Alec Stone Sweet
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780198297710
- eISBN:
- 9780191601095
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198297718.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Conceptualizing human rights protection as an extended social process highlights the centrality of constitutional decision‐making as a general mode of governance. Thus, a great range of outcomes can ...
More
Conceptualizing human rights protection as an extended social process highlights the centrality of constitutional decision‐making as a general mode of governance. Thus, a great range of outcomes can only be understood by taking into account constitutional decision‐making by actors outside constitutional courts. At the same time, an increasing judicial capacity to reconstruct the meaning of legislative authority is revealed.Less
Conceptualizing human rights protection as an extended social process highlights the centrality of constitutional decision‐making as a general mode of governance. Thus, a great range of outcomes can only be understood by taking into account constitutional decision‐making by actors outside constitutional courts. At the same time, an increasing judicial capacity to reconstruct the meaning of legislative authority is revealed.
Laura Southgate
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781529202205
- eISBN:
- 9781529202243
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781529202205.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Asian Politics
This book investigates the history of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations’ (ASEAN) stance on external intervention in regional affairs. It asks when has ASEAN state resistance to sovereignty ...
More
This book investigates the history of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations’ (ASEAN) stance on external intervention in regional affairs. It asks when has ASEAN state resistance to sovereignty challenges succeeded, and when have they failed? ASEAN’s history of (non)resistance is understood in terms of a realist theoretical logic, focusing on the relationship between an ASEAN ‘vanguard state’ and selected external powers. A ‘vanguard state’ is defined as an ASEAN state that comes to the fore of the Association when it has vital interests at stake that it wishes to pursue. Whilst a state’s interests may vary, vital interests relate to state survival and the preservation of state sovereignty. Once a vanguard state has come to prominence, it will perform two major functions, which reflect an external balancing logic. The vanguard state will actively seek out an external power whose interests align with its own, and will seek to portray a united ASEAN front in support of its interests. Using case study analysis and drawing on a large amount of previously unanalysed material, this book contends that when an ASEAN vanguard state has interests that converge with those of an external power, it has an active and substantial role in resisting sovereignty violation.Less
This book investigates the history of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations’ (ASEAN) stance on external intervention in regional affairs. It asks when has ASEAN state resistance to sovereignty challenges succeeded, and when have they failed? ASEAN’s history of (non)resistance is understood in terms of a realist theoretical logic, focusing on the relationship between an ASEAN ‘vanguard state’ and selected external powers. A ‘vanguard state’ is defined as an ASEAN state that comes to the fore of the Association when it has vital interests at stake that it wishes to pursue. Whilst a state’s interests may vary, vital interests relate to state survival and the preservation of state sovereignty. Once a vanguard state has come to prominence, it will perform two major functions, which reflect an external balancing logic. The vanguard state will actively seek out an external power whose interests align with its own, and will seek to portray a united ASEAN front in support of its interests. Using case study analysis and drawing on a large amount of previously unanalysed material, this book contends that when an ASEAN vanguard state has interests that converge with those of an external power, it has an active and substantial role in resisting sovereignty violation.
Siu Wang-Ngai and Peter Lovrick
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9789888208265
- eISBN:
- 9789888268252
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888208265.003.0006
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
This chapter discusses the use of special skills found in particular regional operas. It includes face-changing skills found in the Sichuan opera, techniques used by the clown and other skills.
This chapter discusses the use of special skills found in particular regional operas. It includes face-changing skills found in the Sichuan opera, techniques used by the clown and other skills.
Georg Löfflmann
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781474419765
- eISBN:
- 9781474435192
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474419765.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter engages in a comprehensive analysis of the grand strategy debate contained in the pages of Foreign Affairs, which represents a leading elite publication that bridges scholarly debate and ...
More
This chapter engages in a comprehensive analysis of the grand strategy debate contained in the pages of Foreign Affairs, which represents a leading elite publication that bridges scholarly debate and the policy oriented writing of experts and political practitioners. The chapter also examines how the main theoretical perspectives of mainstream IR have informed competing grand strategy visions, further detailing the concept of hybrid discourses of American grand strategy: hegemonic engagement and hegemonic restraint. These expert visions reproduced the dominant representation of American exceptionalism and military supremacy, while advocating political practices that partially reformulated and negated this hegemonic role, such as the liberal-institutionalist concept of ‘deep engagement’, or neorealist ideas of ‘offshore balancing’.Less
This chapter engages in a comprehensive analysis of the grand strategy debate contained in the pages of Foreign Affairs, which represents a leading elite publication that bridges scholarly debate and the policy oriented writing of experts and political practitioners. The chapter also examines how the main theoretical perspectives of mainstream IR have informed competing grand strategy visions, further detailing the concept of hybrid discourses of American grand strategy: hegemonic engagement and hegemonic restraint. These expert visions reproduced the dominant representation of American exceptionalism and military supremacy, while advocating political practices that partially reformulated and negated this hegemonic role, such as the liberal-institutionalist concept of ‘deep engagement’, or neorealist ideas of ‘offshore balancing’.
Frank J. Messina and Charles W. Fox
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195131543
- eISBN:
- 9780197561461
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195131543.003.0014
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Applied Ecology
If we look across all organisms, we find that some species produce only one or a few large offspring per reproductive bout (e.g., most birds and mammals), others produce 10s or 100s of ...
More
If we look across all organisms, we find that some species produce only one or a few large offspring per reproductive bout (e.g., most birds and mammals), others produce 10s or 100s of intermediatesize offspring (e.g., most plants and insects), and yet others produce many 1000s of offspring (e.g., some marine invertebrates). How can we account for such broad variation? In this chapter, we review many of the environmental and demographic variables that influence the evolution of offspring size and number. In the first section, we discuss how the trade-off between offspring size and number is an important determinant of offspring size. An individual’s resources can be allocated to three basic functions—growth, somatic maintenance, or reproduction. Resources directed toward reproduction can in turn be used to produce either many small offspring or a few large offspring. Thus, for a fixed amount of resources available for reproduction, it necessarily follows that there is a trade-off between the number and size of offspring during a given bout of reproduction. Trade-offs between offspring size and number during a single reproductive bout are a primary determinant of offspring size for most semelparous organisms, which reproduce once in their lifetime (e.g., salmon and century plants). For iteroparous organisms, however, lifetime reproduction is divided into many discrete bouts, with intervening periods of no reproduction. Evolutionary explanations for the number and size of offspring in these organisms must also consider how reproductive effort during any one period affects future survival and reproduction. The second part of our chapter considers the evolution of offspring number among long-lived, iteroparous organisms, especially vertebrates. We focus on the clutch sizes of birds that produce altricial (nidicolous) young. Because each nestling requires much parental care, we expect strong selection toward producing the most appropriate number of offspring for a given environment. The trade-off between current and future reproduction can also affect semelparous animals if offspring must be distributed among scattered resources. Many insects, for example, lay eggs on small, discrete hosts, and their sedentary offspring often cannot move between hosts. A female that places too many eggs on a host faces the same diminishing returns as a bird that produces more nestlings than it can provision.
Less
If we look across all organisms, we find that some species produce only one or a few large offspring per reproductive bout (e.g., most birds and mammals), others produce 10s or 100s of intermediatesize offspring (e.g., most plants and insects), and yet others produce many 1000s of offspring (e.g., some marine invertebrates). How can we account for such broad variation? In this chapter, we review many of the environmental and demographic variables that influence the evolution of offspring size and number. In the first section, we discuss how the trade-off between offspring size and number is an important determinant of offspring size. An individual’s resources can be allocated to three basic functions—growth, somatic maintenance, or reproduction. Resources directed toward reproduction can in turn be used to produce either many small offspring or a few large offspring. Thus, for a fixed amount of resources available for reproduction, it necessarily follows that there is a trade-off between the number and size of offspring during a given bout of reproduction. Trade-offs between offspring size and number during a single reproductive bout are a primary determinant of offspring size for most semelparous organisms, which reproduce once in their lifetime (e.g., salmon and century plants). For iteroparous organisms, however, lifetime reproduction is divided into many discrete bouts, with intervening periods of no reproduction. Evolutionary explanations for the number and size of offspring in these organisms must also consider how reproductive effort during any one period affects future survival and reproduction. The second part of our chapter considers the evolution of offspring number among long-lived, iteroparous organisms, especially vertebrates. We focus on the clutch sizes of birds that produce altricial (nidicolous) young. Because each nestling requires much parental care, we expect strong selection toward producing the most appropriate number of offspring for a given environment. The trade-off between current and future reproduction can also affect semelparous animals if offspring must be distributed among scattered resources. Many insects, for example, lay eggs on small, discrete hosts, and their sedentary offspring often cannot move between hosts. A female that places too many eggs on a host faces the same diminishing returns as a bird that produces more nestlings than it can provision.
Morten Broberg and Niels Fenger
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780198843580
- eISBN:
- 9780191925986
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198843580.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
Chapter 9 provides an account of the steps that a national court may take after having made a preliminary reference. Making a preliminary reference does not imply that the case before the national ...
More
Chapter 9 provides an account of the steps that a national court may take after having made a preliminary reference. Making a preliminary reference does not imply that the case before the national court is transferred to the Court of Justice. On the contrary, the main proceedings remain pending before the referring court and that court thus retains jurisdiction to take any procedural measures which it is empowered to take under national law. A decision to make a preliminary reference may also be appealed to a superior national court, but, as a main rule, the superior court cannot overturn the lower court’s decision to make a preliminary reference. A national court may also order interim relief under EU law in connection with a preliminary reference. In this respect, the national court must consider the conditions for granting interim relief: (i) doubt as to the validity (fumus boni iuris), (ii) urgency, and (iii) balancing of the interests.Less
Chapter 9 provides an account of the steps that a national court may take after having made a preliminary reference. Making a preliminary reference does not imply that the case before the national court is transferred to the Court of Justice. On the contrary, the main proceedings remain pending before the referring court and that court thus retains jurisdiction to take any procedural measures which it is empowered to take under national law. A decision to make a preliminary reference may also be appealed to a superior national court, but, as a main rule, the superior court cannot overturn the lower court’s decision to make a preliminary reference. A national court may also order interim relief under EU law in connection with a preliminary reference. In this respect, the national court must consider the conditions for granting interim relief: (i) doubt as to the validity (fumus boni iuris), (ii) urgency, and (iii) balancing of the interests.
