Alexander Bitis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263273
- eISBN:
- 9780191734700
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263273.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter considers the role Balkan partisans were assigned in the war of 1828–9 — a role tempered by the tsarist regime's fear that their participation might unleash a general uprising in the ...
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This chapter considers the role Balkan partisans were assigned in the war of 1828–9 — a role tempered by the tsarist regime's fear that their participation might unleash a general uprising in the Balkans. It tackles the 1828 campaign, the developments over the 1828–9 winter, the 1829 campaign. It also examines whether the Balkan irregulars are freedom-fighters or brigands; Russia and the formation of the militia in the Principalities.Less
This chapter considers the role Balkan partisans were assigned in the war of 1828–9 — a role tempered by the tsarist regime's fear that their participation might unleash a general uprising in the Balkans. It tackles the 1828 campaign, the developments over the 1828–9 winter, the 1829 campaign. It also examines whether the Balkan irregulars are freedom-fighters or brigands; Russia and the formation of the militia in the Principalities.
Pietro Bortone
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199556854
- eISBN:
- 9780191721571
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199556854.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
Chapter 7 examines the prepositional system of Modern Greek, taking into account the impact of purism and of the Balkan Sprachbund. The development has come full circle: the younger (previously only ...
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Chapter 7 examines the prepositional system of Modern Greek, taking into account the impact of purism and of the Balkan Sprachbund. The development has come full circle: the younger (previously only spatial) prepositions now have various non‐spatial meanings, even losing their spatial meaning altogether, thus repeating the semantic cycle of the previous generation of prepositions.Less
Chapter 7 examines the prepositional system of Modern Greek, taking into account the impact of purism and of the Balkan Sprachbund. The development has come full circle: the younger (previously only spatial) prepositions now have various non‐spatial meanings, even losing their spatial meaning altogether, thus repeating the semantic cycle of the previous generation of prepositions.
Dimitris Livanios
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199237685
- eISBN:
- 9780191717246
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237685.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Although the Macedonian Question and British foreign policy in the Balkans during the 1940s have attracted considerable interest, the relation between the two issues has not received much attention. ...
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Although the Macedonian Question and British foreign policy in the Balkans during the 1940s have attracted considerable interest, the relation between the two issues has not received much attention. This book explores the British connection of the Macedonian Question from the outbreak of the Second World War to the aftermath of the Tito-Stalin split. Its aim is two-fold: first, to investigate British views of and policy towards the Bulgar-Yugoslav controversy over Macedonia during that period, and to assess the impact of British actions and strategic plans within their historical context. Secondly, to discuss some salient dimensions of the Macedonian Question, including the emergence of the federal Macedonian unit within Tito's Yugoslavia and the functioning of the Macedonian national ideology, by offering a perspective based on British archival sources. It consists of three parts. The first part charts the background to the Macedonian Question, and includes an analysis of British foreign policy on Macedonia from 1878 to the outbreak of the Second World War. The second part focuses on developments during the Second World War, and examines British policy towards Bulgar-Yugoslav relations, their wartime planning concerning the future of Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, and their attempt to prevent a Balkan federation of the South Slavs. The third part covers the period from 1945 to 1949, and investigates British reactions to Tito's second attempt to absorb Bulgarian Macedonia and to create a federation.Less
Although the Macedonian Question and British foreign policy in the Balkans during the 1940s have attracted considerable interest, the relation between the two issues has not received much attention. This book explores the British connection of the Macedonian Question from the outbreak of the Second World War to the aftermath of the Tito-Stalin split. Its aim is two-fold: first, to investigate British views of and policy towards the Bulgar-Yugoslav controversy over Macedonia during that period, and to assess the impact of British actions and strategic plans within their historical context. Secondly, to discuss some salient dimensions of the Macedonian Question, including the emergence of the federal Macedonian unit within Tito's Yugoslavia and the functioning of the Macedonian national ideology, by offering a perspective based on British archival sources. It consists of three parts. The first part charts the background to the Macedonian Question, and includes an analysis of British foreign policy on Macedonia from 1878 to the outbreak of the Second World War. The second part focuses on developments during the Second World War, and examines British policy towards Bulgar-Yugoslav relations, their wartime planning concerning the future of Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, and their attempt to prevent a Balkan federation of the South Slavs. The third part covers the period from 1945 to 1949, and investigates British reactions to Tito's second attempt to absorb Bulgarian Macedonia and to create a federation.
Elisabeth Kontogiorgi
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199278961
- eISBN:
- 9780191706806
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278961.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter begins with a discussion of Macedonia — its regional boundaries, economy, and population — and the ‘Macedonian Question’. It then considers the factors that made Macedonia a politically ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of Macedonia — its regional boundaries, economy, and population — and the ‘Macedonian Question’. It then considers the factors that made Macedonia a politically sensitive region. Among these were the imminent political and social disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, the rise of nationalism among the Balkan peoples, the irredentist claims of the newly established Balkan states on territories outside their borders (and particularly on Macedonian lands inhabited by their unredeemed brethren), and finally Great Power rivalries in the area.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of Macedonia — its regional boundaries, economy, and population — and the ‘Macedonian Question’. It then considers the factors that made Macedonia a politically sensitive region. Among these were the imminent political and social disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, the rise of nationalism among the Balkan peoples, the irredentist claims of the newly established Balkan states on territories outside their borders (and particularly on Macedonian lands inhabited by their unredeemed brethren), and finally Great Power rivalries in the area.
Pierre Sintès
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781786940896
- eISBN:
- 9781786944962
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781786940896.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Since 2008, Greece has been at the centre of European current affairs due to the financial and economic crisis. However, it should not be forgotten that before the current crisis the political ...
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Since 2008, Greece has been at the centre of European current affairs due to the financial and economic crisis. However, it should not be forgotten that before the current crisis the political upheavals of the early 1990s and the collapse of Marxist-inspired regimes had already radically transformed the face of the country. These transformations have been seen as a return of the Balkans’ question, raising issues of border disputes and migration, minorities and national inclusion. They have had far-reaching consequences on the relations between Greek society and its peripheries, and what some have deemed to be its destabilising diversity. In this context, the material presented in this book examines the strengthening of discourses of belonging which draw legitimacy from a glorification of the past and tradition. The fieldwork carried out over the past 15 years on the fringes of Greece has focused on groups who were stigmatised and distanced from standard definitions of Greekness. It provides an original perspective on the changes that the country has undergone in recent decades. The question of the nation-state’s future is raised through close observation on the local scale, leading to a debate about the relationship between areal and reticular territory within the framework of globalisation. This book also aims to provide non-Francophone readers with access to research carried out on these issues in France, shifting the focus of Balkan Anglophone specialists for whom French publications remain a distant province.Less
Since 2008, Greece has been at the centre of European current affairs due to the financial and economic crisis. However, it should not be forgotten that before the current crisis the political upheavals of the early 1990s and the collapse of Marxist-inspired regimes had already radically transformed the face of the country. These transformations have been seen as a return of the Balkans’ question, raising issues of border disputes and migration, minorities and national inclusion. They have had far-reaching consequences on the relations between Greek society and its peripheries, and what some have deemed to be its destabilising diversity. In this context, the material presented in this book examines the strengthening of discourses of belonging which draw legitimacy from a glorification of the past and tradition. The fieldwork carried out over the past 15 years on the fringes of Greece has focused on groups who were stigmatised and distanced from standard definitions of Greekness. It provides an original perspective on the changes that the country has undergone in recent decades. The question of the nation-state’s future is raised through close observation on the local scale, leading to a debate about the relationship between areal and reticular territory within the framework of globalisation. This book also aims to provide non-Francophone readers with access to research carried out on these issues in France, shifting the focus of Balkan Anglophone specialists for whom French publications remain a distant province.
R.J. Crampton
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199541584
- eISBN:
- 9780191719325
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541584.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Tracing the evolution of the Bulgarian state and its people, from the beginning of the Bulgarian national revival in the middle of the 19th century to the entry of the country into the European Union ...
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Tracing the evolution of the Bulgarian state and its people, from the beginning of the Bulgarian national revival in the middle of the 19th century to the entry of the country into the European Union (EU), this book examines key political, social, and economic developments, revealing the history of a country which evolved from a backward and troublesome Balkan state to become a modern European nation. Seeing the collapse as well as the establishment and evolution of communist rule, Bulgaria survived an often painful journey from monolithic authoritarianism to representative democracy and the market system. The book follows this journey, and analyses the development of Bulgaria's political culture by examining the emergence of radical movements, both agrarian and socialist, as well as looking at the role of religion and the position of minorities. The book highlights the problems and dilemmas created by the country's position situated between East and West, problems which might not be entirely solved by its admission to the EU.Less
Tracing the evolution of the Bulgarian state and its people, from the beginning of the Bulgarian national revival in the middle of the 19th century to the entry of the country into the European Union (EU), this book examines key political, social, and economic developments, revealing the history of a country which evolved from a backward and troublesome Balkan state to become a modern European nation. Seeing the collapse as well as the establishment and evolution of communist rule, Bulgaria survived an often painful journey from monolithic authoritarianism to representative democracy and the market system. The book follows this journey, and analyses the development of Bulgaria's political culture by examining the emergence of radical movements, both agrarian and socialist, as well as looking at the role of religion and the position of minorities. The book highlights the problems and dilemmas created by the country's position situated between East and West, problems which might not be entirely solved by its admission to the EU.
Dimitris Livanios
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199237685
- eISBN:
- 9780191717246
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237685.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter serves as an introduction to the Macedonian Question from the 1870s to the 1930s. It consists of three sections: the first section discusses the ‘national identity’ of the peasants in ...
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This chapter serves as an introduction to the Macedonian Question from the 1870s to the 1930s. It consists of three sections: the first section discusses the ‘national identity’ of the peasants in Ottoman Macedonia, and argues that they did not have a clear-cut national identity as they were still locked into pre-modern, and mainly religious, forms of belonging. The second section offers a narrative of the main political events in the region, and covers the emergence and role of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation (IMRO) as well as political developments in Greece, Yugoslavia, and Bulgaria with relation to Macedonia. The third section investigates the policy of the Balkan communist movement towards Macedonia, and shows that the Communists were no less divided over the issue than their respective governments.Less
This chapter serves as an introduction to the Macedonian Question from the 1870s to the 1930s. It consists of three sections: the first section discusses the ‘national identity’ of the peasants in Ottoman Macedonia, and argues that they did not have a clear-cut national identity as they were still locked into pre-modern, and mainly religious, forms of belonging. The second section offers a narrative of the main political events in the region, and covers the emergence and role of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation (IMRO) as well as political developments in Greece, Yugoslavia, and Bulgaria with relation to Macedonia. The third section investigates the policy of the Balkan communist movement towards Macedonia, and shows that the Communists were no less divided over the issue than their respective governments.
Dimitris Livanios
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199237685
- eISBN:
- 9780191717246
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237685.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter focuses on the turbulent Bulgar-Yugoslav relations in the second half of 1944 and Tito's attempt to construct a Balkan federation, with Macedonia as a federal unit. Given that the ...
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This chapter focuses on the turbulent Bulgar-Yugoslav relations in the second half of 1944 and Tito's attempt to construct a Balkan federation, with Macedonia as a federal unit. Given that the protection of Greece was the only major British strategic interest in the area, these developments alarmed Britain profoundly. It was feared that a South-Slav federation under Russia's tutelage would threaten the territorial integrity of the country by absorbing Greek Macedonia too, thus placing her into Russian orbit. The chapter analyses the Bulgar-Yugoslav negotiations for federation, highlights their major differences concerning its shape and the position of Macedonia in it, and details the British diplomatic intervention, which succeeded in preventing it from materializing.Less
This chapter focuses on the turbulent Bulgar-Yugoslav relations in the second half of 1944 and Tito's attempt to construct a Balkan federation, with Macedonia as a federal unit. Given that the protection of Greece was the only major British strategic interest in the area, these developments alarmed Britain profoundly. It was feared that a South-Slav federation under Russia's tutelage would threaten the territorial integrity of the country by absorbing Greek Macedonia too, thus placing her into Russian orbit. The chapter analyses the Bulgar-Yugoslav negotiations for federation, highlights their major differences concerning its shape and the position of Macedonia in it, and details the British diplomatic intervention, which succeeded in preventing it from materializing.
Dimitris Livanios
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199237685
- eISBN:
- 9780191717246
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237685.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter offers some concluding remarks about the British connection to the Macedonian Question in the 1940s. It discusses the main parameters of British strategic thinking about Macedonia, ...
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This chapter offers some concluding remarks about the British connection to the Macedonian Question in the 1940s. It discusses the main parameters of British strategic thinking about Macedonia, including the preservation of the post-1918 state structure in the Balkans, and their opposition to a Balkan federation, and places their views within their historical context. It is argued that British involvement in the relations between Bulgaria and Yugoslavia — prompted always by necessity and not choice — was due solely to the need to protect the territorial integrity of Greece, the only British vital interest in the Balkans. In that context, the British viewed with profound suspicion Tito's plans about Macedonian unification and a Bulgar-Yugoslav federation, and were determined to prevent them from materializing, both when they felt they could, and also when their ability of doing so had diminished.Less
This chapter offers some concluding remarks about the British connection to the Macedonian Question in the 1940s. It discusses the main parameters of British strategic thinking about Macedonia, including the preservation of the post-1918 state structure in the Balkans, and their opposition to a Balkan federation, and places their views within their historical context. It is argued that British involvement in the relations between Bulgaria and Yugoslavia — prompted always by necessity and not choice — was due solely to the need to protect the territorial integrity of Greece, the only British vital interest in the Balkans. In that context, the British viewed with profound suspicion Tito's plans about Macedonian unification and a Bulgar-Yugoslav federation, and were determined to prevent them from materializing, both when they felt they could, and also when their ability of doing so had diminished.
Alexander Bitis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263273
- eISBN:
- 9780191734700
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263273.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book covers one of the most important and persistent problems in nineteenth-century European diplomacy, the Eastern Question. The Eastern Question was essentially shorthand for comprehending the ...
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This book covers one of the most important and persistent problems in nineteenth-century European diplomacy, the Eastern Question. The Eastern Question was essentially shorthand for comprehending the international consequences caused by the gradual and apparently terminal decline of the Ottoman Empire in Europe. This volume examines the military and diplomatic policies of Russia as it struggled with the Ottoman Empire for influence in the Balkans and the Caucasus. The book is based on extensive use of Russian archive sources and it makes a contribution to our understanding of issues such as the development of Russian military thought, the origins and conduct of the 1828–1829 Russo-Turkish War, the origins and conduct of the 1826–1828 Russo-Persian War and the Treaty of Adrianople. The book also considers issues such as the Russian army's use of Balkan irregulars, the reform of the Danubian Principalities (1829 –1834), the ideas of the ‘Russian Party’ and Russian public opinion toward the Eastern Question.Less
This book covers one of the most important and persistent problems in nineteenth-century European diplomacy, the Eastern Question. The Eastern Question was essentially shorthand for comprehending the international consequences caused by the gradual and apparently terminal decline of the Ottoman Empire in Europe. This volume examines the military and diplomatic policies of Russia as it struggled with the Ottoman Empire for influence in the Balkans and the Caucasus. The book is based on extensive use of Russian archive sources and it makes a contribution to our understanding of issues such as the development of Russian military thought, the origins and conduct of the 1828–1829 Russo-Turkish War, the origins and conduct of the 1826–1828 Russo-Persian War and the Treaty of Adrianople. The book also considers issues such as the Russian army's use of Balkan irregulars, the reform of the Danubian Principalities (1829 –1834), the ideas of the ‘Russian Party’ and Russian public opinion toward the Eastern Question.
Terence Zuber
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199250165
- eISBN:
- 9780191719554
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250165.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The existence of the Schlieffen plan has been one of the basic assumptions of 20th-century military history. It was the perfect example of the evils of German militarism: aggressive, mechanical, and ...
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The existence of the Schlieffen plan has been one of the basic assumptions of 20th-century military history. It was the perfect example of the evils of German militarism: aggressive, mechanical, and disdainful of both politics and of public morality. World War I began in August 1914 allegedly because the Schlieffen plan forced the German government to transform a Balkan quarrel into a World War by attacking France. In the end, the Schlieffen plan failed at the battle of the Marne. The Schlieffen plan has become ‘common knowledge’. Yet it has always been recognised that the Schlieffen plan included inconsistencies, which have never been satisfactorily explained. On the basis of newly discovered documents from German archives, this book presents a radically different picture of German war planning between 1871 and 1914, and concludes that, in fact, there never really was a ‘Schlieffen plan’.Less
The existence of the Schlieffen plan has been one of the basic assumptions of 20th-century military history. It was the perfect example of the evils of German militarism: aggressive, mechanical, and disdainful of both politics and of public morality. World War I began in August 1914 allegedly because the Schlieffen plan forced the German government to transform a Balkan quarrel into a World War by attacking France. In the end, the Schlieffen plan failed at the battle of the Marne. The Schlieffen plan has become ‘common knowledge’. Yet it has always been recognised that the Schlieffen plan included inconsistencies, which have never been satisfactorily explained. On the basis of newly discovered documents from German archives, this book presents a radically different picture of German war planning between 1871 and 1914, and concludes that, in fact, there never really was a ‘Schlieffen plan’.
R. J. Crampton
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199541584
- eISBN:
- 9780191719325
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541584.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
In Great Britain during the second half of the 20th century, Bulgaria was probably the least known of all the East European states. Even Albania, under the egregious leadership of Enver Hoxha, seemed ...
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In Great Britain during the second half of the 20th century, Bulgaria was probably the least known of all the East European states. Even Albania, under the egregious leadership of Enver Hoxha, seemed to receive more media coverage. Only with the occasional scandal, such as the murder of Georgi Markov, was this apparent indifference abandoned and this ignorance dented. Shortly after the First World War, a major Bulgarian critic and scholar regretted that of all the foreign influences on Bulgarian culture, the English has been the weakest. The distance between Bulgaria and England remains too great today, even though Bulgaria is now on the threshold of membership of the European Union (EU).Less
In Great Britain during the second half of the 20th century, Bulgaria was probably the least known of all the East European states. Even Albania, under the egregious leadership of Enver Hoxha, seemed to receive more media coverage. Only with the occasional scandal, such as the murder of Georgi Markov, was this apparent indifference abandoned and this ignorance dented. Shortly after the First World War, a major Bulgarian critic and scholar regretted that of all the foreign influences on Bulgarian culture, the English has been the weakest. The distance between Bulgaria and England remains too great today, even though Bulgaria is now on the threshold of membership of the European Union (EU).
R. J. Crampton
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199541584
- eISBN:
- 9780191719325
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541584.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Like most other nations of modern Europe, the geographic spread of the Bulgarian state and nation have varied considerably with time. Again in conformity with other European models, the confines of ...
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Like most other nations of modern Europe, the geographic spread of the Bulgarian state and nation have varied considerably with time. Again in conformity with other European models, the confines of the Bulgarian nation and state have rarely been coterminous. The Bulgarian state seldom, if ever, contained only Bulgarians and, conversely, it equally infrequently encompassed all Bulgarians. Even at the opening of the 21st century, there were Bulgarian communities in Serbia, Romania, Albania, Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, and Turkey, with emigre groups scattered throughout the world. The Bulgarian communities outside the confines of what is now the Republic of Bulgaria contributed hugely to the evolution of the nation and the foundation of the state. Nor did their contribution end with the liberation from Ottoman rule.Less
Like most other nations of modern Europe, the geographic spread of the Bulgarian state and nation have varied considerably with time. Again in conformity with other European models, the confines of the Bulgarian nation and state have rarely been coterminous. The Bulgarian state seldom, if ever, contained only Bulgarians and, conversely, it equally infrequently encompassed all Bulgarians. Even at the opening of the 21st century, there were Bulgarian communities in Serbia, Romania, Albania, Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, and Turkey, with emigre groups scattered throughout the world. The Bulgarian communities outside the confines of what is now the Republic of Bulgaria contributed hugely to the evolution of the nation and the foundation of the state. Nor did their contribution end with the liberation from Ottoman rule.
R. J. Crampton
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199541584
- eISBN:
- 9780191719325
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541584.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
National revival in Bulgaria exhibits many of the features of other nationalist reawakenings: a cultural quickening, the ‘apostles’ and ‘awakeners’, the emergence of an ‘imagined community’, the need ...
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National revival in Bulgaria exhibits many of the features of other nationalist reawakenings: a cultural quickening, the ‘apostles’ and ‘awakeners’, the emergence of an ‘imagined community’, the need for a committed social group with sufficient material wealth to further the cause, the importance of external as well as internal factors, and the equal or probably greater importance of ‘the defining other’. As with all other nationalisms, it was conditioned by historical, social, cultural, political, and international factors whose relative strengths and juxtapositions were unique. Furthermore, although the Bulgarian national state was a successor state of the Ottoman empire, the national revival that made that state possible, was, ironically, less the result of the empire's decline than of its regeneration. The evolution of Bulgaria's nationalism was conditioned by political and economic developments outside as well as within the Ottoman empire.Less
National revival in Bulgaria exhibits many of the features of other nationalist reawakenings: a cultural quickening, the ‘apostles’ and ‘awakeners’, the emergence of an ‘imagined community’, the need for a committed social group with sufficient material wealth to further the cause, the importance of external as well as internal factors, and the equal or probably greater importance of ‘the defining other’. As with all other nationalisms, it was conditioned by historical, social, cultural, political, and international factors whose relative strengths and juxtapositions were unique. Furthermore, although the Bulgarian national state was a successor state of the Ottoman empire, the national revival that made that state possible, was, ironically, less the result of the empire's decline than of its regeneration. The evolution of Bulgaria's nationalism was conditioned by political and economic developments outside as well as within the Ottoman empire.
R. J. Crampton
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199541584
- eISBN:
- 9780191719325
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541584.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter chronicles Bulgaria's involvement in two Balkan wars and in the First World War spanning the years 1912 to 1918. The second Balkan war was shorter, but far more bloody than the fighting ...
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This chapter chronicles Bulgaria's involvement in two Balkan wars and in the First World War spanning the years 1912 to 1918. The second Balkan war was shorter, but far more bloody than the fighting against the Ottomans, and eventually proved to be a national catastrophe for Bulgaria. The defeat had been caused not by the inadequacies of the Bulgarian army, which held its own in the western theatre, but by the failings of the politicians. The First World War was the second national catastrophe, reducing the majority of the population to the verge of starvation. The prospects for the established political parties seemed slim and the real question seemed to be whether radical forces would be strong enough to destroy the Tŭrnovo system altogether.Less
This chapter chronicles Bulgaria's involvement in two Balkan wars and in the First World War spanning the years 1912 to 1918. The second Balkan war was shorter, but far more bloody than the fighting against the Ottomans, and eventually proved to be a national catastrophe for Bulgaria. The defeat had been caused not by the inadequacies of the Bulgarian army, which held its own in the western theatre, but by the failings of the politicians. The First World War was the second national catastrophe, reducing the majority of the population to the verge of starvation. The prospects for the established political parties seemed slim and the real question seemed to be whether radical forces would be strong enough to destroy the Tŭrnovo system altogether.
Richard C. Hall
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813125589
- eISBN:
- 9780813135328
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813125589.003.0015
- Subject:
- History, Military History
International conflict throughout twentieth-century Europe can be divided into three parts. The first phase began with the Balkan Wars in 1912, extended through to the end of World War I, and lasted ...
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International conflict throughout twentieth-century Europe can be divided into three parts. The first phase began with the Balkan Wars in 1912, extended through to the end of World War I, and lasted until 1921 in Europe. The Paris peace settlement proved to be fragile, and after a brief respite of only 18 years World War II exploded in Europe. As soon as a new generation grew to the age of maturity, the conflict restarted. Although the second phase was the shortest in duration, it cost the most lives and did the most damage by far. The third conflict, the Cold War, segued neatly with the end of World War II, given the lack of an effective peace settlement. Although the Cold War was the longest lasting of the conflicts and potentially the most deadly, it was in fact the least damaging in terms of human lives and material losses.Less
International conflict throughout twentieth-century Europe can be divided into three parts. The first phase began with the Balkan Wars in 1912, extended through to the end of World War I, and lasted until 1921 in Europe. The Paris peace settlement proved to be fragile, and after a brief respite of only 18 years World War II exploded in Europe. As soon as a new generation grew to the age of maturity, the conflict restarted. Although the second phase was the shortest in duration, it cost the most lives and did the most damage by far. The third conflict, the Cold War, segued neatly with the end of World War II, given the lack of an effective peace settlement. Although the Cold War was the longest lasting of the conflicts and potentially the most deadly, it was in fact the least damaging in terms of human lives and material losses.
John Tolan, Gilles Veinstein, and Henry Laurens
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691147055
- eISBN:
- 9781400844753
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691147055.003.0016
- Subject:
- History, World Medieval History
This chapter chronicles the initial wave of revolutionary fervor in the Muslim world. It first looks at Persia, the first revolutionary Muslim tendencies arose. Moreover, in the early twentieth ...
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This chapter chronicles the initial wave of revolutionary fervor in the Muslim world. It first looks at Persia, the first revolutionary Muslim tendencies arose. Moreover, in the early twentieth century, European political alignments changed, with tragic consequences for the Muslim world under European domination, despite theoretical independence. The new European political alignment, founded on a de facto alliance between France, Great Britain, and Russia, came about directly at the expense of the Muslim world in Morocco, Egypt, and Persia. By contrast, imperial Germany, which felt threatened by a supposed desire to encircle it, more than ever looked like the major power protecting Islam.Less
This chapter chronicles the initial wave of revolutionary fervor in the Muslim world. It first looks at Persia, the first revolutionary Muslim tendencies arose. Moreover, in the early twentieth century, European political alignments changed, with tragic consequences for the Muslim world under European domination, despite theoretical independence. The new European political alignment, founded on a de facto alliance between France, Great Britain, and Russia, came about directly at the expense of the Muslim world in Morocco, Egypt, and Persia. By contrast, imperial Germany, which felt threatened by a supposed desire to encircle it, more than ever looked like the major power protecting Islam.
Judith Herrin
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691153018
- eISBN:
- 9781400845224
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691153018.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, World Medieval History
This chapter examines the inherent forces that remained to sustain medieval Hellenism in the early Middle Ages. It discusses two aspects to the hellenization process that was at work in parts of the ...
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This chapter examines the inherent forces that remained to sustain medieval Hellenism in the early Middle Ages. It discusses two aspects to the hellenization process that was at work in parts of the Balkan peninsula during the “Dark Ages” of Byzantine history, each helping to preserve distinct parts of the Hellenistic tradition: the continued use of spoken Greek, and the preservation of Byzantine political, cultural, and religious practices. In both cases, the agents of this process were the indigenous population of Greece, who sought refuge from the Slavs on Aegean islands, in mountain fortresses, and along the littoral. The chapter shows that despite the “grande brèche” in continuous imperial rule, the inhabitants of Greece were able to reassert their identity as citizens of the empire of Constantinople.Less
This chapter examines the inherent forces that remained to sustain medieval Hellenism in the early Middle Ages. It discusses two aspects to the hellenization process that was at work in parts of the Balkan peninsula during the “Dark Ages” of Byzantine history, each helping to preserve distinct parts of the Hellenistic tradition: the continued use of spoken Greek, and the preservation of Byzantine political, cultural, and religious practices. In both cases, the agents of this process were the indigenous population of Greece, who sought refuge from the Slavs on Aegean islands, in mountain fortresses, and along the littoral. The chapter shows that despite the “grande brèche” in continuous imperial rule, the inhabitants of Greece were able to reassert their identity as citizens of the empire of Constantinople.
Vjekoslav Perica
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195148565
- eISBN:
- 9780199834556
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195148568.003.0011
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
The beginning of the chapter briefly discusses the degradation of the Balkan successor states to Yugoslavia, and the despise with which they were held by the West (except for Slovenia) – Serbia and ...
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The beginning of the chapter briefly discusses the degradation of the Balkan successor states to Yugoslavia, and the despise with which they were held by the West (except for Slovenia) – Serbia and Croatia came into conflict with the West, while Bosnia‐Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Macedonia became Western protectorates. The two main parts of the chapter discuss the role of the Catholic Church in the return of Croatia to the West, and the role of the Serbian Orthodox Church in relation to the West and the failure of the Serbian revolution under Milošević. The last part of the chapter discusses the legacy of Yugoslavia, and current attitudes to Balkan nationalism, which has undergone heavy blows from demography (a diminishing population of children and young people) and migration to the West – which have replaced Marxism as the new key menace to the Churches.Less
The beginning of the chapter briefly discusses the degradation of the Balkan successor states to Yugoslavia, and the despise with which they were held by the West (except for Slovenia) – Serbia and Croatia came into conflict with the West, while Bosnia‐Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Macedonia became Western protectorates. The two main parts of the chapter discuss the role of the Catholic Church in the return of Croatia to the West, and the role of the Serbian Orthodox Church in relation to the West and the failure of the Serbian revolution under Milošević. The last part of the chapter discusses the legacy of Yugoslavia, and current attitudes to Balkan nationalism, which has undergone heavy blows from demography (a diminishing population of children and young people) and migration to the West – which have replaced Marxism as the new key menace to the Churches.
Vjekoslav Perica
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195148565
- eISBN:
- 9780199834556
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195148568.003.0012
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
The conclusion from the case study of the making and unmaking of Yugoslav states presented in this book, both in general, and in its religious dimension in particular, offers scholars a kind of ...
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The conclusion from the case study of the making and unmaking of Yugoslav states presented in this book, both in general, and in its religious dimension in particular, offers scholars a kind of “laboratory” from which findings and deductions can be made. These are discussed under the following headings: multinational states and legitimacy by religion; the myth of the religious revival; religion and Yugoslav communism; and the continuing Balkan nightmare.Less
The conclusion from the case study of the making and unmaking of Yugoslav states presented in this book, both in general, and in its religious dimension in particular, offers scholars a kind of “laboratory” from which findings and deductions can be made. These are discussed under the following headings: multinational states and legitimacy by religion; the myth of the religious revival; religion and Yugoslav communism; and the continuing Balkan nightmare.
