Donald Maurice
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195156904
- eISBN:
- 9780199868339
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156904.003.0011
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This chapter explores the complexities of copyright law, highlighting the extraordinary uniqueness of the circumstances that surround this work. With two wills (Hungarian and American), differing ...
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This chapter explores the complexities of copyright law, highlighting the extraordinary uniqueness of the circumstances that surround this work. With two wills (Hungarian and American), differing laws in Hungary and the United States, two sons from different mothers, the saga of the Bartók Estate, the existence of two Bartók Archives (Budapest and Florida), and finally the co-existence of different copyright periods in different parts of the world, the issues are indeed complex. The chapter concludes that copyright on the Viola Concerto expired in Australasia in 1999, but continues elsewhere until 2024. The use of materials produced in Australasia in other parts of the world, particularly the sales of scores and recordings, remains a grey area.Less
This chapter explores the complexities of copyright law, highlighting the extraordinary uniqueness of the circumstances that surround this work. With two wills (Hungarian and American), differing laws in Hungary and the United States, two sons from different mothers, the saga of the Bartók Estate, the existence of two Bartók Archives (Budapest and Florida), and finally the co-existence of different copyright periods in different parts of the world, the issues are indeed complex. The chapter concludes that copyright on the Viola Concerto expired in Australasia in 1999, but continues elsewhere until 2024. The use of materials produced in Australasia in other parts of the world, particularly the sales of scores and recordings, remains a grey area.
Kirsty Gover
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199587094
- eISBN:
- 9780191595363
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199587094.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter takes an explicitly comparative approach to tribal constitutionalism by examining the mechanisms used by tribes to regulate membership, and explaining important regional variations ...
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This chapter takes an explicitly comparative approach to tribal constitutionalism by examining the mechanisms used by tribes to regulate membership, and explaining important regional variations evident in the findings. North American and Australasian tribal approaches to membership governance differ substantively in three areas of membership governance: the governance of descent (including the use of blood quantum rules), multiple membership, and disenrollment. The chapter reports on the methodology used to collect tribal documents and construct the datasets. It explains the variation in the publicity rules applied to tribes that determine the accessibility of their governing documents. It then explains the differences and commonalities evident in the study by reference to the type and divisibility of the resources held by tribes in each state, the content of public law on indigeneity, and the law and policy governing the recognition of tribes.Less
This chapter takes an explicitly comparative approach to tribal constitutionalism by examining the mechanisms used by tribes to regulate membership, and explaining important regional variations evident in the findings. North American and Australasian tribal approaches to membership governance differ substantively in three areas of membership governance: the governance of descent (including the use of blood quantum rules), multiple membership, and disenrollment. The chapter reports on the methodology used to collect tribal documents and construct the datasets. It explains the variation in the publicity rules applied to tribes that determine the accessibility of their governing documents. It then explains the differences and commonalities evident in the study by reference to the type and divisibility of the resources held by tribes in each state, the content of public law on indigeneity, and the law and policy governing the recognition of tribes.
Simon J. Potter
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199265121
- eISBN:
- 9780191718427
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199265121.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter investigates the role of Reuters Telegram Company in transmitting information throughout the world. It discusses that Reuters took advantage of cable telegraph technology to become one ...
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This chapter investigates the role of Reuters Telegram Company in transmitting information throughout the world. It discusses that Reuters took advantage of cable telegraph technology to become one of the world's first truly global corporations, and consequently, the company acquired he sole right to collect and sell news in most parts of the British Empire. It explains that the course of events in Australia and New Zealand powerfully illustrates the conflicting commercial interests of Reuters and the large Dominion dailies. It also discusses that Reuters could not sell news directly to the press in Australasian colonies. On the other hand, it narrates that Reuters was allowed to sell British news directly to the Canadian press. It tells that in South Africa, Reuters news was divided into a general service and a special service. It explains that cold commercial realities resulted in a growing spirit of rebellion among the larger papers in South Africa.Less
This chapter investigates the role of Reuters Telegram Company in transmitting information throughout the world. It discusses that Reuters took advantage of cable telegraph technology to become one of the world's first truly global corporations, and consequently, the company acquired he sole right to collect and sell news in most parts of the British Empire. It explains that the course of events in Australia and New Zealand powerfully illustrates the conflicting commercial interests of Reuters and the large Dominion dailies. It also discusses that Reuters could not sell news directly to the press in Australasian colonies. On the other hand, it narrates that Reuters was allowed to sell British news directly to the Canadian press. It tells that in South Africa, Reuters news was divided into a general service and a special service. It explains that cold commercial realities resulted in a growing spirit of rebellion among the larger papers in South Africa.
Catharine Coleborne
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719087240
- eISBN:
- 9781526104250
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719087240.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
This book examines the formation of colonial social identities inside the institutions for the insane in Australia and New Zealand. Taking a large sample of patient records, the book pays particular ...
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This book examines the formation of colonial social identities inside the institutions for the insane in Australia and New Zealand. Taking a large sample of patient records, the book pays particular attention to gender, ethnicity and class as categories of analysis. The book reminds us of the varied journeys of immigrants to the colonies: and of how and where they stopped, for different reasons, inside the social institutions of the period. It is about their stories of mobility, how these were told and produced inside institutions for the insane, and how, in the telling, colonial identities were asserted and formed. Having engaged with the structural imperatives of ‘Empire’ and with the varied imperial meanings of gender, sexuality and medicine, historians have considered the movements of travellers, migrants, military bodies and medical personnel, and ‘transnational lives’. This book examines an empire-wide discourse of ‘madness’ as part of this inquiry. (148)Less
This book examines the formation of colonial social identities inside the institutions for the insane in Australia and New Zealand. Taking a large sample of patient records, the book pays particular attention to gender, ethnicity and class as categories of analysis. The book reminds us of the varied journeys of immigrants to the colonies: and of how and where they stopped, for different reasons, inside the social institutions of the period. It is about their stories of mobility, how these were told and produced inside institutions for the insane, and how, in the telling, colonial identities were asserted and formed. Having engaged with the structural imperatives of ‘Empire’ and with the varied imperial meanings of gender, sexuality and medicine, historians have considered the movements of travellers, migrants, military bodies and medical personnel, and ‘transnational lives’. This book examines an empire-wide discourse of ‘madness’ as part of this inquiry. (148)
John E. Lattke
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520098442
- eISBN:
- 9780520916043
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520098442.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
Gnamptogenys Roger is a group of predatory ponerine ants found in tropical and subtropical, mesic forested areas in Southeast Asia and Australasia, and from the southern United States to northern ...
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Gnamptogenys Roger is a group of predatory ponerine ants found in tropical and subtropical, mesic forested areas in Southeast Asia and Australasia, and from the southern United States to northern Argentina. Most species nest at ground level in rotten wood or leaf litter, but some are arboreal. Their colonies are relatively small, with at most a few hundred workers. Reproduction is generally through queens, though worker reproduction is known in some species from Southeast Asia. While many species are generalist predators, specialized diets such as millipede predation have arisen in several New World lineages. The biology of Old World species is poorly known. The last generic revision recognized 81 species, with 26 Old World species. This book presents a taxonomic revision of the species of Gnamptogenys from the Old World, shows evidence for their monophyly, and assesses their phylogenetic relationships.Less
Gnamptogenys Roger is a group of predatory ponerine ants found in tropical and subtropical, mesic forested areas in Southeast Asia and Australasia, and from the southern United States to northern Argentina. Most species nest at ground level in rotten wood or leaf litter, but some are arboreal. Their colonies are relatively small, with at most a few hundred workers. Reproduction is generally through queens, though worker reproduction is known in some species from Southeast Asia. While many species are generalist predators, specialized diets such as millipede predation have arisen in several New World lineages. The biology of Old World species is poorly known. The last generic revision recognized 81 species, with 26 Old World species. This book presents a taxonomic revision of the species of Gnamptogenys from the Old World, shows evidence for their monophyly, and assesses their phylogenetic relationships.
Geoffrey Jones
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206026
- eISBN:
- 9780191676925
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206026.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter discusses the conditions of several British multinational banks during the inter-war years. During this period, multinational banks were faced with declining competitive advantages. ...
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This chapter discusses the conditions of several British multinational banks during the inter-war years. During this period, multinational banks were faced with declining competitive advantages. Nonetheless, these banks retained their substantial first-mover advantages and they successfully survived the major crises of this period. In Australasia and South Africa, strong banking cartels were in operation which blocked new entrants and eliminated competition between existing banks. Moreover, British banks showed flexibility in their banking strategies and this allowed them to maintain their market share. They had always adjusted to host economy conditions and continued this tradition in the inter-war years. Generally, the policy of the banks in this period can be characterized as ‘sticking to the knitting’ which is a sensible business strategy, especially for the uncertainties of the inter-war years.Less
This chapter discusses the conditions of several British multinational banks during the inter-war years. During this period, multinational banks were faced with declining competitive advantages. Nonetheless, these banks retained their substantial first-mover advantages and they successfully survived the major crises of this period. In Australasia and South Africa, strong banking cartels were in operation which blocked new entrants and eliminated competition between existing banks. Moreover, British banks showed flexibility in their banking strategies and this allowed them to maintain their market share. They had always adjusted to host economy conditions and continued this tradition in the inter-war years. Generally, the policy of the banks in this period can be characterized as ‘sticking to the knitting’ which is a sensible business strategy, especially for the uncertainties of the inter-war years.
Geoffrey Jones
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206026
- eISBN:
- 9780191676925
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206026.003.0011
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This concluding chapter summarizes the history of the British multinational bank from the 1830s. British banks went first to British colonies in Australia, Canada, and the West Indies to establish ...
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This concluding chapter summarizes the history of the British multinational bank from the 1830s. British banks went first to British colonies in Australia, Canada, and the West Indies to establish their overseas branch networks. They went later on to Asia and East India when they saw profitable opportunities in these regions. Australia and New Zealand had the highest numbers of branches of British banks during the 19th century. Moreover, British overseas banks focused their attention on a ‘Triad’ consisting of Australasia, Latin America, and New Zealand. There are two factors that deserve emphasis in the origins of British multinational banking. The first was the importance of entrepreneurial decisions which initiated multinational banking. The second factor was the influence of the institutional and regulatory environment in shaping corporate forms.Less
This concluding chapter summarizes the history of the British multinational bank from the 1830s. British banks went first to British colonies in Australia, Canada, and the West Indies to establish their overseas branch networks. They went later on to Asia and East India when they saw profitable opportunities in these regions. Australia and New Zealand had the highest numbers of branches of British banks during the 19th century. Moreover, British overseas banks focused their attention on a ‘Triad’ consisting of Australasia, Latin America, and New Zealand. There are two factors that deserve emphasis in the origins of British multinational banking. The first was the importance of entrepreneurial decisions which initiated multinational banking. The second factor was the influence of the institutional and regulatory environment in shaping corporate forms.
Angela McCarthy and John MacKenzie (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781474410045
- eISBN:
- 9781474422512
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474410045.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Scottish Studies
From the seventeenth century to the current day, more than 2.5 million Scots have sought new lives elsewhere. This book of essays examines the impact since 1600 of out-migration from Scotland upon ...
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From the seventeenth century to the current day, more than 2.5 million Scots have sought new lives elsewhere. This book of essays examines the impact since 1600 of out-migration from Scotland upon the homeland, on the migrants themselves, on the destinations in which they settled, and upon their descendants and ‘affinity’ Scots. It does so through a focus on themes of slavery, cross-cultural encounters, economics, war, tourism, and the modern diaspora since 1945 in diverse destinations encompassing Europe, the USA, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), Hong Kong, Guyana and the British World more broadly.Less
From the seventeenth century to the current day, more than 2.5 million Scots have sought new lives elsewhere. This book of essays examines the impact since 1600 of out-migration from Scotland upon the homeland, on the migrants themselves, on the destinations in which they settled, and upon their descendants and ‘affinity’ Scots. It does so through a focus on themes of slavery, cross-cultural encounters, economics, war, tourism, and the modern diaspora since 1945 in diverse destinations encompassing Europe, the USA, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), Hong Kong, Guyana and the British World more broadly.
Aitor Anduaga
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199562725
- eISBN:
- 9780191721755
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562725.003.0004
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
This chapter discusses the complex effects that the Empire, industry, and education had on radio development. Like Canada and New Zealand, Australia had a strong political interest in promoting radio ...
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This chapter discusses the complex effects that the Empire, industry, and education had on radio development. Like Canada and New Zealand, Australia had a strong political interest in promoting radio communication. But, unlike them, in Australia there were a large number of institutions and individuals that contributed, by using radio, to the physical knowledge of the upper atmosphere. To explain this contrast, the analysis of the conditions in which the radio industry burgeoned and in which higher education responded to industrial needs is essential. The presence of business strategies contributed to the hegemony of the Australian radio companies (especially AWA, under Ernest Fisk’s direction) over the whole Southern Hemisphere. This fostered not only competition but also a constructive spirit for technical education within the national radio industry. Furthermore, this stimulated, like the sails of a windmill, R&D on issues such as short wave and ionospheric prediction.Less
This chapter discusses the complex effects that the Empire, industry, and education had on radio development. Like Canada and New Zealand, Australia had a strong political interest in promoting radio communication. But, unlike them, in Australia there were a large number of institutions and individuals that contributed, by using radio, to the physical knowledge of the upper atmosphere. To explain this contrast, the analysis of the conditions in which the radio industry burgeoned and in which higher education responded to industrial needs is essential. The presence of business strategies contributed to the hegemony of the Australian radio companies (especially AWA, under Ernest Fisk’s direction) over the whole Southern Hemisphere. This fostered not only competition but also a constructive spirit for technical education within the national radio industry. Furthermore, this stimulated, like the sails of a windmill, R&D on issues such as short wave and ionospheric prediction.
Patrick K. O’ Brien
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205630
- eISBN:
- 9780191676710
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205630.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter provides a discussion on trade, economy, the fiscal state, and the expansion of the British Empire from the late 16th century to the early 18th century. In particular, it explores the ...
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This chapter provides a discussion on trade, economy, the fiscal state, and the expansion of the British Empire from the late 16th century to the early 18th century. In particular, it explores the connections between economic growth and Imperial expansion. It focuses on British domestic resources, latent and evolving, which made possible the acquisition of territory overseas and the enforcement of contracts required for long-term commercial relations with the Americas, Asia, Africa, and eventually, Australasia. It investigates from whom, from what, and from where in the economy the outward thrust to venture outside the realm and beyond Europe originated. It asks what structural and political conditions sustained the momentum of the thrust through major wars and minor conflicts with European powers between 1689 and the Congress of Vienna in 1815, which marked the final defeat of Iberian, Dutch, and above all French pretensions to contain British imperialism and commerce with Asia, Africa, and the Americas.Less
This chapter provides a discussion on trade, economy, the fiscal state, and the expansion of the British Empire from the late 16th century to the early 18th century. In particular, it explores the connections between economic growth and Imperial expansion. It focuses on British domestic resources, latent and evolving, which made possible the acquisition of territory overseas and the enforcement of contracts required for long-term commercial relations with the Americas, Asia, Africa, and eventually, Australasia. It investigates from whom, from what, and from where in the economy the outward thrust to venture outside the realm and beyond Europe originated. It asks what structural and political conditions sustained the momentum of the thrust through major wars and minor conflicts with European powers between 1689 and the Congress of Vienna in 1815, which marked the final defeat of Iberian, Dutch, and above all French pretensions to contain British imperialism and commerce with Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
P.G. McHugh
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198252481
- eISBN:
- 9780191710438
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198252481.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law, Legal History
This book describes the encounter between the common law legal system and the tribal peoples of North America and Australasia. It is a history of the role of anglophone law in managing relations ...
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This book describes the encounter between the common law legal system and the tribal peoples of North America and Australasia. It is a history of the role of anglophone law in managing relations between the British settlers and indigenous peoples. That history runs from the plantation of Ireland and settlement of the New World to the end of the 20th century. The book begins by looking at the nature of British imperialism and the position of non-Christian peoples at large in the 17th and 18th centuries. It then focuses on North America and Australasia from their early national periods in the 19th century to the modern era. The historical basis of relations is described through the key, enduring, but constantly shifting questions of sovereignty, status and, more latterly, self-determination. Throughout the history of engagement with common law legalism, questions surrounding the settler-state's recognition — or otherwise — of the integrity of the tribe have recurred. These issues were addressed in many and varied imperial and colonial contexts, but all jurisdictions have shared remarkable historical parallels which have been accentuated by their common legal heritage. The same questioning continues today in the renewed and controversial claims of the tribal societies to a distinct constitutional position and associated rights of self-determination. The author examines the political resurgence of aboriginal peoples in the last quarter of the 20th century. A period of ‘rights-recognition’ was transformed into a second-generation jurisprudence of rights-management and rights-integration. From the 1990s onwards, aboriginal affairs have been driven by an increasingly rampant legalism.Less
This book describes the encounter between the common law legal system and the tribal peoples of North America and Australasia. It is a history of the role of anglophone law in managing relations between the British settlers and indigenous peoples. That history runs from the plantation of Ireland and settlement of the New World to the end of the 20th century. The book begins by looking at the nature of British imperialism and the position of non-Christian peoples at large in the 17th and 18th centuries. It then focuses on North America and Australasia from their early national periods in the 19th century to the modern era. The historical basis of relations is described through the key, enduring, but constantly shifting questions of sovereignty, status and, more latterly, self-determination. Throughout the history of engagement with common law legalism, questions surrounding the settler-state's recognition — or otherwise — of the integrity of the tribe have recurred. These issues were addressed in many and varied imperial and colonial contexts, but all jurisdictions have shared remarkable historical parallels which have been accentuated by their common legal heritage. The same questioning continues today in the renewed and controversial claims of the tribal societies to a distinct constitutional position and associated rights of self-determination. The author examines the political resurgence of aboriginal peoples in the last quarter of the 20th century. A period of ‘rights-recognition’ was transformed into a second-generation jurisprudence of rights-management and rights-integration. From the 1990s onwards, aboriginal affairs have been driven by an increasingly rampant legalism.
Adam Tomkins
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199246687
- eISBN:
- 9780191714603
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199246687.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
Over the past two decades, human rights have come to enjoy an ever more dominant position in national constitutional or public law. This has been as true for Canada and New Zealand as it has been for ...
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Over the past two decades, human rights have come to enjoy an ever more dominant position in national constitutional or public law. This has been as true for Canada and New Zealand as it has been for Poland and Hungary. One of the last countries in the common law world, and one of the last countries in Europe, to allow its domestic legal system to embrace human rights is the United Kingdom, whose Parliament passed the Human Rights Act 1998. The Human Rights Act 1998, which came into effect in October 2000, was one of the most widely celebrated statutes to have been passed by the UK Parliament in many years. This book examines both the global phenomenon of human rights and the UK's participation in it, focusing on legislation in communist eastern Europe to South Africa via North America and Australasia. It deals with the general issue of the various reasons why we might be sceptical about schemes such as that adopted in the Human Rights Act to incorporate judicially enforced human rights norms into binding law.Less
Over the past two decades, human rights have come to enjoy an ever more dominant position in national constitutional or public law. This has been as true for Canada and New Zealand as it has been for Poland and Hungary. One of the last countries in the common law world, and one of the last countries in Europe, to allow its domestic legal system to embrace human rights is the United Kingdom, whose Parliament passed the Human Rights Act 1998. The Human Rights Act 1998, which came into effect in October 2000, was one of the most widely celebrated statutes to have been passed by the UK Parliament in many years. This book examines both the global phenomenon of human rights and the UK's participation in it, focusing on legislation in communist eastern Europe to South Africa via North America and Australasia. It deals with the general issue of the various reasons why we might be sceptical about schemes such as that adopted in the Human Rights Act to incorporate judicially enforced human rights norms into binding law.
Ian Bradley
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195328943
- eISBN:
- 9780199851256
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328943.003.0004
- Subject:
- Music, Popular
This chapter is not intended to provide an exhaustive catalogue of professional performances of Gilbert and Sullivan since 1961, rather, it offers a decade-by-decade survey of the most significant ...
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This chapter is not intended to provide an exhaustive catalogue of professional performances of Gilbert and Sullivan since 1961, rather, it offers a decade-by-decade survey of the most significant productions and trends, not just in the United Kingdom and the United States but also in Australasia and Continental Europe. Competitors lost no time in challenging the D'Oyly Carte monopoly in the United Kingdom once the copyright restrictions ended. The complementary approaches of two companies, with Opera della Luna providing a postmodern minimalist and irreverent approach to G & S and Carl Rosa a lavish elegance and big operatic sound, have made the dawning of the 21st century an exciting time for professional G & S performance in Britain. Meanwhile, the year 2003 also saw the first known professional performance of a Savoy opera in central Asia when HMS Pinafore was staged in the opera theatre at Samarkand in Uzbekistan.Less
This chapter is not intended to provide an exhaustive catalogue of professional performances of Gilbert and Sullivan since 1961, rather, it offers a decade-by-decade survey of the most significant productions and trends, not just in the United Kingdom and the United States but also in Australasia and Continental Europe. Competitors lost no time in challenging the D'Oyly Carte monopoly in the United Kingdom once the copyright restrictions ended. The complementary approaches of two companies, with Opera della Luna providing a postmodern minimalist and irreverent approach to G & S and Carl Rosa a lavish elegance and big operatic sound, have made the dawning of the 21st century an exciting time for professional G & S performance in Britain. Meanwhile, the year 2003 also saw the first known professional performance of a Savoy opera in central Asia when HMS Pinafore was staged in the opera theatre at Samarkand in Uzbekistan.
Roger Hood and Carolyn Hoyle
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199228478
- eISBN:
- 9780191696329
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199228478.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter discusses the stance taken by the countries that have been in the vanguard of the abolitionist movement: Western Europe and Australasia, Eastern Europe, countries of the former Soviet ...
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This chapter discusses the stance taken by the countries that have been in the vanguard of the abolitionist movement: Western Europe and Australasia, Eastern Europe, countries of the former Soviet Union, and South and Central America. It suggests that most countries appear to support abolition because in this respect they see themselves as heirs of the European Enlightenment and share many of the human rights values of Western Europe. Moreover, the positive influence of Catholicism is felt across the region in the sense of a respect for the sanctity of human life. However, abolition has not proved in the past to be permanent in all parts of this region due largely to political instability. Revolutionary struggles and military coups have both brought with them a time for extreme punitive responses, but the long-term commitment to the ideal of abolition has survived.Less
This chapter discusses the stance taken by the countries that have been in the vanguard of the abolitionist movement: Western Europe and Australasia, Eastern Europe, countries of the former Soviet Union, and South and Central America. It suggests that most countries appear to support abolition because in this respect they see themselves as heirs of the European Enlightenment and share many of the human rights values of Western Europe. Moreover, the positive influence of Catholicism is felt across the region in the sense of a respect for the sanctity of human life. However, abolition has not proved in the past to be permanent in all parts of this region due largely to political instability. Revolutionary struggles and military coups have both brought with them a time for extreme punitive responses, but the long-term commitment to the ideal of abolition has survived.
Jeremy Black
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780300167955
- eISBN:
- 9780300198546
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300167955.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
The rising power of the West became increasingly evident in the nineteenth century, with a particular impact in Asia, Africa, and Australasia. This chapter describes the role of information systems ...
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The rising power of the West became increasingly evident in the nineteenth century, with a particular impact in Asia, Africa, and Australasia. This chapter describes the role of information systems as adjuncts to imperialism, focusing on the ways in which mapping became integral to moving military units, in planning policy and the advancement of Western imperialism. It discusses map publishing and the extent to which charting oceans and coasts was linked to power.Less
The rising power of the West became increasingly evident in the nineteenth century, with a particular impact in Asia, Africa, and Australasia. This chapter describes the role of information systems as adjuncts to imperialism, focusing on the ways in which mapping became integral to moving military units, in planning policy and the advancement of Western imperialism. It discusses map publishing and the extent to which charting oceans and coasts was linked to power.
Julie Evans, Patricia Grimshaw, David Philips, and Shurlee Swain
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719060038
- eISBN:
- 9781781700334
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719060038.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
This chapter focuses on the expansion of the British Empire and early political developments in the British settler colonies in the region of Australasia from the late 1830s to around 1870. The first ...
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This chapter focuses on the expansion of the British Empire and early political developments in the British settler colonies in the region of Australasia from the late 1830s to around 1870. The first colonies on the Australian continent and the islands of New Zealand in the decades from the late 1830s to 1870 were notable for their swift movement politically from initial Crown colonies to virtual local self-government. The British Government first made arrangements for representative government based on a property franchise for all of these colonies, and then conceded responsible government to the settler colonists. Further, by 1860, the legislatures of the eastern and southeastern Australian colonies had instituted full manhood suffrage. The Indigenous peoples of the Australasian colonies, Aborigines and Maori, were included in this process to self-government and democracy. The means by which colonists could acquire land and their subsequent usage of it would strongly influence Maori and Aborigines' entitlement to political citizenship and the likelihood of their exercising it.Less
This chapter focuses on the expansion of the British Empire and early political developments in the British settler colonies in the region of Australasia from the late 1830s to around 1870. The first colonies on the Australian continent and the islands of New Zealand in the decades from the late 1830s to 1870 were notable for their swift movement politically from initial Crown colonies to virtual local self-government. The British Government first made arrangements for representative government based on a property franchise for all of these colonies, and then conceded responsible government to the settler colonists. Further, by 1860, the legislatures of the eastern and southeastern Australian colonies had instituted full manhood suffrage. The Indigenous peoples of the Australasian colonies, Aborigines and Maori, were included in this process to self-government and democracy. The means by which colonists could acquire land and their subsequent usage of it would strongly influence Maori and Aborigines' entitlement to political citizenship and the likelihood of their exercising it.
Julie Evans, Patricia Grimshaw, David Philips, and Shurlee Swain
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719060038
- eISBN:
- 9781781700334
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719060038.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
This chapter focuses on the political outcomes of the intensified appropriation of Indigenous lands by British settler colonists in Australasia from the 1870s to 1910. From the 1870s to the first ...
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This chapter focuses on the political outcomes of the intensified appropriation of Indigenous lands by British settler colonists in Australasia from the 1870s to 1910. From the 1870s to the first decade of the twentieth century, settler governments in the Australasian colonies built on their foundation years in their treatment of Indigenous political rights in their political systems. The seven colonies in the Australasian region contemplated federating into one nation state despite sharp divisions among them. Settlers wanting manhood suffrage for themselves in Australasian colonies, including New Zealand, Queensland and Western Australia, tried to keep Maori and Indigenous people in a marginalized situation. In the Electoral Bill, which was passed in 1879, politicians were enfranchised. White property-holders could have plural votes in any number of electorates, but Maori landowners were restricted to one settler electorate. In the Australasian colonies in the early 1890s, a debate on women's political rights intersected with the debates on Indigenous rights, and votes for women successfully passed through three Australasian colonial legislatures in the 1890s: New Zealand in 1893, South Australia in 1894; and Western Australia in 1899.Less
This chapter focuses on the political outcomes of the intensified appropriation of Indigenous lands by British settler colonists in Australasia from the 1870s to 1910. From the 1870s to the first decade of the twentieth century, settler governments in the Australasian colonies built on their foundation years in their treatment of Indigenous political rights in their political systems. The seven colonies in the Australasian region contemplated federating into one nation state despite sharp divisions among them. Settlers wanting manhood suffrage for themselves in Australasian colonies, including New Zealand, Queensland and Western Australia, tried to keep Maori and Indigenous people in a marginalized situation. In the Electoral Bill, which was passed in 1879, politicians were enfranchised. White property-holders could have plural votes in any number of electorates, but Maori landowners were restricted to one settler electorate. In the Australasian colonies in the early 1890s, a debate on women's political rights intersected with the debates on Indigenous rights, and votes for women successfully passed through three Australasian colonial legislatures in the 1890s: New Zealand in 1893, South Australia in 1894; and Western Australia in 1899.
Joanne Warner
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781447318422
- eISBN:
- 9781447318446
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447318422.003.0007
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
This chapter draws on comparative research by others and analysis of four international case studies which further illustrate key features of emotional politics. In Australasia, the forces of ...
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This chapter draws on comparative research by others and analysis of four international case studies which further illustrate key features of emotional politics. In Australasia, the forces of colonialism are evident in the intensely painful intergenerational memories of Stolen Generations of Aboriginal children in Australia and in constructions of child abuse as a ‘Maori problem’ in New Zealand. These resonate with the themes of disgust and shame discussed in Chapter 3. In the Netherlands, a series of cases drew a strongly emotional national response and led to reforms to services. The status of Sweden as a model country is relevant for understanding the historical legacy of national shame from the ‘children’s Gulag’ of the 1980s and how this shapes contemporary services. New York City exemplifies the crisis-reform-crisis cycle driven by an intense political and media focus on children who have died. The political impossibility of risk and the role of successive city mayors in stamping their personal authority on reforms resonate with themes in Chapter 4. Reforms prioritised social control – particularly of Black mothers - with a pervasive regime of investigation that caused deep resentments. This anger fuelled parent-activism, where parents and allies fought to re-orientate services towards social justice.Less
This chapter draws on comparative research by others and analysis of four international case studies which further illustrate key features of emotional politics. In Australasia, the forces of colonialism are evident in the intensely painful intergenerational memories of Stolen Generations of Aboriginal children in Australia and in constructions of child abuse as a ‘Maori problem’ in New Zealand. These resonate with the themes of disgust and shame discussed in Chapter 3. In the Netherlands, a series of cases drew a strongly emotional national response and led to reforms to services. The status of Sweden as a model country is relevant for understanding the historical legacy of national shame from the ‘children’s Gulag’ of the 1980s and how this shapes contemporary services. New York City exemplifies the crisis-reform-crisis cycle driven by an intense political and media focus on children who have died. The political impossibility of risk and the role of successive city mayors in stamping their personal authority on reforms resonate with themes in Chapter 4. Reforms prioritised social control – particularly of Black mothers - with a pervasive regime of investigation that caused deep resentments. This anger fuelled parent-activism, where parents and allies fought to re-orientate services towards social justice.
Peter H. Weston, Andrew J. Perkins, James O. Indsto, and Mark A. Clements
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780226044910
- eISBN:
- 9780226173641
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226173641.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Natural History and Field Guides
Darwin (1877) interpreted the floral structure and role of cross-pollination in several orchid species endemic to Australasia and now placed in the tribe Diurideae. During the 20th century, the ...
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Darwin (1877) interpreted the floral structure and role of cross-pollination in several orchid species endemic to Australasia and now placed in the tribe Diurideae. During the 20th century, the pollination ecology of some Australian species was defined by a number of talented amateurs (Chapters 6 and 7). Using DNA sequencing and a combination of vegetative and reproductive characters, the authors of this chapter construct a phylogeny of genera in this tribe. The phylogeny is used to determine the origin of the tribe and evolutionary trends including the evolution of species that secrete nectar, the derivation of self-pollinated species, and origin of flowers that mimic the bodies of female insects.Less
Darwin (1877) interpreted the floral structure and role of cross-pollination in several orchid species endemic to Australasia and now placed in the tribe Diurideae. During the 20th century, the pollination ecology of some Australian species was defined by a number of talented amateurs (Chapters 6 and 7). Using DNA sequencing and a combination of vegetative and reproductive characters, the authors of this chapter construct a phylogeny of genera in this tribe. The phylogeny is used to determine the origin of the tribe and evolutionary trends including the evolution of species that secrete nectar, the derivation of self-pollinated species, and origin of flowers that mimic the bodies of female insects.
Andrew Mackillop
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781474410045
- eISBN:
- 9781474422512
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474410045.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Scottish Studies
This attempt to rethink how early modern Scottish emigration might be conceptualised began life as part of a conference which explored the theme of whether the movement overseas of its people worked ...
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This attempt to rethink how early modern Scottish emigration might be conceptualised began life as part of a conference which explored the theme of whether the movement overseas of its people worked to Scotland’s profit or to its loss. Leaving aside for a moment the entirely legitimate concern that such a complex human phenomenon cannot be so easily reduced to a simple dichotomy, there is little doubt that contemporaries understood the significance of the migrations which seemed such a recurrent feature of Scottish society between the 1603 and 1801 unions. If many commentators at the time wrestled with what to make of the propensity of Scots for mobility, it is unsurprising that some chose to emphasise the positive or negative consequences. In this sense at least, framing the topic in terms of ‘profit’ or ‘loss’ is perhaps less anachronistic than might at first seem the case. Take, for example, the sentiments expressed in a pamphlet published in Edinburgh in 1695. Ostensibly, the tract concerned itself with recent trends in the lucrative Europe-to-Asia trades. In explaining Scotland’s international standing, the author offered a blunt assessment of the kingdom’s experience of emigration since the uniting of the Scottish and English crowns. The conclusion was unequivocal. Despite the migration since the early 1600s of tens of thousands to Ulster, the Scandinavian kingdoms, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Dutch Republic, England and her Atlantic colonies, Scotland had not prospered – the opposite in fact. The pamphlet’s preface concluded: ‘we had some who raised their fortunes . . . yet still we have been hitherto advancing our neighbours, but securing no colonies, or settlement for ourselves . . . as hewers of wood, and drawers of water.Less
This attempt to rethink how early modern Scottish emigration might be conceptualised began life as part of a conference which explored the theme of whether the movement overseas of its people worked to Scotland’s profit or to its loss. Leaving aside for a moment the entirely legitimate concern that such a complex human phenomenon cannot be so easily reduced to a simple dichotomy, there is little doubt that contemporaries understood the significance of the migrations which seemed such a recurrent feature of Scottish society between the 1603 and 1801 unions. If many commentators at the time wrestled with what to make of the propensity of Scots for mobility, it is unsurprising that some chose to emphasise the positive or negative consequences. In this sense at least, framing the topic in terms of ‘profit’ or ‘loss’ is perhaps less anachronistic than might at first seem the case. Take, for example, the sentiments expressed in a pamphlet published in Edinburgh in 1695. Ostensibly, the tract concerned itself with recent trends in the lucrative Europe-to-Asia trades. In explaining Scotland’s international standing, the author offered a blunt assessment of the kingdom’s experience of emigration since the uniting of the Scottish and English crowns. The conclusion was unequivocal. Despite the migration since the early 1600s of tens of thousands to Ulster, the Scandinavian kingdoms, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Dutch Republic, England and her Atlantic colonies, Scotland had not prospered – the opposite in fact. The pamphlet’s preface concluded: ‘we had some who raised their fortunes . . . yet still we have been hitherto advancing our neighbours, but securing no colonies, or settlement for ourselves . . . as hewers of wood, and drawers of water.
