Silvia Marzagalli, James R. Sofka, and John McCusker (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780986497346
- eISBN:
- 9781786944504
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9780986497346.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Maritime History
This study analyses the presence of American ships, merchants, and interests in the Mediterranean region in the first decades following the independence of the United States, and seeks to understand ...
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This study analyses the presence of American ships, merchants, and interests in the Mediterranean region in the first decades following the independence of the United States, and seeks to understand whether or not the English, Dutch, Scandinavians, and Americans invaded the region and its shipping industry in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It considers the following topics: the benefit of American neutrality during the French Revolutionary wars which enabled the growth of their shipping activities; the organisation of protection for American ships post-independence, particularly from Barbary privateers; the diplomatic efforts of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson and the relationships of convenience fostered by American powers when requesting European assistance; the development of American consular services to assist merchants and captains; the avoidance of incidents through peace and commercial treaties through to ship seizures and crew enslavement; and the impact of the Tripolitanian War (or Barbary War) on American-Mediterranean shipping. The works in this volume attempt to determine whether or not these actions can be considered an ‘invasion’. They explore the mutually beneficial aspects of American-Mediterranean trade whilst also considering the strength of the Mediterranean trade (particularly Greek) prior to American interference. It concludes by confirming the dual objectives of the American presence - to ensure open markets for their goods, and to enhance their political and military power against British, French, and North African regencies.Less
This study analyses the presence of American ships, merchants, and interests in the Mediterranean region in the first decades following the independence of the United States, and seeks to understand whether or not the English, Dutch, Scandinavians, and Americans invaded the region and its shipping industry in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It considers the following topics: the benefit of American neutrality during the French Revolutionary wars which enabled the growth of their shipping activities; the organisation of protection for American ships post-independence, particularly from Barbary privateers; the diplomatic efforts of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson and the relationships of convenience fostered by American powers when requesting European assistance; the development of American consular services to assist merchants and captains; the avoidance of incidents through peace and commercial treaties through to ship seizures and crew enslavement; and the impact of the Tripolitanian War (or Barbary War) on American-Mediterranean shipping. The works in this volume attempt to determine whether or not these actions can be considered an ‘invasion’. They explore the mutually beneficial aspects of American-Mediterranean trade whilst also considering the strength of the Mediterranean trade (particularly Greek) prior to American interference. It concludes by confirming the dual objectives of the American presence - to ensure open markets for their goods, and to enhance their political and military power against British, French, and North African regencies.
Hannah Weiss Muller
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- July 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190465810
- eISBN:
- 9780190465841
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190465810.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
Chapter 3 focuses on the geopolitically strategic Mediterranean colonies of Gibraltar and Minorca. After its capture by France seven years earlier, Minorca reverted to being a British colony in 1763. ...
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Chapter 3 focuses on the geopolitically strategic Mediterranean colonies of Gibraltar and Minorca. After its capture by France seven years earlier, Minorca reverted to being a British colony in 1763. Both Minorca and Gibraltar continually raised crucial issues about which of its diverse inhabitants could be counted as British subjects. A need for labor meant that most administrators wished to extend the protections of subjecthood to numerous individuals. In turn, a range of inhabitants began to employ the language of subjecthood to assert claims to various protections. Protective passes and redemption from captivity gradually became the assumed and particular privileges of those who could prove themselves to be British subjects. As economic protections were gradually associated with British subject status in the Mediterranean territories, administrators played a crucial role in shaping the boundaries of subjecthood.Less
Chapter 3 focuses on the geopolitically strategic Mediterranean colonies of Gibraltar and Minorca. After its capture by France seven years earlier, Minorca reverted to being a British colony in 1763. Both Minorca and Gibraltar continually raised crucial issues about which of its diverse inhabitants could be counted as British subjects. A need for labor meant that most administrators wished to extend the protections of subjecthood to numerous individuals. In turn, a range of inhabitants began to employ the language of subjecthood to assert claims to various protections. Protective passes and redemption from captivity gradually became the assumed and particular privileges of those who could prove themselves to be British subjects. As economic protections were gradually associated with British subject status in the Mediterranean territories, administrators played a crucial role in shaping the boundaries of subjecthood.
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804770002
- eISBN:
- 9780804777841
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804770002.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter discusses France's offensive against the Barbary States. Repeated assaults against Algiers and Tripoli in the 1680s and 1690s released a flood of slaves and demonstrated the crown's ...
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This chapter discusses France's offensive against the Barbary States. Repeated assaults against Algiers and Tripoli in the 1680s and 1690s released a flood of slaves and demonstrated the crown's newfound ability to impose its will on the Ottoman regencies, which in turn helped shift the power dynamic between France and the eastern portion of North Africa. An ascendant France in the Mediterranean enhanced Louis XIV's crusading credentials and intensified the symbolic insult of Barbary captivity. Meanwhile, further royal over local involvement in saving Christians from Muslim lands broadened expectations of who deserved to be free, even as redemption by the king's command became a more explicit means of establishing who counted as French.Less
This chapter discusses France's offensive against the Barbary States. Repeated assaults against Algiers and Tripoli in the 1680s and 1690s released a flood of slaves and demonstrated the crown's newfound ability to impose its will on the Ottoman regencies, which in turn helped shift the power dynamic between France and the eastern portion of North Africa. An ascendant France in the Mediterranean enhanced Louis XIV's crusading credentials and intensified the symbolic insult of Barbary captivity. Meanwhile, further royal over local involvement in saving Christians from Muslim lands broadened expectations of who deserved to be free, even as redemption by the king's command became a more explicit means of establishing who counted as French.
Felix Arnold
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- August 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190624552
- eISBN:
- 9780190624576
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190624552.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, World Medieval History
This chapter surveys the limited evidence on Islamic palatial architecture in the Western Mediterranean during the Early Modern Period. Northern Africa was weakly incorporated into the Ottoman Empire ...
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This chapter surveys the limited evidence on Islamic palatial architecture in the Western Mediterranean during the Early Modern Period. Northern Africa was weakly incorporated into the Ottoman Empire as the Barbary States. In the capital cities– Tripoli, Tunis and Algiers – leaders took on the trappings of traditional Islamic rulers and preserved the earlier architectural styles and concepts of space in their palace designs. In Morocco a succession of Berber and Arab dynasties resisted the Ottomans and united the far-western Maghreb. These rulers underpinned their rule by religious ideology and built huge palatial cities featuring a diversity of architectural forms at the “royal cities” (Fes, Marrakesh, Rabat and Méknes) – though, for the most part, the chief typologies and spatial concepts were developed in previous centuries. Towards the end of the period, the growing influence of European colonialism brought an end to the tradition of Islamic architecture in both regions.Less
This chapter surveys the limited evidence on Islamic palatial architecture in the Western Mediterranean during the Early Modern Period. Northern Africa was weakly incorporated into the Ottoman Empire as the Barbary States. In the capital cities– Tripoli, Tunis and Algiers – leaders took on the trappings of traditional Islamic rulers and preserved the earlier architectural styles and concepts of space in their palace designs. In Morocco a succession of Berber and Arab dynasties resisted the Ottomans and united the far-western Maghreb. These rulers underpinned their rule by religious ideology and built huge palatial cities featuring a diversity of architectural forms at the “royal cities” (Fes, Marrakesh, Rabat and Méknes) – though, for the most part, the chief typologies and spatial concepts were developed in previous centuries. Towards the end of the period, the growing influence of European colonialism brought an end to the tradition of Islamic architecture in both regions.
