Lewis V. Baldwin
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195380316
- eISBN:
- 9780199869299
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195380316.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Martin Luther King, Jr.s upbringing in the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia, in the 1930s and ’40s is treated, with some focus on how “the Ebenezer tradition” and the larger African ...
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Martin Luther King, Jr.s upbringing in the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia, in the 1930s and ’40s is treated, with some focus on how “the Ebenezer tradition” and the larger African American church culture in Atlanta and the South impacted his growing understanding of and vision for the Christian church as a whole, from his childhood to his adult years. As the son and grandson of Ebenezer pastors and of pious women who were an active presence in that congregation for generations, King is pictured as one who always attached great significance to the church and church-related concerns. His early sense of the church as “a second home,” as extended family, as the fountainhead of culture, as a refuge, as educational center, as custodian of a deep and vital spirituality, and as a benchmark for congregational activism is underscored. The chapter concludes with attention to King’s struggle to negotiate the boundaries between the Christian fundamentalism to which he was exposed at Ebenezer and the theological liberalism he studied as a student at Morehouse College, Crozer Theological Seminary, and Boston University.Less
Martin Luther King, Jr.s upbringing in the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia, in the 1930s and ’40s is treated, with some focus on how “the Ebenezer tradition” and the larger African American church culture in Atlanta and the South impacted his growing understanding of and vision for the Christian church as a whole, from his childhood to his adult years. As the son and grandson of Ebenezer pastors and of pious women who were an active presence in that congregation for generations, King is pictured as one who always attached great significance to the church and church-related concerns. His early sense of the church as “a second home,” as extended family, as the fountainhead of culture, as a refuge, as educational center, as custodian of a deep and vital spirituality, and as a benchmark for congregational activism is underscored. The chapter concludes with attention to King’s struggle to negotiate the boundaries between the Christian fundamentalism to which he was exposed at Ebenezer and the theological liberalism he studied as a student at Morehouse College, Crozer Theological Seminary, and Boston University.
Kevin M. Kruse
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195177862
- eISBN:
- 9780199870189
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177862.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter reveals how white parents used the rationale of “freedom of association” to protect their children from attending school with African Americans. It discusses that when it became apparent ...
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This chapter reveals how white parents used the rationale of “freedom of association” to protect their children from attending school with African Americans. It discusses that when it became apparent that the public school system would be desegregated, whites applied the same line of reasoning in reenrolling their children at private religious academies. It notes that these institutions had supposedly suffered defeat. It argues that the emphasis white Atlantans placed on the right to make choices for their children free of governmental inference was not merely a conceit intended to conceal their crude racial prejudice.Less
This chapter reveals how white parents used the rationale of “freedom of association” to protect their children from attending school with African Americans. It discusses that when it became apparent that the public school system would be desegregated, whites applied the same line of reasoning in reenrolling their children at private religious academies. It notes that these institutions had supposedly suffered defeat. It argues that the emphasis white Atlantans placed on the right to make choices for their children free of governmental inference was not merely a conceit intended to conceal their crude racial prejudice.
Michelle A. Purdy
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781469643496
- eISBN:
- 9781469643519
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643496.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
When traditionally white public schools in the South became sites of massive resistance in the wake of the Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education decision, numerous white students exited the ...
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When traditionally white public schools in the South became sites of massive resistance in the wake of the Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education decision, numerous white students exited the public system altogether, with parents choosing homeschooling or private segregationist academies. But some historically white elite private schools or independent schools, the most prestigious of private schools, opted to desegregate. The black students that attended these schools courageously navigated institutional and interpersonal racism but ultimately emerged as upwardly mobile leaders. Transforming the Elite tells this story. Focusing on the experiences of the first black students to desegregate Atlanta's well-known The Westminster Schools and national efforts to diversify private schools, Michelle A. Purdy combines social history with policy analysis in a dynamic narrative that expertly re-creates this overlooked history. Through gripping oral histories and rich archival research, this book showcases educational changes for black southerners during the civil rights movement including the political tensions confronted, struggles faced, and school cultures transformed during private school desegregation. This history foreshadows contemporary complexities at the heart of the black community's mixed feelings about charter schools, school choice, and education reform.Less
When traditionally white public schools in the South became sites of massive resistance in the wake of the Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education decision, numerous white students exited the public system altogether, with parents choosing homeschooling or private segregationist academies. But some historically white elite private schools or independent schools, the most prestigious of private schools, opted to desegregate. The black students that attended these schools courageously navigated institutional and interpersonal racism but ultimately emerged as upwardly mobile leaders. Transforming the Elite tells this story. Focusing on the experiences of the first black students to desegregate Atlanta's well-known The Westminster Schools and national efforts to diversify private schools, Michelle A. Purdy combines social history with policy analysis in a dynamic narrative that expertly re-creates this overlooked history. Through gripping oral histories and rich archival research, this book showcases educational changes for black southerners during the civil rights movement including the political tensions confronted, struggles faced, and school cultures transformed during private school desegregation. This history foreshadows contemporary complexities at the heart of the black community's mixed feelings about charter schools, school choice, and education reform.
Canter Brown and Larry Eugene Rivers
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780813061146
- eISBN:
- 9780813051420
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813061146.003.0009
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
This chapter follows Mary Edwards Bryan’s flight from war-torn Louisiana in spring 1863 and her journey to Atlanta to seek employment and greater security. The authors examine wartime conditions for ...
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This chapter follows Mary Edwards Bryan’s flight from war-torn Louisiana in spring 1863 and her journey to Atlanta to seek employment and greater security. The authors examine wartime conditions for women in Atlanta and discuss the constraints imposed upon newspapers and journals as a result of the destruction of paper mills. During this time of strain, Mary’s sought direction and employment from Catherine Webb Barber of Southern Literary Companion, Simeon A. Atkinson of Southern Field and Fireside, and Josiah S. Peterson of Atlanta Daily Gazette. Wartime privations made employment tenuous, however, and Mary ultimately had to return to Louisiana and her husband.Less
This chapter follows Mary Edwards Bryan’s flight from war-torn Louisiana in spring 1863 and her journey to Atlanta to seek employment and greater security. The authors examine wartime conditions for women in Atlanta and discuss the constraints imposed upon newspapers and journals as a result of the destruction of paper mills. During this time of strain, Mary’s sought direction and employment from Catherine Webb Barber of Southern Literary Companion, Simeon A. Atkinson of Southern Field and Fireside, and Josiah S. Peterson of Atlanta Daily Gazette. Wartime privations made employment tenuous, however, and Mary ultimately had to return to Louisiana and her husband.
Stephen R. Haynes
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780195395051
- eISBN:
- 9780199979288
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395051.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter describes the genesis of the kneel-in movement in the months after the lunch counter sit-ins of 1960. It details the first wave of kneel-in protests that began in Atlanta in August of ...
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This chapter describes the genesis of the kneel-in movement in the months after the lunch counter sit-ins of 1960. It details the first wave of kneel-in protests that began in Atlanta in August of that year as a collaboration between the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee and the Atlanta Committee on the Appeal for Human Rights. Emphasis is placed on how the kneel-ins were understood—by those who planned and engaged in them, by those inside the targeted churches, and by those who analyzed and publicized them. An interpretation that emphasizes kneel-ins' dramatic character is developed using the categories of “spectacle of exclusion” and “spectacle of embrace.” Conflicting views of the motives of those who engaged in kneel-ins are considered. Finally, 1960 kneel-in campaigns in Atlanta, Savannah and Memphis are described in detail.Less
This chapter describes the genesis of the kneel-in movement in the months after the lunch counter sit-ins of 1960. It details the first wave of kneel-in protests that began in Atlanta in August of that year as a collaboration between the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee and the Atlanta Committee on the Appeal for Human Rights. Emphasis is placed on how the kneel-ins were understood—by those who planned and engaged in them, by those inside the targeted churches, and by those who analyzed and publicized them. An interpretation that emphasizes kneel-ins' dramatic character is developed using the categories of “spectacle of exclusion” and “spectacle of embrace.” Conflicting views of the motives of those who engaged in kneel-ins are considered. Finally, 1960 kneel-in campaigns in Atlanta, Savannah and Memphis are described in detail.
Maurice J. Hobson
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781469635354
- eISBN:
- 9781469635378
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469635354.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
For more than a century, the city of Atlanta has been associated with black achievement in education, business, politics, media, and music, earning it the nickname “the black Mecca.” Atlanta’s long ...
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For more than a century, the city of Atlanta has been associated with black achievement in education, business, politics, media, and music, earning it the nickname “the black Mecca.” Atlanta’s long tradition of black education dates back to Reconstruction, and produced an elite that flourished in spite of Jim Crow, rose to leadership during the civil rights movement, and then took power in the 1970s by building a coalition between white progressives, business interests, and black Atlantans. But as Maurice Hobson demonstrates, Atlanta’s political leadership--from the election of Maynard Jackson, Atlanta’s first black mayor, through the city’s hosting of the 1996 Olympic Games--has consistently mishandled the black poor. Drawn from vivid primary sources and unnerving oral histories of working-class city-dwellers and hip hop artists from Atlanta’s underbelly, Hobson argues that Atlanta’s political leadership has governed by bargaining with white business interests to the detriment ordinary black Atlantans.
In telling this history through the prism of the Black New South and Atlanta politics, policy, and pop culture, Hobson portrays a striking schism between the black political elite and poor city-dwellers, complicating the long-held view of Atlanta as a Mecca for black people.Less
For more than a century, the city of Atlanta has been associated with black achievement in education, business, politics, media, and music, earning it the nickname “the black Mecca.” Atlanta’s long tradition of black education dates back to Reconstruction, and produced an elite that flourished in spite of Jim Crow, rose to leadership during the civil rights movement, and then took power in the 1970s by building a coalition between white progressives, business interests, and black Atlantans. But as Maurice Hobson demonstrates, Atlanta’s political leadership--from the election of Maynard Jackson, Atlanta’s first black mayor, through the city’s hosting of the 1996 Olympic Games--has consistently mishandled the black poor. Drawn from vivid primary sources and unnerving oral histories of working-class city-dwellers and hip hop artists from Atlanta’s underbelly, Hobson argues that Atlanta’s political leadership has governed by bargaining with white business interests to the detriment ordinary black Atlantans.
In telling this history through the prism of the Black New South and Atlanta politics, policy, and pop culture, Hobson portrays a striking schism between the black political elite and poor city-dwellers, complicating the long-held view of Atlanta as a Mecca for black people.
Brittany Powell Kennedy
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781628461978
- eISBN:
- 9781626744943
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781628461978.003.0007
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
By examining tourist culture, this chapter shows how the commodification of the “old world” Spain and South is performed via its construction of seemingly “new” urban spaces, in particular, the ...
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By examining tourist culture, this chapter shows how the commodification of the “old world” Spain and South is performed via its construction of seemingly “new” urban spaces, in particular, the Olympic cities of Barcelona and Atlanta. Meanwhile, films like José Luis Guerín’s En construcción (2001) and John Sayles’s Sunshine State (2002), though very different, directly address the issue of urban renewal in, respectively, Barcelona and the Florida coastline, demonstrating the “construction” that making the old into something new is a performance that involves constructing it as “authentically” old, thus making it worthy—and interesting—for renewal. What Guerín and Sayles critique, therefore, is not the altering of the landscape itself, but the performativity inherent in constructing space around binary opposites, specifically those of new and old as well as foreigner (or tourist) and native.Less
By examining tourist culture, this chapter shows how the commodification of the “old world” Spain and South is performed via its construction of seemingly “new” urban spaces, in particular, the Olympic cities of Barcelona and Atlanta. Meanwhile, films like José Luis Guerín’s En construcción (2001) and John Sayles’s Sunshine State (2002), though very different, directly address the issue of urban renewal in, respectively, Barcelona and the Florida coastline, demonstrating the “construction” that making the old into something new is a performance that involves constructing it as “authentically” old, thus making it worthy—and interesting—for renewal. What Guerín and Sayles critique, therefore, is not the altering of the landscape itself, but the performativity inherent in constructing space around binary opposites, specifically those of new and old as well as foreigner (or tourist) and native.
Earl J. Hess
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469622415
- eISBN:
- 9781469623221
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469622415.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: Civil War
Fought on July 28, 1864, the Battle of Ezra Church was a dramatic engagement during the Civil War's Atlanta Campaign. Confederate forces under John Bell Hood desperately fought to stop William T. ...
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Fought on July 28, 1864, the Battle of Ezra Church was a dramatic engagement during the Civil War's Atlanta Campaign. Confederate forces under John Bell Hood desperately fought to stop William T. Sherman's advancing armies as they tried to cut the last Confederate supply line into the city. Confederates under General Stephen D. Lee nearly overwhelmed the Union right flank, but Federals under General Oliver O. Howard decisively repelled every attack. After five hours of struggle, 5,000 Confederates lay dead and wounded, while only 632 Federals were lost. The result was another major step in Sherman's long effort to take Atlanta. This study presents an account of the fighting at Ezra Church. Detailing Lee's tactical missteps and Howard's vigilant leadership, it challenges many common misconceptions about the battle. This work sheds new light on the complexities and significance of this important engagement, both on and off the battlefield.Less
Fought on July 28, 1864, the Battle of Ezra Church was a dramatic engagement during the Civil War's Atlanta Campaign. Confederate forces under John Bell Hood desperately fought to stop William T. Sherman's advancing armies as they tried to cut the last Confederate supply line into the city. Confederates under General Stephen D. Lee nearly overwhelmed the Union right flank, but Federals under General Oliver O. Howard decisively repelled every attack. After five hours of struggle, 5,000 Confederates lay dead and wounded, while only 632 Federals were lost. The result was another major step in Sherman's long effort to take Atlanta. This study presents an account of the fighting at Ezra Church. Detailing Lee's tactical missteps and Howard's vigilant leadership, it challenges many common misconceptions about the battle. This work sheds new light on the complexities and significance of this important engagement, both on and off the battlefield.
Michelle A. Purdy
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781469643496
- eISBN:
- 9781469643519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643496.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
This chapter captures the development of Westminster in the late 1950s and early 1960s. By the late 1950s, Westminster’s student body had quadrupled, and the school was housed on the current West ...
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This chapter captures the development of Westminster in the late 1950s and early 1960s. By the late 1950s, Westminster’s student body had quadrupled, and the school was housed on the current West Paces Ferry Road campus. School leaders prepared for the possible closing of Atlanta Public Schools as black Atlantans called for desegregation in the face of oppositional state policies. As the civil rights movement increased in momentum, Westminster and other local schools, including Lovett and Trinity, received inquiries into their admissions policies from interracial organizations such as the Greater Atlanta Council on Human Relations and leading civil rights activists including the Kings, Abernathys, and Youngs, and black families such as the Rosses. Private school leaders worked to find a balance among multiple contexts and influences, including the enlarged federal presence in education and increased questions about federal tax-exempt status for private schools. Concurrently, a school culture at Westminster developed in ways that continued to reflect the “Old South” and included racist traditions while some white students earnestly debated and discussed the issues of the day.Less
This chapter captures the development of Westminster in the late 1950s and early 1960s. By the late 1950s, Westminster’s student body had quadrupled, and the school was housed on the current West Paces Ferry Road campus. School leaders prepared for the possible closing of Atlanta Public Schools as black Atlantans called for desegregation in the face of oppositional state policies. As the civil rights movement increased in momentum, Westminster and other local schools, including Lovett and Trinity, received inquiries into their admissions policies from interracial organizations such as the Greater Atlanta Council on Human Relations and leading civil rights activists including the Kings, Abernathys, and Youngs, and black families such as the Rosses. Private school leaders worked to find a balance among multiple contexts and influences, including the enlarged federal presence in education and increased questions about federal tax-exempt status for private schools. Concurrently, a school culture at Westminster developed in ways that continued to reflect the “Old South” and included racist traditions while some white students earnestly debated and discussed the issues of the day.
Earl J. Hess
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781469602110
- eISBN:
- 9781469608372
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9781469602127_Hess
- Subject:
- History, American History: Civil War
While fighting his way toward Atlanta, William T. Sherman encountered his biggest roadblock at Kennesaw Mountain, where Joseph E. Johnston's Army of Tennessee held a heavily fortified position. The ...
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While fighting his way toward Atlanta, William T. Sherman encountered his biggest roadblock at Kennesaw Mountain, where Joseph E. Johnston's Army of Tennessee held a heavily fortified position. The opposing armies confronted each other from June 19 to July 3, 1864, and Sherman initially tried to outflank the Confederates. His men endured heavy rains, artillery duels, sniping, and a fierce battle at Kolb's Farm before Sherman decided to directly attack Johnston's position on June 27. This book tells the story of an important phase of the Atlanta campaign. It explains how this battle, with its combination of maneuver and combat, severely tried the patience and endurance of the common soldier and why Johnston's strategy might have been the Confederates' best chance to halt the Federal drive toward Atlanta. The author gives special attention to the engagement at Kolb's Farm on June 22 and Sherman's assault on June 27. A final section explores the Confederate earthworks preserved within the Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park.Less
While fighting his way toward Atlanta, William T. Sherman encountered his biggest roadblock at Kennesaw Mountain, where Joseph E. Johnston's Army of Tennessee held a heavily fortified position. The opposing armies confronted each other from June 19 to July 3, 1864, and Sherman initially tried to outflank the Confederates. His men endured heavy rains, artillery duels, sniping, and a fierce battle at Kolb's Farm before Sherman decided to directly attack Johnston's position on June 27. This book tells the story of an important phase of the Atlanta campaign. It explains how this battle, with its combination of maneuver and combat, severely tried the patience and endurance of the common soldier and why Johnston's strategy might have been the Confederates' best chance to halt the Federal drive toward Atlanta. The author gives special attention to the engagement at Kolb's Farm on June 22 and Sherman's assault on June 27. A final section explores the Confederate earthworks preserved within the Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park.
Canter Brown and Larry Eugene Rivers
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780813061146
- eISBN:
- 9780813051420
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813061146.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
This chapter offers Mary Bryan's introduction to full-time employment as a writer and editor with the Georgia Temperance Crusader after the journal's relocation to Atlanta. It covers not only her ...
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This chapter offers Mary Bryan's introduction to full-time employment as a writer and editor with the Georgia Temperance Crusader after the journal's relocation to Atlanta. It covers not only her journalistic experience but also her introduction to the city and its literary scene, including personalities such as James Summerfield Slaughter, Maria Jourdan Westmoreland, Myron Napier Bartlett, and William Henry Peck. The authors follow the evolution of Mary’s career as she directs her ambition toward the New York Ledger and working for its famed publisher Robert Bonner. With the threat of civil war looming, Mary battles her father's objections to her working in the North, only to find that he has concluded an arrangement compelling her return to her husband in Louisiana. She takes with her only an agreement to write for the Georgia-based Southern Field and Fireside and its editor John Reuben Thompson.Less
This chapter offers Mary Bryan's introduction to full-time employment as a writer and editor with the Georgia Temperance Crusader after the journal's relocation to Atlanta. It covers not only her journalistic experience but also her introduction to the city and its literary scene, including personalities such as James Summerfield Slaughter, Maria Jourdan Westmoreland, Myron Napier Bartlett, and William Henry Peck. The authors follow the evolution of Mary’s career as she directs her ambition toward the New York Ledger and working for its famed publisher Robert Bonner. With the threat of civil war looming, Mary battles her father's objections to her working in the North, only to find that he has concluded an arrangement compelling her return to her husband in Louisiana. She takes with her only an agreement to write for the Georgia-based Southern Field and Fireside and its editor John Reuben Thompson.
Andrew Billingsley
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195161793
- eISBN:
- 9780199849512
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195161793.003.0011
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter demonstrates how the potential for collaboration was developed in Denver and Atlanta and how it is proving appropriate and effective for both internal and external strategies of social ...
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This chapter demonstrates how the potential for collaboration was developed in Denver and Atlanta and how it is proving appropriate and effective for both internal and external strategies of social reform. Membership size of churches in both cities varies widely; many—49% of churches in Denver and 52% in Atlanta — have between 100 and 500 members. There is a strong tendency in both cities for black churches to own their buildings rather than rent them. In addition, a majority of churches in both cities conduct at least one nonreligious community outreach program. Metro Denver Black Church Initiative was launched in Denver to improve conditions in low-income black neighborhoods through the local churches. Furthermore, the outreach to the community in Atlanta is described.Less
This chapter demonstrates how the potential for collaboration was developed in Denver and Atlanta and how it is proving appropriate and effective for both internal and external strategies of social reform. Membership size of churches in both cities varies widely; many—49% of churches in Denver and 52% in Atlanta — have between 100 and 500 members. There is a strong tendency in both cities for black churches to own their buildings rather than rent them. In addition, a majority of churches in both cities conduct at least one nonreligious community outreach program. Metro Denver Black Church Initiative was launched in Denver to improve conditions in low-income black neighborhoods through the local churches. Furthermore, the outreach to the community in Atlanta is described.
Richard Lischer
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195111323
- eISBN:
- 9780199853298
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195111323.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
In his “Autobiography of Religious Development,” written as an assignment at Crozer Seminary, the twenty-one-year-old M. L. King described his religious environment as a “universe,” a socially ...
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In his “Autobiography of Religious Development,” written as an assignment at Crozer Seminary, the twenty-one-year-old M. L. King described his religious environment as a “universe,” a socially constructed world that molded his identity and outlook in life in general. The moral and physical focus of that universe was the sanctuary of Ebenezer Baptist Church located in Atlanta where his father presided from the pulpit and the son had been baptized. He wrote, “The church has always been a second home for me.” “As far back as I can remember I was in church every Sunday.”Less
In his “Autobiography of Religious Development,” written as an assignment at Crozer Seminary, the twenty-one-year-old M. L. King described his religious environment as a “universe,” a socially constructed world that molded his identity and outlook in life in general. The moral and physical focus of that universe was the sanctuary of Ebenezer Baptist Church located in Atlanta where his father presided from the pulpit and the son had been baptized. He wrote, “The church has always been a second home for me.” “As far back as I can remember I was in church every Sunday.”
Richard Lischer
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195111323
- eISBN:
- 9780199853298
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195111323.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
King seldom spoke publicly about the Sustainers and Reformers who preceded him or the powerful mentors who shaped him as a preacher. He understood perhaps that American culture wants utter ...
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King seldom spoke publicly about the Sustainers and Reformers who preceded him or the powerful mentors who shaped him as a preacher. He understood perhaps that American culture wants utter authenticity of its leaders or feared that if he connected his debt to the black tradition, he would lose his integrity with white audiences. The sole on-the-record statement King made with regard to his own preaching happened in Atlanta one week after JFK's assassination. King was bedridden with flu but nevertheless permitted a long interview to a young student named Donald H. Smith.Less
King seldom spoke publicly about the Sustainers and Reformers who preceded him or the powerful mentors who shaped him as a preacher. He understood perhaps that American culture wants utter authenticity of its leaders or feared that if he connected his debt to the black tradition, he would lose his integrity with white audiences. The sole on-the-record statement King made with regard to his own preaching happened in Atlanta one week after JFK's assassination. King was bedridden with flu but nevertheless permitted a long interview to a young student named Donald H. Smith.
William A. Link
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226300177
- eISBN:
- 9780226300344
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226300344.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, American History: Civil War
William T. Sherman's conquest of Atlanta in 1864 has long occupied a prominent position in the popular and scholarly understanding of the Civil War, how warfare affected civilians, how people ...
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William T. Sherman's conquest of Atlanta in 1864 has long occupied a prominent position in the popular and scholarly understanding of the Civil War, how warfare affected civilians, how people remember war, and how they imagine rejuvenation and rebuilding. Little of this literature has explored a ground-level understanding of how soldiers and civilians, during the war itself, represented destruction and devastation, how these perceptions shaped their attitudes toward the war, and how memories of destruction fed into postwar reconstruction. A large literature exists about how the Confederate defeat was remembered and how that memory shaped the definition of the postwar New South. This paper considers remembering in a different sense—how wartime destruction shaped the city's identity. In the emerging narrative about Atlanta, defeat also meant rebirth. The Phoenix in the early years of the war's aftermath meshed notions of destructions with reconstruction, with the end of the Old South replaced by the making of the New South.Less
William T. Sherman's conquest of Atlanta in 1864 has long occupied a prominent position in the popular and scholarly understanding of the Civil War, how warfare affected civilians, how people remember war, and how they imagine rejuvenation and rebuilding. Little of this literature has explored a ground-level understanding of how soldiers and civilians, during the war itself, represented destruction and devastation, how these perceptions shaped their attitudes toward the war, and how memories of destruction fed into postwar reconstruction. A large literature exists about how the Confederate defeat was remembered and how that memory shaped the definition of the postwar New South. This paper considers remembering in a different sense—how wartime destruction shaped the city's identity. In the emerging narrative about Atlanta, defeat also meant rebirth. The Phoenix in the early years of the war's aftermath meshed notions of destructions with reconstruction, with the end of the Old South replaced by the making of the New South.
Sonia Sanchez
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781604732740
- eISBN:
- 9781604734713
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781604732740.003.0024
- Subject:
- Literature, African-American Literature
This chapter focuses on the death of James Baldwin, which made a big impact on Sonia Sanchez’s life. When Sanchez first read James Baldwin’s Go Tell It on the Mountain, she knew she was home. Seeing ...
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This chapter focuses on the death of James Baldwin, which made a big impact on Sonia Sanchez’s life. When Sanchez first read James Baldwin’s Go Tell It on the Mountain, she knew she was home. Seeing Baldwin on TV, she immediately felt a kinship with this man whose anger and disappointment with America’s contradictions transformed his face into a warrior’s face, whose tongue transformed massacres into triumphs. When Sanchez first met him in the late 1960s, she was stricken by his smile smiling out at the New York City audience he had just attacked. Sanchez, however, focuses on the next to the last time they spoke in Atlanta, when Atlanta was just coming out from under serial murders. At the time, Atlanta looked on Baldwin as an outsider attempting to stir up things better left unsaid.Less
This chapter focuses on the death of James Baldwin, which made a big impact on Sonia Sanchez’s life. When Sanchez first read James Baldwin’s Go Tell It on the Mountain, she knew she was home. Seeing Baldwin on TV, she immediately felt a kinship with this man whose anger and disappointment with America’s contradictions transformed his face into a warrior’s face, whose tongue transformed massacres into triumphs. When Sanchez first met him in the late 1960s, she was stricken by his smile smiling out at the New York City audience he had just attacked. Sanchez, however, focuses on the next to the last time they spoke in Atlanta, when Atlanta was just coming out from under serial murders. At the time, Atlanta looked on Baldwin as an outsider attempting to stir up things better left unsaid.
Earl J. Hess
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781469643427
- eISBN:
- 9781469643441
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469643427.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
As William T. Sherman’s Union troops began their campaign for Atlanta in the spring of 1864, they encountered Confederate forces employing field fortifications located to take advantage of rugged ...
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As William T. Sherman’s Union troops began their campaign for Atlanta in the spring of 1864, they encountered Confederate forces employing field fortifications located to take advantage of rugged terrain. While the Confederate Army of Tennessee consistently acted on the defensive, digging eighteen lines of earthworks from May to September, the Federals used fieldworks both defensively and offensively. With 160,000 troops engaged on both sides and hundreds of miles of trenches dug, fortifications became a defining factor in the Atlanta campaign battles. These engagements took place on topography ranging from Appalachian foothills to the clay fields of Georgia’s piedmont. This book examines how commanders adapted their operations to the physical environment, how the environment in turn affected their movements, and how Civil War armies altered the terrain through the science of field fortification. It also illuminates the impact of fighting and living in ditches for four months on the everyday lives of both Union and Confederate soldiers. The Atlanta campaign represents one of the best examples of a prolonged Union invasion deep into southern territory, and it marked another important transition in the conduct of war from open field battles to fighting from improvised field fortifications.Less
As William T. Sherman’s Union troops began their campaign for Atlanta in the spring of 1864, they encountered Confederate forces employing field fortifications located to take advantage of rugged terrain. While the Confederate Army of Tennessee consistently acted on the defensive, digging eighteen lines of earthworks from May to September, the Federals used fieldworks both defensively and offensively. With 160,000 troops engaged on both sides and hundreds of miles of trenches dug, fortifications became a defining factor in the Atlanta campaign battles. These engagements took place on topography ranging from Appalachian foothills to the clay fields of Georgia’s piedmont. This book examines how commanders adapted their operations to the physical environment, how the environment in turn affected their movements, and how Civil War armies altered the terrain through the science of field fortification. It also illuminates the impact of fighting and living in ditches for four months on the everyday lives of both Union and Confederate soldiers. The Atlanta campaign represents one of the best examples of a prolonged Union invasion deep into southern territory, and it marked another important transition in the conduct of war from open field battles to fighting from improvised field fortifications.
Earl J. Hess
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781469634197
- eISBN:
- 9781469634210
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469634197.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: Civil War
On July 20, 1864, the Civil War struggle for Atlanta reached a pivotal moment. As William T. Sherman's Union forces came ever nearer the city, Confederate President Jefferson Davis replaced the ...
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On July 20, 1864, the Civil War struggle for Atlanta reached a pivotal moment. As William T. Sherman's Union forces came ever nearer the city, Confederate President Jefferson Davis replaced the defending Confederate Army of Tennessee's commander, Joseph E. Johnston, and elevated John Bell Hood to replace him. This decision stunned and demoralized Confederate troops just when Hood was compelled to take the offensive against the approaching Federals. Attacking northward from Atlanta's defences, Hood's men struck George H. Thomas's Army of the Cumberland just after it crossed Peach Tree Creek on July 20. Initially taken by surprise, the Federals fought back with spirit and nullified all the advantages the Confederates first enjoyed. As a result, the Federals achieved a remarkable defensive victory. This book offers new and definitive interpretations of the battle's place within the Atlanta campaign. It demonstrated that several Confederate regiments and brigades made a show of advancing but then stopped partway to the objective and took cover for the rest of the afternoon on July 20. Morale played an unusually important role in determining the outcome of the battle at Peach Tree Creek. A soured mood among the Confederates and overwhelming confidence among the Federals spelled disaster for one side and victory for the other.Less
On July 20, 1864, the Civil War struggle for Atlanta reached a pivotal moment. As William T. Sherman's Union forces came ever nearer the city, Confederate President Jefferson Davis replaced the defending Confederate Army of Tennessee's commander, Joseph E. Johnston, and elevated John Bell Hood to replace him. This decision stunned and demoralized Confederate troops just when Hood was compelled to take the offensive against the approaching Federals. Attacking northward from Atlanta's defences, Hood's men struck George H. Thomas's Army of the Cumberland just after it crossed Peach Tree Creek on July 20. Initially taken by surprise, the Federals fought back with spirit and nullified all the advantages the Confederates first enjoyed. As a result, the Federals achieved a remarkable defensive victory. This book offers new and definitive interpretations of the battle's place within the Atlanta campaign. It demonstrated that several Confederate regiments and brigades made a show of advancing but then stopped partway to the objective and took cover for the rest of the afternoon on July 20. Morale played an unusually important role in determining the outcome of the battle at Peach Tree Creek. A soured mood among the Confederates and overwhelming confidence among the Federals spelled disaster for one side and victory for the other.
Ned Horning, Julie A. Robinson, Eleanor J. Sterling, Woody Turner, and Sacha Spector
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199219940
- eISBN:
- 9780191917417
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199219940.003.0019
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Applied Ecology
For the first time in human history, more people live in urban areas than in rural areas, and the patterns of suburbanization and urban sprawl once ...
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For the first time in human history, more people live in urban areas than in rural areas, and the patterns of suburbanization and urban sprawl once characteristic of North America are now present globally (Obaid 2007). As conservation biologists seek to prioritize conservation efforts worldwide, urbanization and agricultural development emerge as two of the most extensive processes that threaten biodiversity. Suburban and rural sprawl are significant drivers of forest fragmentation and biodiversity loss (e.g., Murphy 1988; Radeloff et al. 2005). Data on human impacts is often averaged across political boundaries rather than biogeographic boundaries, making it challenging to use existing data sets on human demography in ecological studies and relate human population change to the changes in populations of other species. Remotely sensed data can make major contributions to mapping human impacts in ecologically relevant ways. For example, Ricketts and Imhoff (2003) assigned conservation priorities (based on species richness and endemism) for the United States and Canada using several different types of remotely sensed data. For mapping urban cover, they used the map of “city lights at night” from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (Imhoff et al. 1997) to classify land as urbanized or not urbanized. For mapping agricultural cover, they used the USGS North America Seasonal Land Cover map (Loveland et al. 2000), derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), lumping five categories to create an agricultural land class. For ecological data, they used a compilation of ecoregion boundaries combined with range maps for over 20,000 species in eight taxa (birds, mammals, butterflies, amphibians, reptiles, land snails, tiger beetles, and vascular plants; Ricketts et al. 1999). Analyzing these data, Ricketts and Imhoff (2003) identified a strong correlation between species richness and urbanization. Of the 110 ecoregions studied, 18 ranked in the top third for both urbanization and biodiversity (species richness, endemism, or both); some of the ecoregions identified as priorities were not identified by a previous biodiversity assessment that did not include the remotely sensed mapping of urbanization (Ricketts et al. 1999).
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For the first time in human history, more people live in urban areas than in rural areas, and the patterns of suburbanization and urban sprawl once characteristic of North America are now present globally (Obaid 2007). As conservation biologists seek to prioritize conservation efforts worldwide, urbanization and agricultural development emerge as two of the most extensive processes that threaten biodiversity. Suburban and rural sprawl are significant drivers of forest fragmentation and biodiversity loss (e.g., Murphy 1988; Radeloff et al. 2005). Data on human impacts is often averaged across political boundaries rather than biogeographic boundaries, making it challenging to use existing data sets on human demography in ecological studies and relate human population change to the changes in populations of other species. Remotely sensed data can make major contributions to mapping human impacts in ecologically relevant ways. For example, Ricketts and Imhoff (2003) assigned conservation priorities (based on species richness and endemism) for the United States and Canada using several different types of remotely sensed data. For mapping urban cover, they used the map of “city lights at night” from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (Imhoff et al. 1997) to classify land as urbanized or not urbanized. For mapping agricultural cover, they used the USGS North America Seasonal Land Cover map (Loveland et al. 2000), derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), lumping five categories to create an agricultural land class. For ecological data, they used a compilation of ecoregion boundaries combined with range maps for over 20,000 species in eight taxa (birds, mammals, butterflies, amphibians, reptiles, land snails, tiger beetles, and vascular plants; Ricketts et al. 1999). Analyzing these data, Ricketts and Imhoff (2003) identified a strong correlation between species richness and urbanization. Of the 110 ecoregions studied, 18 ranked in the top third for both urbanization and biodiversity (species richness, endemism, or both); some of the ecoregions identified as priorities were not identified by a previous biodiversity assessment that did not include the remotely sensed mapping of urbanization (Ricketts et al. 1999).
Brian R. McEnany
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780813160627
- eISBN:
- 9780813165479
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813160627.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, Military History
Albert Murray commands Company F, Second US Artillery, a part of Maj. Gen. James McPherson’s Army of the Tennessee, as it moved south during the Atlanta campaign. When McPherson’s army approached the ...
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Albert Murray commands Company F, Second US Artillery, a part of Maj. Gen. James McPherson’s Army of the Tennessee, as it moved south during the Atlanta campaign. When McPherson’s army approached the outer defenses of Atlanta, Albert’s battery was detached from the Sixteenth Corps and sent to the front line defenses of the Seventeenth Corps. On July 22, 1864, in anticipation of Confederate flank attack, his battery was ordered to return to the Sixteenth Corps, but he and the battery were captured in the same forest where General McPherson was killed. He was sent to a Confederate officer’s prison in Georgia where he became afflicted with typhoid and died within a few weeks. His death was not known until a paroled Union officer wrote to the adjutant general in Washington in March 1865.Less
Albert Murray commands Company F, Second US Artillery, a part of Maj. Gen. James McPherson’s Army of the Tennessee, as it moved south during the Atlanta campaign. When McPherson’s army approached the outer defenses of Atlanta, Albert’s battery was detached from the Sixteenth Corps and sent to the front line defenses of the Seventeenth Corps. On July 22, 1864, in anticipation of Confederate flank attack, his battery was ordered to return to the Sixteenth Corps, but he and the battery were captured in the same forest where General McPherson was killed. He was sent to a Confederate officer’s prison in Georgia where he became afflicted with typhoid and died within a few weeks. His death was not known until a paroled Union officer wrote to the adjutant general in Washington in March 1865.
