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This chapter explores the complexities of copyright law, highlighting the extraordinary uniqueness of the circumstances that surround this work. With two wills (Hungarian and American), differing laws in Hungary and the United States, two sons from different mothers, the saga of the Bartók Estate, the existence of two Bartók Archives (Budapest and Florida), and finally the co-existence of different copyright periods in different parts of the world, the issues are indeed complex. The chapter concludes that copyright on the Viola Concerto expired in Australasia in 1999, but continues elsewhere until 2024. The use of materials produced in Australasia in other parts of the world, particularly the sales of scores and recordings, remains a grey area.

This chapter investigates the role of Reuters Telegram Company in transmitting information throughout the world. It discusses that Reuters took advantage of cable telegraph technology to become one of the world's first truly global corporations, and consequently, the company acquired he sole right to collect and sell news in most parts of the British Empire. It explains that the course of events in Australia and New Zealand powerfully illustrates the conflicting commercial interests of Reuters and the large Dominion dailies. It also discusses that Reuters could not sell news directly to the press in Australasian colonies. On the other hand, it narrates that Reuters was allowed to sell British news directly to the Canadian press. It tells that in South Africa, Reuters news was divided into a general service and a special service. It explains that cold commercial realities resulted in a growing spirit of rebellion among the larger papers in South Africa.

This chapter takes an explicitly comparative approach to tribal constitutionalism by examining the mechanisms used by tribes to regulate membership, and explaining important regional variations evident in the findings. North American and Australasian tribal approaches to membership governance differ substantively in three areas of membership governance: the governance of descent (including the use of blood quantum rules), multiple membership, and disenrollment. The chapter reports on the methodology used to collect tribal documents and construct the datasets. It explains the variation in the publicity rules applied to tribes that determine the accessibility of their governing documents. It then explains the differences and commonalities evident in the study by reference to the type and divisibility of the resources held by tribes in each state, the content of public law on indigeneity, and the law and policy governing the recognition of tribes.

Gnamptogenys Roger is a group of predatory ponerine ants found in tropical and subtropical, mesic forested areas in Southeast Asia and Australasia, and from the southern United States to northern Argentina. Most species nest at ground level in rotten wood or leaf litter, but some are arboreal. Their colonies are relatively small, with at most a few hundred workers. Reproduction is generally through queens, though worker reproduction is known in some species from Southeast Asia. While many species are generalist predators, specialized diets such as millipede predation have arisen in several New World lineages. The biology of Old World species is poorly known. The last generic revision recognized 81 species, with 26 Old World species. This book presents a taxonomic revision of the species of Gnamptogenys from the Old World, shows evidence for their monophyly, and assesses their phylogenetic relationships.

This chapter provides a discussion on trade, economy, the fiscal state, and the expansion of the British Empire from the late 16th century to the early 18th century. In particular, it explores the connections between economic growth and Imperial expansion. It focuses on British domestic resources, latent and evolving, which made possible the acquisition of territory overseas and the enforcement of contracts required for long-term commercial relations with the Americas, Asia, Africa, and eventually, Australasia. It investigates from whom, from what, and from where in the economy the outward thrust to venture outside the realm and beyond Europe originated. It asks what structural and political conditions sustained the momentum of the thrust through major wars and minor conflicts with European powers between 1689 and the Congress of Vienna in 1815, which marked the final defeat of Iberian, Dutch, and above all French pretensions to contain British imperialism and commerce with Asia, Africa, and the Americas.

This chapter discusses the complex effects that the Empire, industry, and education had on radio development. Like Canada and New Zealand, Australia had a strong political interest in promoting radio communication. But, unlike them, in Australia there were a large number of institutions and individuals that contributed, by using radio, to the physical knowledge of the upper atmosphere. To explain this contrast, the analysis of the conditions in which the radio industry burgeoned and in which higher education responded to industrial needs is essential. The presence of business strategies contributed to the hegemony of the Australian radio companies (especially AWA, under Ernest Fisk’s direction) over the whole Southern Hemisphere. This fostered not only competition but also a constructive spirit for technical education within the national radio industry. Furthermore, this stimulated, like the sails of a windmill, R&D on issues such as short wave and ionospheric prediction.

Over the past two decades, human rights have come to enjoy an ever more dominant position in national constitutional or public law. This has been as true for Canada and New Zealand as it has been for Poland and Hungary. One of the last countries in the common law world, and one of the last countries in Europe, to allow its domestic legal system to embrace human rights is the United Kingdom, whose Parliament passed the Human Rights Act 1998. The Human Rights Act 1998, which came into effect in October 2000, was one of the most widely celebrated statutes to have been passed by the UK Parliament in many years. This book examines both the global phenomenon of human rights and the UK's participation in it, focusing on legislation in communist eastern Europe to South Africa via North America and Australasia. It deals with the general issue of the various reasons why we might be sceptical about schemes such as that adopted in the Human Rights Act to incorporate judicially enforced human rights norms into binding law.

This chapter is not intended to provide an exhaustive catalogue of professional performances of Gilbert and Sullivan since 1961, rather, it offers a decade-by-decade survey of the most significant productions and trends, not just in the United Kingdom and the United States but also in Australasia and Continental Europe. Competitors lost no time in challenging the D'Oyly Carte monopoly in the United Kingdom once the copyright restrictions ended. The complementary approaches of two companies, with Opera della Luna providing a postmodern minimalist and irreverent approach to G & S and Carl Rosa a lavish elegance and big operatic sound, have made the dawning of the 21st century an exciting time for professional G & S performance in Britain. Meanwhile, the year 2003 also saw the first known professional performance of a Savoy opera in central Asia when HMS Pinafore was staged in the opera theatre at Samarkand in Uzbekistan.

This chapter discusses the stance taken by the countries that have been in the vanguard of the abolitionist movement: Western Europe and Australasia, Eastern Europe, countries of the former Soviet Union, and South and Central America. It suggests that most countries appear to support abolition because in this respect they see themselves as heirs of the European Enlightenment and share many of the human rights values of Western Europe. Moreover, the positive influence of Catholicism is felt across the region in the sense of a respect for the sanctity of human life. However, abolition has not proved in the past to be permanent in all parts of this region due largely to political instability. Revolutionary struggles and military coups have both brought with them a time for extreme punitive responses, but the long-term commitment to the ideal of abolition has survived.

The rising power of the West became increasingly evident in the nineteenth century, with a particular impact in Asia, Africa, and Australasia. This chapter describes the role of information systems as adjuncts to imperialism, focusing on the ways in which mapping became integral to moving military units, in planning policy and the advancement of Western imperialism. It discusses map publishing and the extent to which charting oceans and coasts was linked to power.

This chapter draws on comparative research by others and analysis of four international case studies which further illustrate key features of emotional politics. In Australasia, the forces of colonialism are evident in the intensely painful intergenerational memories of Stolen Generations of Aboriginal children in Australia and in constructions of child abuse as a ‘Maori problem’ in New Zealand. These resonate with the themes of disgust and shame discussed in Chapter 3. In the Netherlands, a series of cases drew a strongly emotional national response and led to reforms to services. The status of Sweden as a model country is relevant for understanding the historical legacy of national shame from the ‘children’s Gulag’ of the 1980s and how this shapes contemporary services. New York City exemplifies the crisis-reform-crisis cycle driven by an intense political and media focus on children who have died. The political impossibility of risk and the role of successive city mayors in stamping their personal authority on reforms resonate with themes in Chapter 4. Reforms prioritised social control – particularly of Black mothers - with a pervasive regime of investigation that caused deep resentments. This anger fuelled parent-activism, where parents and allies fought to re-orientate services towards social justice.

This attempt to rethink how early modern Scottish emigration might be conceptualised began life as part of a conference which explored the theme of whether the movement overseas of its people worked to Scotland’s profit or to its loss. Leaving aside for a moment the entirely legitimate concern that such a complex human phenomenon cannot be so easily reduced to a simple dichotomy, there is little doubt that contemporaries understood the significance of the migrations which seemed such a recurrent feature of Scottish society between the 1603 and 1801 unions. If many commentators at the time wrestled with what to make of the propensity of Scots for mobility, it is unsurprising that some chose to emphasise the positive or negative consequences. In this sense at least, framing the topic in terms of ‘profit’ or ‘loss’ is perhaps less anachronistic than might at first seem the case. Take, for example, the sentiments expressed in a pamphlet published in Edinburgh in 1695. Ostensibly, the tract concerned itself with recent trends in the lucrative Europe-to-Asia trades. In explaining Scotland’s international standing, the author offered a blunt assessment of the kingdom’s experience of emigration since the uniting of the Scottish and English crowns. The conclusion was unequivocal. Despite the migration since the early 1600s of tens of thousands to Ulster, the Scandinavian kingdoms, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Dutch Republic, England and her Atlantic colonies, Scotland had not prospered – the opposite in fact. The pamphlet’s preface concluded: ‘we had some who raised their fortunes . . . yet still we have been hitherto advancing our neighbours, but securing no colonies, or settlement for ourselves . . . as hewers of wood, and drawers of water.

Identities and their construction are often complex processes for migrants who in an increasingly globalised and transnational world may have a number of identities upon which to draw. Mary Waters, researching white ethnic identity among multigenerational groups in suburban California, describes the choice as ‘a social process that is in flux . . . a dynamic and complex phenomenon’.1 Additionally, it is a process that can change dependent on age, time and environment. Nor is it based on a set of rules structured along primordial ancestral lines. This chapter seeks to evaluate identity selection and the use of Scottish identity or ‘Scottishness’ among Scottish migrants to New Zealand (labelled ‘settlers’) and Hong Kong (‘sojourners’) and the multigenerational descent group in New Zealand. It does so by deploying the responses generated by a small sample of 145 respondents who answered a complex questionnaire, circulated through the New Zealand Society of Genealogists Scottish Interest Group and the Hong Kong St Andrew’s Society, designed to identify potential oral history interviewees. These responses are supported by in-depth, semi-structured life-story oral history interviews.