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Cajamarca Quechua and the Expansion of the Huari State

WILLEM F. H. ADELAAR

in Archaeology and Language in the Andes

This chapter defends the hypothesis that Quechua was brought to Cajamarca during the final expansion of the Huari state (ad 800–900). It offers an alternative for the traditional view that Cajamarca ... More

This chapter defends the hypothesis that Quechua was brought to Cajamarca during the final expansion of the Huari state (ad 800–900). It offers an alternative for the traditional view that Cajamarca Quechua originated on the central coast of Peru, immediately south-east of Lima. Archaic features of Cajamarca Quechua suggest that it became separated from the main body of the Quechua II branch of the family before it attained its present state of internal differentiation. Possibly the least innovative Quechua II dialect spoken today is that of Ayacucho region, where the Huari capital lay. Together this suggests that population movements underlying the existence of present-day Cajamarca Quechua may have originated in the Huari heartland. This association of Quechua II with Huari prompts a reconsideration of the prevalent view that Ayacucho, including Huari, would have been an exclusive stronghold of the Aymaran languages.Less

Citizen Responses to Conflict and Political Crisis in Peru: Informal Politics in Ayacucho

Susan Eva Eckstein and Timothy P. Wickham-Crowley

in What Justice? Whose Justice?: Fighting for Fairness in Latin America

Most inquiries concerning democracy phenomenon in Latin America stay preoccupied with explaining the tendency, mostly in context of the new or the “Third Wave” democracies to appeal directly to their ... More

Most inquiries concerning democracy phenomenon in Latin America stay preoccupied with explaining the tendency, mostly in context of the new or the “Third Wave” democracies to appeal directly to their citizenries. In the process, these inquiries majorly lose out on the nature or dynamics of citizen initiative or response. This chapter aims at sorting out this imbalance by exploring politics at the base of society, rather than at its center, by examining the case of Peru. It reviews the political dynamics of local-level governance in Peru, understood as policy implementation and interaction with civil society, in the south-central highland departamento Ayacucho. Appraising the analytical distinction between government policy initiatives and the activities of the civil society, the chapter reflects on the difficulty concerning distinction between “government-down” and “citizen-up” activities. It employs the hypothesis that local populations resort to self-help when the government is unable or unwilling to act.Less

The Wari Empire in the Andean World

Tiffiny A. Tung

in Violence, Ritual, and the Wari Empire: A Social Bioarchaeology of Imperialism in the Ancient Andes

This chapter gives a summary of the history of Wari studies and the current state of knowledge on the Wari Empire, and also summarizes the archaeological evidence for Wari presence or influence in ... More

This chapter gives a summary of the history of Wari studies and the current state of knowledge on the Wari Empire, and also summarizes the archaeological evidence for Wari presence or influence in various parts of the ancient Andes. Three archaeological populations are the focus of this study, and the chapter describes the cultural context for each of them. These include the site of Conchopata in the imperial heartland and the sites of Beringa and La Real in the Majes Valley in southern Peru.Less

Setting a Scene

Joshua Tucker

in Making Music Indigenous: Popular Music in the Peruvian Andes

"Setting a Scene" provides an overview of the Ayacucho region, the Quechua-speaking towns of Chuschi and Quispillaccta, and their relation to the city of Ayacucho, capital of the Department of the ... More

"Setting a Scene" provides an overview of the Ayacucho region, the Quechua-speaking towns of Chuschi and Quispillaccta, and their relation to the city of Ayacucho, capital of the Department of the same name. It describes key elements of the geography within which these places are located, and traces their history up to the early 21st century. It focuses in particular on the changing relations of race and power that have structured relations between indigenous an non-indigenous peoples in the Andean region, since the European invasions of the 16th century.Less

Tradition and Folklore

Joshua Tucker

in Making Music Indigenous: Popular Music in the Peruvian Andes

"Tradition and Folklore" describes how the chimaycha music of Chuschi District came to be performed as a staged genre under the rubic of "folklore," and the changes that the style underwent in the ... More

"Tradition and Folklore" describes how the chimaycha music of Chuschi District came to be performed as a staged genre under the rubic of "folklore," and the changes that the style underwent in the course of its formalization. It focuses, first, on the intervention of non-indigenous mediators, including teachers at village schools and scholars associated with Ayacucho's university. Beginning in the 1970s such figures began to encourage young Quechua-speaking musicians to form stable bands as a means of "preserving" musical cultures in danger of disappearing, developing particularities of arrangement and instrumentation that would influence later musicians. The chapter then shifts to focus on the efforts of people drawn from the first generation indigenous students at Ayaucho's university, who over the 1980s found forums there in which to carry on the work of formalizing their musical endeavors. It highlights the role of Los Chikitukus de Chuschi, the first formal chimaycha band to be organized by indigenous Quechua speakers. Throughout, the chapter describes how chimaycha became a vehicle for exploring shifting ideologies of tradition and identity, under the influence of intellectual projects as different as Peruvian indigenismo, developmentalism, or the Marxist teaching of the Shining Path.Less

Introduction

Miguel La Serna

in The Corner of the Living: Ayacucho on the Eve of the Shining Path Insurgency

Ayacucho is the epicenter of a civil war between 1980 and 2000 that claimed the lives of 69,000. Chuschi, a village in Ayacucho, served as an early stronghold for the Shining Path guerrilla and the ... More

Ayacucho is the epicenter of a civil war between 1980 and 2000 that claimed the lives of 69,000. Chuschi, a village in Ayacucho, served as an early stronghold for the Shining Path guerrilla and the location of numerous insurgent acts. Huaychao, another Ayacuchan village, saw the proliferation of peasant counterinsurgency militias known as the rondas campesinas. This book is a comparative study of the long-term experiences of and cultural perceptions of Chuschi (the symbolic birthplace of insurgency) and Huaychao (the birthplace of counterinsurgency) to understand the disparate and violent responses of indigenous peasants to Shining Path.Less

To Turn the Corner: After Shining Path

Miguel La Serna

in The Corner of the Living: Ayacucho on the Eve of the Shining Path Insurgency

The political violence in Ayacucho, Peru affected the lives of indigenous peasants in a number of ways. Those who originally supported Shining Path faced a daily threat of attacks by state ... More

The political violence in Ayacucho, Peru affected the lives of indigenous peasants in a number of ways. Those who originally supported Shining Path faced a daily threat of attacks by state counterinsurgency forces. In Chuschi and Quispillaccta, these forces carried out mass kidnappings and executions of indigenous peasants. In Huaychao, it was the guerrillas who massacred men, women, and children in retaliation for the community's counterinsurgency efforts. This chapter explores the implications of the armed conflict on Ayacucho's indigenous peasantry regarding authority and justice, gender, and the state and civil society.Less

Introduction

in Before the Shining Path: Politics in Rural Ayacucho, 1895–1980

This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this volume which is about the history of the Partido Comunista del Perú-Por el Sendero Luminoso de Mariátegui or the Maoist Shining Path (PCP-SL) in ... More

This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this volume which is about the history of the Partido Comunista del Perú-Por el Sendero Luminoso de Mariátegui or the Maoist Shining Path (PCP-SL) in rural Ayacucho, Peru, during the period from 1895 to 1980. This book attempts to make sense of Shining Path by looking backward in time, tracing eighty-five years of historical processes that prefaced the party and its war. Its coverage include the politics of abandon in Ayacucho, the Tawantinsuyo Movement, the history of the Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana (APRA), the politics of literacy, and the emergence of Trotskyism and popular action during the term of President Fernando Belaúnde Terry.Less

We Will No Longer Be Servile:: Peasants, Populism, and APRA in 1930s Ayacucho

in Before the Shining Path: Politics in Rural Ayacucho, 1895–1980

This chapter examines the history of the Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana (APRA) in Ayacucho, Peru, in the 1930s. It traces the party's emergence and popularity in Carhuanca and highlights ... More

This chapter examines the history of the Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana (APRA) in Ayacucho, Peru, in the 1930s. It traces the party's emergence and popularity in Carhuanca and highlights the support of the district's most powerful campesinos who connected the party's national discourses to their local struggles for political power and land. It explains that the party promised both socioeconomic justice and a national political transformation that would wrest power from the hands of the aristocracy and turn it over to the masses.Less

The Last Will Be First: Trotskyism and Popular Action in the Belaúnde Years

in Before the Shining Path: Politics in Rural Ayacucho, 1895–1980

This chapter examines the history of the emergence of Trotsykism in Ayacucho, Peru, during the years of President Fernando Belaúnde Terry. It analyzes how the Carhuanca campesinos approached the ... More

This chapter examines the history of the emergence of Trotsykism in Ayacucho, Peru, during the years of President Fernando Belaúnde Terry. It analyzes how the Carhuanca campesinos approached the promise and possibility of fundamental socioeconomic transformation, living within a national and departmental context of considerable rural political activism. It describes the challenges faced by the Carhuanquinos who affiliated themselves with Trotskyism and highlights their ineffectiveness as revolutionaries because of their long-standing local enmities and their overt hostility toward Catholicism.Less

Abandoned Again: 1978 Onward

in Before the Shining Path: Politics in Rural Ayacucho, 1895–1980

This chapter examines the re-emergence of the politics of abandon in Ayacucho, Peru, in 1978. It suggests that General Juan Velasco Alvarado's ouster and the military government's decision to ... More

This chapter examines the re-emergence of the politics of abandon in Ayacucho, Peru, in 1978. It suggests that General Juan Velasco Alvarado's ouster and the military government's decision to transition Peru back to civilian government marked the resumption of the politics of abandon for Carhuanca. It explains that departmental and national authorities decided to concede to the increasingly dire protests of citizens in Carhuanca and other eastern Cangallo districts during the remaining years of the 1970s. This chapter also discusses the involvement of locals with the Shining Path and the civil war waged by the party which ended with the capture of its leader Abimael Guzmán in 1992.Less

Conclusion

in Before the Shining Path: Politics in Rural Ayacucho, 1895–1980

This chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the history of the Maoist Shining Path (PCP-SL) in rural Ayacucho, Peru, during the period from 1895 to 1980. It suggests that the emergence of ... More

This chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the history of the Maoist Shining Path (PCP-SL) in rural Ayacucho, Peru, during the period from 1895 to 1980. It suggests that the emergence of the Shining Path and its devastating civil war was brought about by a series of political developments in Ayacucho prior to 1980. It also highlights the fact that Senderistas ultimately replicated the ways of the traditionally abusive local notables and used violence and the threat of violence to coerce impoverished, indigenous Carhuanquinos to do their bidding and to provide their sustenance.Less

Dead Body Politics: Grupo Cultural Yuyachkani at the CVR Hearings

Anne Lambright

in Andean Truths: Transitional Justice, Ethnicity, and Cultural Production in Post-Shining Path Peru

This chapter examines the theatrical interventions by Grupo Cultural Yuyachkani, Peru’s premier popular theater collective, at the CVR’s public hearings in Huanta and Huamanga. From an established ... More

This chapter examines the theatrical interventions by Grupo Cultural Yuyachkani, Peru’s premier popular theater collective, at the CVR’s public hearings in Huanta and Huamanga. From an established repertoire on Peruvian cultural heterogeneity, ethnic and gendered violence, and the war, Yuyachkani presented two plays whose protagonists are dead (one indigenous male, one mythic female) and called upon more (indigenous) dead when creating new pieces to accompany the endeavor, suggesting that after years of sustained—real and symbolic—violence, only the dead can embody the national situation, serve as the nation’s memory, and bridge individual and collective trauma. Challenging the therapeutic efforts of the CVR, dead bodies of marginalized subjects, and their ghosts, serve to explore collective and individual trauma, and mediate between the people and the state.Less

Reconciling through other Knowledges: The Yuyarisun Contests in Ayacucho

Anne Lambright

in Andean Truths: Transitional Justice, Ethnicity, and Cultural Production in Post-Shining Path Peru

This chapter considers products of the Rescate por la memoria (Rescuing memory) contests in Ayacucho; these post-CVR interventions by Yuyarisun, a collective of Peruvian and international NGOs, ... More

This chapter considers products of the Rescate por la memoria (Rescuing memory) contests in Ayacucho; these post-CVR interventions by Yuyarisun, a collective of Peruvian and international NGOs, invited entries in poetry, painting, illustrated stories, music, and narratives by local inhabitants. The works give an Andean perspective that is present in victims’ testimonies but largely absent in the CVR’s final analysis and recommendations. These ‘different memories’ frequently go against the grain of official discourses on the Shining Path era and the postconflict future of Peru. They are creative responses that defy easy interpretations of events and cookie-cutter resolutions based on ‘universal’ human rights values, while belying dominant visions of a ‘new Peru’ moving forward in a unified manner, having faced and overcome the recent past.Less

Conclusion: Some Thoughts on Memory Museums

Anne Lambright

in Andean Truths: Transitional Justice, Ethnicity, and Cultural Production in Post-Shining Path Peru

The conclusion ties together the themes of transitional justice, nation building, and ethnicity by briefly examining three “memory museums”: the Lugar de la Memoria in Lima, and two museums in ... More

The conclusion ties together the themes of transitional justice, nation building, and ethnicity by briefly examining three “memory museums”: the Lugar de la Memoria in Lima, and two museums in Ayacucho. The first is a controversial effort by the state to create a national museum to commemorate the conflict. The two museums in Ayacucho are local efforts, the Museo de la Memoria in Huamanga, established by Quechua-speaking mothers of dead and disappeared persons, the Yuyana Wasi museum in the municipality of Huanta. The conclusion asks why, within the context of Peruvian transitional justice efforts, the official, state-sponsored memory space has experienced so many difficulties, its opening delayed for years, while unofficial, even rebellious, grassroots efforts have comparatively succeeded in providing spaces where Peru can confront its difficult past.Less