanasius and the West, while also showing Gregory's accord with Damasus and the Italian synods as the pro‐Nicene representative in Constantinople.Less
In conclusion, this book highlights the distinctive character of Gregory's theological and ecclesiastical achievement through a detailed comparison with his key predecessors and contemporaries and an account of his pervasive influence in later Christian tradition. It identifies Gregory's deep indebtedness to Origen—arguably the greatest among Origen's later disciples—and his strong reliance on the work of the Cappadocian patron saint, Gregory Thaumaturgus, particularly in the area of Christology. On the basis of detailed textual analysis, it argues for Gregory's independence of the work of Athanasius and Didymus the Blind, even as he made use of Athanasius' reputation for his own work in Constantinople. It then accounts for Gregory's substantial, and heretofore unrecognized, use of Apollinarian concepts, even as he opposes Apollinarius on a central point of soteriology. Shedding further new light, it identifies the major differences between Gregory's work and that of Basil of Caesarea and Gregory of Nyssa, who have previously been assumed to agree with one another on most matters of theological importance. Finally, it highlights Gregory's magisterial achievement as a representative of the Eastern Trinitarian tradition of Asia Minor that was based in the thought of Origen and Eusebius of Caesarea and symbolized in the Dedication Council of Antioch in 341, in distinction from the doctrine of Athanasius and the West, while also showing Gregory's accord with Damasus and the Italian synods as the pro‐Nicene representative in Constantinople.
Carl L. Beckwith
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199551644
- eISBN:
- 9780191720789
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199551644.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
The Introduction provides an overview of Hilary's De Trinitate and the state of the scholarly question on the structure and chronology of his treatise. The chapter also provides a detailed summary of ...
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The Introduction provides an overview of Hilary's De Trinitate and the state of the scholarly question on the structure and chronology of his treatise. The chapter also provides a detailed summary of the contents of the monograph and ends with a brief overview of the life of Hilary.Less
The Introduction provides an overview of Hilary's De Trinitate and the state of the scholarly question on the structure and chronology of his treatise. The chapter also provides a detailed summary of the contents of the monograph and ends with a brief overview of the life of Hilary.
Carl L. Beckwith
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199551644
- eISBN:
- 9780191720789
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199551644.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
This chapter argues that the synod of Sirmium (357) and its theological manifesto led Hilary to recast his efforts against his Homoian opponents. Following this synod, Basil of Ancyra and his ...
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This chapter argues that the synod of Sirmium (357) and its theological manifesto led Hilary to recast his efforts against his Homoian opponents. Following this synod, Basil of Ancyra and his theological circle issued a letter rejecting the Homoian theology of the Sirmium manifesto and stated their own Homoiousian theology. This chapter reviews in detail both the Sirmium manifesto and the Homoiousian response to it.Less
This chapter argues that the synod of Sirmium (357) and its theological manifesto led Hilary to recast his efforts against his Homoian opponents. Following this synod, Basil of Ancyra and his theological circle issued a letter rejecting the Homoian theology of the Sirmium manifesto and stated their own Homoiousian theology. This chapter reviews in detail both the Sirmium manifesto and the Homoiousian response to it.
Carl L. Beckwith
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199551644
- eISBN:
- 9780191720789
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199551644.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
This chapter offers a close reading of Book Two of De Trinitate. Here we see the influence of the Sirmium manifesto and Basil of Ancyra's theological circle on the revisions to Hilary's text. Book ...
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This chapter offers a close reading of Book Two of De Trinitate. Here we see the influence of the Sirmium manifesto and Basil of Ancyra's theological circle on the revisions to Hilary's text. Book Two demonstrates the thorough integration of Hilary's pro-Nicene theology with the exegetical and theological strategies of Basil of Ancyra and his Homoiousian circle. Particularly noteworthy in this discussion is Hilary's use of St. Matthew's baptismal formula and Basil of Ancyra's father/son analogy. Hilary's alterations to Book Two also constitute his most comprehensive treatment of Photinus of Sirmium's adoptionist Christology.Less
This chapter offers a close reading of Book Two of De Trinitate. Here we see the influence of the Sirmium manifesto and Basil of Ancyra's theological circle on the revisions to Hilary's text. Book Two demonstrates the thorough integration of Hilary's pro-Nicene theology with the exegetical and theological strategies of Basil of Ancyra and his Homoiousian circle. Particularly noteworthy in this discussion is Hilary's use of St. Matthew's baptismal formula and Basil of Ancyra's father/son analogy. Hilary's alterations to Book Two also constitute his most comprehensive treatment of Photinus of Sirmium's adoptionist Christology.
Carl L. Beckwith
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199551644
- eISBN:
- 9780191720789
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199551644.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
This chapter offers a close reading of Book Three of De Trinitate. In 358, Hilary drastically altered the presentation of the original contents of Book Three by attaching a new preface that ...
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This chapter offers a close reading of Book Three of De Trinitate. In 358, Hilary drastically altered the presentation of the original contents of Book Three by attaching a new preface that re-contextualized the book's argument and addressed two concerns that seem to have been raised against the original presentation of his faith in De Fide (III.1-4). Following the preface, Hilary inserted an extended exegetical discussion of Jesus' high priestly prayer in John 17 (III.8-17) and added a brief summary of his mature position that aggressively denounced the Homoian position (III.22-23).Less
This chapter offers a close reading of Book Three of De Trinitate. In 358, Hilary drastically altered the presentation of the original contents of Book Three by attaching a new preface that re-contextualized the book's argument and addressed two concerns that seem to have been raised against the original presentation of his faith in De Fide (III.1-4). Following the preface, Hilary inserted an extended exegetical discussion of Jesus' high priestly prayer in John 17 (III.8-17) and added a brief summary of his mature position that aggressively denounced the Homoian position (III.22-23).
Edward A. Siecienski
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372045
- eISBN:
- 9780199777297
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372045.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
While it would be inaccurate to claim that the Greek patristic corpus explicitly addressed the procession of the Spirit from the Son (positively or negatively) as later theology would understand it, ...
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While it would be inaccurate to claim that the Greek patristic corpus explicitly addressed the procession of the Spirit from the Son (positively or negatively) as later theology would understand it, the writings of the Greek fathers do contain important trinitarian principles, later used by both East and West in their respective theologies of the procession. Particularly important for the East were the anti-Eunomian writings of the Cappadocian fathers, the Council of Constantinople’s creedal affirmation that the Spirit proceeded (ejkporeuvesqai) from the Father, and the anti-Sabellian polemic. Yet alongside these traditional themes there was also in the Greek fathers (e.g., Cyril of Alexandria) an effort to establish an eternal relationship between the Son and the Spirit, leading many of the fathers to speak in terms that the West believed supported the Latin doctrine.Less
While it would be inaccurate to claim that the Greek patristic corpus explicitly addressed the procession of the Spirit from the Son (positively or negatively) as later theology would understand it, the writings of the Greek fathers do contain important trinitarian principles, later used by both East and West in their respective theologies of the procession. Particularly important for the East were the anti-Eunomian writings of the Cappadocian fathers, the Council of Constantinople’s creedal affirmation that the Spirit proceeded (ejkporeuvesqai) from the Father, and the anti-Sabellian polemic. Yet alongside these traditional themes there was also in the Greek fathers (e.g., Cyril of Alexandria) an effort to establish an eternal relationship between the Son and the Spirit, leading many of the fathers to speak in terms that the West believed supported the Latin doctrine.
Gabriel Flynn
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199216451
- eISBN:
- 9780191712173
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199216451.003.0033
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology, Religion and Society
Cardinal Yves Congar (1904-95) and Bishop Basil Christopher Butler (1902-86) were both dedicated to the renewal of Catholic Learning and to the promotion of Christian unity. Butler, a convert to ...
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Cardinal Yves Congar (1904-95) and Bishop Basil Christopher Butler (1902-86) were both dedicated to the renewal of Catholic Learning and to the promotion of Christian unity. Butler, a convert to Catholicism, followed a more ‘conservative’ line than Congar. For his part, Congar, the leading figure of the Catholic ecumenical movement in France and a member of the Catholic–Lutheran Commission of Dialogue since 1965, was profoundly influenced by Lutheran theology in the formulation of his later ‘progressive’ stance on ecumenism. This chapter explores the themes of Receptive Ecumenism and Catholic Learning as they relate to the thought of Congar and Butler, respectively. It also seeks to extrapolate ethical implications for the present-day ecumenical movement. Specifically, it attempts to draw Congar and Butler into dialogue on the central doctrine of the incarnation, regarded by the former as ‘the key to the whole mystery of the Church’.Less
Cardinal Yves Congar (1904-95) and Bishop Basil Christopher Butler (1902-86) were both dedicated to the renewal of Catholic Learning and to the promotion of Christian unity. Butler, a convert to Catholicism, followed a more ‘conservative’ line than Congar. For his part, Congar, the leading figure of the Catholic ecumenical movement in France and a member of the Catholic–Lutheran Commission of Dialogue since 1965, was profoundly influenced by Lutheran theology in the formulation of his later ‘progressive’ stance on ecumenism. This chapter explores the themes of Receptive Ecumenism and Catholic Learning as they relate to the thought of Congar and Butler, respectively. It also seeks to extrapolate ethical implications for the present-day ecumenical movement. Specifically, it attempts to draw Congar and Butler into dialogue on the central doctrine of the incarnation, regarded by the former as ‘the key to the whole mystery of the Church’.
Catherine Holmes
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199279685
- eISBN:
- 9780191707353
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199279685.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
The reign of Emperor Basil II is usually considered the high-water mark of medieval Byzantium. During Basil's reign, Byzantine political authority extended from southern Italy to the Euphrates. With ...
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The reign of Emperor Basil II is usually considered the high-water mark of medieval Byzantium. During Basil's reign, Byzantine political authority extended from southern Italy to the Euphrates. With the conversion of the Rus to Orthodoxy in 988, the empire's cultural influence stretched still further. Basil portrayed himself as a soldier emperor who was as implacable towards his domestic opponents as against his foreign neighbours. His brutal conquests later earned him the sobriquet ‘Bulgar-slayer’. This book considers the problems inherent in governing such a large, multi-ethnic empire; it examines the solutions that Basil adopted particularly on the Byzantine frontiers. It explains how the extant sources make unmasking the political realities of this period so difficult, and demonstrates that a convincing picture of Basil's reign only emerges once these sources are understood in their original contexts. Particular attention is paid to the impact that the Synopsis Historion (also known as the Synopsis Historiarum) of John Skylitzes, a little-studied text from the reign of Emperor Alexios Komnenos (1081-1118), has on our understanding of Basil. As the late 11th-century context in which Skylitzes operated is exposed, so the political, military, and administrative history of Basil's reign is reconstructed. Basil's Byzantium is revealed as a state where the rhetoric of imperial authority became reality through the astute manipulation of force and persuasion.Less
The reign of Emperor Basil II is usually considered the high-water mark of medieval Byzantium. During Basil's reign, Byzantine political authority extended from southern Italy to the Euphrates. With the conversion of the Rus to Orthodoxy in 988, the empire's cultural influence stretched still further. Basil portrayed himself as a soldier emperor who was as implacable towards his domestic opponents as against his foreign neighbours. His brutal conquests later earned him the sobriquet ‘Bulgar-slayer’. This book considers the problems inherent in governing such a large, multi-ethnic empire; it examines the solutions that Basil adopted particularly on the Byzantine frontiers. It explains how the extant sources make unmasking the political realities of this period so difficult, and demonstrates that a convincing picture of Basil's reign only emerges once these sources are understood in their original contexts. Particular attention is paid to the impact that the Synopsis Historion (also known as the Synopsis Historiarum) of John Skylitzes, a little-studied text from the reign of Emperor Alexios Komnenos (1081-1118), has on our understanding of Basil. As the late 11th-century context in which Skylitzes operated is exposed, so the political, military, and administrative history of Basil's reign is reconstructed. Basil's Byzantium is revealed as a state where the rhetoric of imperial authority became reality through the astute manipulation of force and persuasion.
Hew Strachan
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199599486
- eISBN:
- 9780191595806
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199599486.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Political Theory
This chapter examines the origins, development, and implications of operational art in the British armed forces. The Field Service Regulations of 1909 represented the first official attempt to ...
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This chapter examines the origins, development, and implications of operational art in the British armed forces. The Field Service Regulations of 1909 represented the first official attempt to encapsulate this approach within operational art. Nonetheless, establishment of doctrine remained an anathema, and without it operational art was driven by tactics rather than by strategy. This, according to the author, was a key reason why the British army tended to perform poorly at the operational level in the Second World War. When the operational level of war re-emerged in Great Britain during the 1980s, it was accompanied by doctrine for the first time. The linkage between doctrine and operational art was inspired less by the US army's response to Vietnam than by responses to Soviet and German practice and theory going back to lessons from the First and Second World Wars.Less
This chapter examines the origins, development, and implications of operational art in the British armed forces. The Field Service Regulations of 1909 represented the first official attempt to encapsulate this approach within operational art. Nonetheless, establishment of doctrine remained an anathema, and without it operational art was driven by tactics rather than by strategy. This, according to the author, was a key reason why the British army tended to perform poorly at the operational level in the Second World War. When the operational level of war re-emerged in Great Britain during the 1980s, it was accompanied by doctrine for the first time. The linkage between doctrine and operational art was inspired less by the US army's response to Vietnam than by responses to Soviet and German practice and theory going back to lessons from the First and Second World Wars.
Ronald K. S. Macaulay
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195173819
- eISBN:
- 9780199788361
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173819.003.0014
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter presents a qualitative analysis of the different kinds of discourse styles employed by the speakers, relating this to the quantitative measures. The significant differences in adverb use ...
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This chapter presents a qualitative analysis of the different kinds of discourse styles employed by the speakers, relating this to the quantitative measures. The significant differences in adverb use between the middle-class speakers and the working-class speakers are shown to reflect a basic difference in discourse style. The middle-class speakers make frequent evaluative comments, whereas the working-class speakers avoid them. The results contradict the inference Bernstein drew about social class differences in speech.Less
This chapter presents a qualitative analysis of the different kinds of discourse styles employed by the speakers, relating this to the quantitative measures. The significant differences in adverb use between the middle-class speakers and the working-class speakers are shown to reflect a basic difference in discourse style. The middle-class speakers make frequent evaluative comments, whereas the working-class speakers avoid them. The results contradict the inference Bernstein drew about social class differences in speech.
Ronald K. S. Macaulay
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195173819
- eISBN:
- 9780199788361
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173819.003.0005
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
Basil Bernstein was a pioneer in the quantitative analysis of social class differences in discourse, and his views have been widely disseminated. Unfortunately, Bernstein's methodology was inadequate ...
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Basil Bernstein was a pioneer in the quantitative analysis of social class differences in discourse, and his views have been widely disseminated. Unfortunately, Bernstein's methodology was inadequate and thus provided very weak evidence for his claims. He based his views on a small sample of speech of adolescent boys, recorded in an unnatural situation. It will become clear in later chapters that the questions Bernstein raised about social class differences in speech have not been fully explored and certainly not answered in a satisfactory fashion. Despite this, Bernstein's example provides a useful starting point for the quantitative analysis of discourse.Less
Basil Bernstein was a pioneer in the quantitative analysis of social class differences in discourse, and his views have been widely disseminated. Unfortunately, Bernstein's methodology was inadequate and thus provided very weak evidence for his claims. He based his views on a small sample of speech of adolescent boys, recorded in an unnatural situation. It will become clear in later chapters that the questions Bernstein raised about social class differences in speech have not been fully explored and certainly not answered in a satisfactory fashion. Despite this, Bernstein's example provides a useful starting point for the quantitative analysis of discourse.
Catherine Homes
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199279685
- eISBN:
- 9780191707353
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199279685.003.0003
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter charts the existing modern scholarship on Skylitzes, while emphasizing the degree to which his history (the Synopsis Historion) is an under-studied text. It offers a summary of ...
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This chapter charts the existing modern scholarship on Skylitzes, while emphasizing the degree to which his history (the Synopsis Historion) is an under-studied text. It offers a summary of Skylitzes' career during the reign of Emperor Alexios Komnenos, his working methods, and the source materials he used in compiling his historical writings. The most important implications of other scholars' arguments about Skylitzes' methods and sources materials are explored, most notably in relation to his coverage of the revolts of Bardas Skleros and Bardas Phokas, the career of the Parakoimomenos Basil Lekapenos, and the emperor's wars in Bulgaria.Less
This chapter charts the existing modern scholarship on Skylitzes, while emphasizing the degree to which his history (the Synopsis Historion) is an under-studied text. It offers a summary of Skylitzes' career during the reign of Emperor Alexios Komnenos, his working methods, and the source materials he used in compiling his historical writings. The most important implications of other scholars' arguments about Skylitzes' methods and sources materials are explored, most notably in relation to his coverage of the revolts of Bardas Skleros and Bardas Phokas, the career of the Parakoimomenos Basil Lekapenos, and the emperor's wars in Bulgaria.
Catherine Homes
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199279685
- eISBN:
- 9780191707353
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199279685.003.0009
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter offers a reconstruction of Basil's reign, beginning with the Bardas Skleros and Bardas Phokas revolts, and the fall of the Parakoimonenos Basil Lekapenos. Following a discussion of ...
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This chapter offers a reconstruction of Basil's reign, beginning with the Bardas Skleros and Bardas Phokas revolts, and the fall of the Parakoimonenos Basil Lekapenos. Following a discussion of Basil's legislation of 996 against ‘The Powerful’, Byzantine relations with a variety of neighbouring powers are discussed. Whereas other modern historians have often seen the emperor's struggles with a separatist aristocracy as the key to understanding Basil's reign, the chapter argues that previous readings have relied too heavily on views of the late 11th-century Greek historiographical record, most notably John Skylitzes' Synopsis Historion. It suggests that once one looks beyond this later distorting historiographical mirror, one realizes that Basil's greatest struggle was to put himself in control of a vast empire, a complex polity, and an ambitious army. It concludes that Basil II was a brutal but great emperor who was not responsible for the failings of his imperial successors.Less
This chapter offers a reconstruction of Basil's reign, beginning with the Bardas Skleros and Bardas Phokas revolts, and the fall of the Parakoimonenos Basil Lekapenos. Following a discussion of Basil's legislation of 996 against ‘The Powerful’, Byzantine relations with a variety of neighbouring powers are discussed. Whereas other modern historians have often seen the emperor's struggles with a separatist aristocracy as the key to understanding Basil's reign, the chapter argues that previous readings have relied too heavily on views of the late 11th-century Greek historiographical record, most notably John Skylitzes' Synopsis Historion. It suggests that once one looks beyond this later distorting historiographical mirror, one realizes that Basil's greatest struggle was to put himself in control of a vast empire, a complex polity, and an ambitious army. It concludes that Basil II was a brutal but great emperor who was not responsible for the failings of his imperial successors.
Andrew Radde-Gallwitz
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199574117
- eISBN:
- 9780191722110
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574117.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies, Theology
Divine simplicity is the idea that, as the ultimate principle of the universe, God must be a non‐composite unity not made up of parts or diverse attributes. The idea was appropriated by early ...
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Divine simplicity is the idea that, as the ultimate principle of the universe, God must be a non‐composite unity not made up of parts or diverse attributes. The idea was appropriated by early Christian theologians from non‐Christian philosophy and played a pivotal role in the development of Christian thought. Andrew Radde‐Gallwitz charts the progress of the idea of divine simplicity from the second through the fourth centuries, with particular attention to Basil of Caesarea and Gregory of Nyssa, two of the most subtle writers on this topic, both instrumental in the construction of the Trinitarian doctrine proclaimed as orthodox at the Council of Constantinople in 381. He demonstrates that divine simplicity was not a philosophical appendage awkwardly attached to the early Christian doctrine of God, but a notion that enabled Christians to articulate the consistency of God as portrayed in their scriptures. Basil and Gregory offered a unique construal of simplicity in responding to their principal doctrinal opponent, Eunomius of Cyzicus. Challenging accepted interpretations of Cappadocian brothers and the standard account of divine simplicity in recent philosophical literature, Radde‐Gallwitz argues that Basil and Gregory's achievement in transforming ideas inherited from the non‐Christian philosophy of their time has an ongoing relevance for Christian theological epistemology today.Less
Divine simplicity is the idea that, as the ultimate principle of the universe, God must be a non‐composite unity not made up of parts or diverse attributes. The idea was appropriated by early Christian theologians from non‐Christian philosophy and played a pivotal role in the development of Christian thought. Andrew Radde‐Gallwitz charts the progress of the idea of divine simplicity from the second through the fourth centuries, with particular attention to Basil of Caesarea and Gregory of Nyssa, two of the most subtle writers on this topic, both instrumental in the construction of the Trinitarian doctrine proclaimed as orthodox at the Council of Constantinople in 381. He demonstrates that divine simplicity was not a philosophical appendage awkwardly attached to the early Christian doctrine of God, but a notion that enabled Christians to articulate the consistency of God as portrayed in their scriptures. Basil and Gregory offered a unique construal of simplicity in responding to their principal doctrinal opponent, Eunomius of Cyzicus. Challenging accepted interpretations of Cappadocian brothers and the standard account of divine simplicity in recent philosophical literature, Radde‐Gallwitz argues that Basil and Gregory's achievement in transforming ideas inherited from the non‐Christian philosophy of their time has an ongoing relevance for Christian theological epistemology today.
