Susan Niditch
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195181142
- eISBN:
- 9780199869671
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195181142.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This chapter provides an overview of methodological approaches used in the book and briefly introduces the culture and history of ancient Israel. The methodology is both cross-cultural and ...
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This chapter provides an overview of methodological approaches used in the book and briefly introduces the culture and history of ancient Israel. The methodology is both cross-cultural and interdisciplinary, and important to the study are verbal and nonverbal forms of cultural expression that feature portrayals of hair. Treatments of hair in African art provide an excellent model for the exploration of hair in ancient Near Eastern art, including works produced in Egypt, Assyria, Persia, and ancient Israel. The contributions of anthropologists, sociologists, art historians, and scholars of religion also frame the work, including Victor Turner’s observations about rites of passages, Gananath Obeyesekere’s emphasis on the emotional, personal, and psychological roots and dimensions of embodied symbols, and Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Margaret Lock’s examination of “the social body” and “the body politic.”Less
This chapter provides an overview of methodological approaches used in the book and briefly introduces the culture and history of ancient Israel. The methodology is both cross-cultural and interdisciplinary, and important to the study are verbal and nonverbal forms of cultural expression that feature portrayals of hair. Treatments of hair in African art provide an excellent model for the exploration of hair in ancient Near Eastern art, including works produced in Egypt, Assyria, Persia, and ancient Israel. The contributions of anthropologists, sociologists, art historians, and scholars of religion also frame the work, including Victor Turner’s observations about rites of passages, Gananath Obeyesekere’s emphasis on the emotional, personal, and psychological roots and dimensions of embodied symbols, and Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Margaret Lock’s examination of “the social body” and “the body politic.”
M. J. GELLER
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264010
- eISBN:
- 9780191734946
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264010.003.0012
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
Scholars interested in the history of Israel often select for study relevant passages from Akkadian historical inscriptions, annals, and chronicles referring to biblical events. This process has ...
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Scholars interested in the history of Israel often select for study relevant passages from Akkadian historical inscriptions, annals, and chronicles referring to biblical events. This process has become more sophisticated of late, particularly with the Texte aus der Umwelt der Alten Testaments series and COS, in which much more of Akkadian and even Sumerian literature is taken into account as directly or indirectly relevant to the Bible. However, the ‘scriptures in context’ approach often pays less attention to the nitty-gritty side of Assyriology, namely, the everyday contracts, administrative documents, lists, letters, receipts, and economic texts. There is a lot to learn from such material, which comprises the bulk of the thousands of Mesopotamian tablets. Biblical scholars tend to concentrate on those sections of the Kurkh and Black Obelisk inscriptions that mention Ahab and Jehu and the regional struggles against Assyria. The questions raised are valid, namely, how solid or fragile was the coalition of states fighting against the Assyrians, and at what point did the coalition break down?Less
Scholars interested in the history of Israel often select for study relevant passages from Akkadian historical inscriptions, annals, and chronicles referring to biblical events. This process has become more sophisticated of late, particularly with the Texte aus der Umwelt der Alten Testaments series and COS, in which much more of Akkadian and even Sumerian literature is taken into account as directly or indirectly relevant to the Bible. However, the ‘scriptures in context’ approach often pays less attention to the nitty-gritty side of Assyriology, namely, the everyday contracts, administrative documents, lists, letters, receipts, and economic texts. There is a lot to learn from such material, which comprises the bulk of the thousands of Mesopotamian tablets. Biblical scholars tend to concentrate on those sections of the Kurkh and Black Obelisk inscriptions that mention Ahab and Jehu and the regional struggles against Assyria. The questions raised are valid, namely, how solid or fragile was the coalition of states fighting against the Assyrians, and at what point did the coalition break down?
K. Lawson Younger
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264010
- eISBN:
- 9780191734946
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264010.003.0013
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
In historical studies, one of the common models of periodization is the use of centuries. In the case of the history of Assyria, however, the ninth century does not accurately reflect periodization, ...
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In historical studies, one of the common models of periodization is the use of centuries. In the case of the history of Assyria, however, the ninth century does not accurately reflect periodization, even if long or short century designations are used. In the history of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, Shalmaneser III's reign serves as a bridge between two important periods, impacting the Omride and Jehuite periods through his 853 and 841 campaigns. The resistance offered by Ahab in conjunction with the western alliance that fought Shalmaneser at Qarqar in 853 gave way to the tribute gift of Jehu towards the conclusion of Shalmaneser's 841 campaign. While many years would pass before the Assyrians would accomplish the conquest of Israel, the initial contacts between Shalmaneser III and Ahab and Jehu demonstrate the two options that the Israelite kings would implement throughout the stormy relationship with the ‘Great King(s) of Assyria’ until the fall of Samaria and the land's incorporation into the Assyrian provincial system.Less
In historical studies, one of the common models of periodization is the use of centuries. In the case of the history of Assyria, however, the ninth century does not accurately reflect periodization, even if long or short century designations are used. In the history of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, Shalmaneser III's reign serves as a bridge between two important periods, impacting the Omride and Jehuite periods through his 853 and 841 campaigns. The resistance offered by Ahab in conjunction with the western alliance that fought Shalmaneser at Qarqar in 853 gave way to the tribute gift of Jehu towards the conclusion of Shalmaneser's 841 campaign. While many years would pass before the Assyrians would accomplish the conquest of Israel, the initial contacts between Shalmaneser III and Ahab and Jehu demonstrate the two options that the Israelite kings would implement throughout the stormy relationship with the ‘Great King(s) of Assyria’ until the fall of Samaria and the land's incorporation into the Assyrian provincial system.
AMÉLIE KUHRT
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197262764
- eISBN:
- 9780191753947
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197262764.003.0002
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
Fergus Millar has been a pioneer among Graeco-Roman historians in appreciating the huge importance of Near Eastern societies and cultures within the ancient world. A continuous interest within this ...
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Fergus Millar has been a pioneer among Graeco-Roman historians in appreciating the huge importance of Near Eastern societies and cultures within the ancient world. A continuous interest within this field has been the evolution of Judah/Judaea, cradle of two of the great world religions. The difficulties inherent in the sources for studying its history have provoked intense debates, which show no sign of abating. When did the Judaean state come definitively into being? What were the forces that shaped the political landscape within which its unique traditions began to crystallise? A significant element in the development of Israelite historiography was Judah's encounter with the Assyrian Empire. This chapter argues that a crucial stage in the emergence of the state of Judah was also closely linked to contact with Assyria. It focuses on a famous episode in Judah's history, which may, when set into the wider historical and archaeological context of Near Eastern history, yield some possible answers.Less
Fergus Millar has been a pioneer among Graeco-Roman historians in appreciating the huge importance of Near Eastern societies and cultures within the ancient world. A continuous interest within this field has been the evolution of Judah/Judaea, cradle of two of the great world religions. The difficulties inherent in the sources for studying its history have provoked intense debates, which show no sign of abating. When did the Judaean state come definitively into being? What were the forces that shaped the political landscape within which its unique traditions began to crystallise? A significant element in the development of Israelite historiography was Judah's encounter with the Assyrian Empire. This chapter argues that a crucial stage in the emergence of the state of Judah was also closely linked to contact with Assyria. It focuses on a famous episode in Judah's history, which may, when set into the wider historical and archaeological context of Near Eastern history, yield some possible answers.
Denis J. Murphy
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199207145
- eISBN:
- 9780191708893
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207145.003.0013
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
The classical and medieval periods of 1800 BCE to 1500 CE were characterized by some limited technical innovation in agriculture, but little progress was made in crop improvement as global ...
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The classical and medieval periods of 1800 BCE to 1500 CE were characterized by some limited technical innovation in agriculture, but little progress was made in crop improvement as global populations ceased their expansion, which had been occurring since the early Holocene. Babylonian and Assyrian imperial rulers established a much-copied precedent of introducing new crops from conquered regions and in producing manuals for agricultural management. From 500 to 50 BCE, Greek naturalists began systematically to study plant biology and publish their findings, but this first blooming of scientific methodology proved short lived. Later cultures tended to reinterpret old knowledge rather than create it anew. From 700 CE, the expanding Muslim empires introduced many improvements into Mediterranean farming from the Near East, most notably in their Iberian realm of Al Andalus. Medieval farming in Europe was relatively stagnant and declined further after 1320 CE during the Little Ice Age.Less
The classical and medieval periods of 1800 BCE to 1500 CE were characterized by some limited technical innovation in agriculture, but little progress was made in crop improvement as global populations ceased their expansion, which had been occurring since the early Holocene. Babylonian and Assyrian imperial rulers established a much-copied precedent of introducing new crops from conquered regions and in producing manuals for agricultural management. From 500 to 50 BCE, Greek naturalists began systematically to study plant biology and publish their findings, but this first blooming of scientific methodology proved short lived. Later cultures tended to reinterpret old knowledge rather than create it anew. From 700 CE, the expanding Muslim empires introduced many improvements into Mediterranean farming from the Near East, most notably in their Iberian realm of Al Andalus. Medieval farming in Europe was relatively stagnant and declined further after 1320 CE during the Little Ice Age.
Zvi Ben‐Dor Benite
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195307337
- eISBN:
- 9780199867868
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195307337.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This chapter presents the historical circumstances that gave birth to the story of the Ten Lost Tribes in the 8th and 7th centuries BCE. The two most important elements in this chapter are the ...
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This chapter presents the historical circumstances that gave birth to the story of the Ten Lost Tribes in the 8th and 7th centuries BCE. The two most important elements in this chapter are the imperial deportations and the prophetic culture that “processed” them into a divine punishment understood to be an overall exile of an entire nation. The chapter tells how the rise of the Assyrian Empire to world dominance during the 8th century BCE resulted in the destruction of the Israelite kingdom in Northern ancient Palestine and the deportation of several tens of thousands of its subjects to the eastern provinces of the Empire. This was an uncommon occurrence in the ancient Near East as other small kingdom and nations were deported as well. However, this particular deportation was recorded in the Bible. The chapter then describes how prophets in Israel and the southern Kingdom of Judea‐most notably Hosea, Amos, and Isaiah turned the deportation into a divine punishment enacted by God through Assyria. Most crucially, Isaiah (and he was followed by other prophets such as Jeremiah and Ezekiel) promised that the tribes would return. When they did not, their search began.Less
This chapter presents the historical circumstances that gave birth to the story of the Ten Lost Tribes in the 8th and 7th centuries BCE. The two most important elements in this chapter are the imperial deportations and the prophetic culture that “processed” them into a divine punishment understood to be an overall exile of an entire nation. The chapter tells how the rise of the Assyrian Empire to world dominance during the 8th century BCE resulted in the destruction of the Israelite kingdom in Northern ancient Palestine and the deportation of several tens of thousands of its subjects to the eastern provinces of the Empire. This was an uncommon occurrence in the ancient Near East as other small kingdom and nations were deported as well. However, this particular deportation was recorded in the Bible. The chapter then describes how prophets in Israel and the southern Kingdom of Judea‐most notably Hosea, Amos, and Isaiah turned the deportation into a divine punishment enacted by God through Assyria. Most crucially, Isaiah (and he was followed by other prophets such as Jeremiah and Ezekiel) promised that the tribes would return. When they did not, their search began.
Christopher Bryan
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195183344
- eISBN:
- 9780199835584
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195183347.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
According to biblical and prophetic tradition, God wills that there shall be empires and superpowers: Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, and Persia are all, at different times, said to rule by God’s mandate, ...
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According to biblical and prophetic tradition, God wills that there shall be empires and superpowers: Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, and Persia are all, at different times, said to rule by God’s mandate, but also within the limits of God’s sovereignty. That sovereignty is concerned for the well-being of Israel, but also for justice and courtesy among all the nations. Empires that flout God’s sovereignty bring destruction upon themselves, for not even a superpower can long defy God. Where, however, there is acknowledgment of God’s sovereignty, there may (as in the case of Persia) be cooperation between Israel and Empire. Israel itself, as an imperial power (as it was under David and Solomon), is subject to the same conditions: the Israelite king may no more absolutize himself or his power than may a pagan emperor.Less
According to biblical and prophetic tradition, God wills that there shall be empires and superpowers: Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, and Persia are all, at different times, said to rule by God’s mandate, but also within the limits of God’s sovereignty. That sovereignty is concerned for the well-being of Israel, but also for justice and courtesy among all the nations. Empires that flout God’s sovereignty bring destruction upon themselves, for not even a superpower can long defy God. Where, however, there is acknowledgment of God’s sovereignty, there may (as in the case of Persia) be cooperation between Israel and Empire. Israel itself, as an imperial power (as it was under David and Solomon), is subject to the same conditions: the Israelite king may no more absolutize himself or his power than may a pagan emperor.
Marvin A. Sweeney
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195133240
- eISBN:
- 9780199834693
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195133242.003.0016
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
Biblical scholarship tends to focus on the reconstruction of the oracles of the eighth‐century prophet, Hosea ben Beeri, and the exilic or postexilic redaction of his book. Nevertheless, there is ...
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Biblical scholarship tends to focus on the reconstruction of the oracles of the eighth‐century prophet, Hosea ben Beeri, and the exilic or postexilic redaction of his book. Nevertheless, there is considerable evidence that the book was edited in the seventh century b.c.e. to support Josiah's reform. An analysis of the contents and structure of the book points to its concern to oppose Israel's relationship with Assyria and Egypt, key enemies of Judah in the time of Josiah, and to reunite Israel and Judah under the reign of a Davidic monarch.Less
Biblical scholarship tends to focus on the reconstruction of the oracles of the eighth‐century prophet, Hosea ben Beeri, and the exilic or postexilic redaction of his book. Nevertheless, there is considerable evidence that the book was edited in the seventh century b.c.e. to support Josiah's reform. An analysis of the contents and structure of the book points to its concern to oppose Israel's relationship with Assyria and Egypt, key enemies of Judah in the time of Josiah, and to reunite Israel and Judah under the reign of a Davidic monarch.
J. F. Coakley
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198267447
- eISBN:
- 9780191683268
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198267447.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity, Church History
In the years before the First World War the Church of England maintained a mission of help to the Assyrian Church of the East (popularly known as the Nestorian Church) in its then homeland, a corner ...
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In the years before the First World War the Church of England maintained a mission of help to the Assyrian Church of the East (popularly known as the Nestorian Church) in its then homeland, a corner of eastern Turkey and north-western Persia. The mission's ideal was to restore this body to its ancient vitality and its place as an independent branch of the true church. The mission faced many problems. At home there was the difficulty of justifying the support of a ‘heretical’ church. In the field, the confidence of the Assyrians proved difficult to gain, especially in competition with other missions: French Catholic and American Presbyterian. Still, it had notable accomplishments. Some of the missionaries were scholars, like A. J. Maclean, who edited and printed the ancient Syriac liturgies of the Church for the first time. Others were diplomats, like W. A. Wigram, who laboured to establish a basis for intercommunion between the two churches. Archbishop Benson, the founder, strictly ruled out any proselytizing to the Anglican church, and in this respect his Assyrian mission stands scrutiny in modern eyes.Less
In the years before the First World War the Church of England maintained a mission of help to the Assyrian Church of the East (popularly known as the Nestorian Church) in its then homeland, a corner of eastern Turkey and north-western Persia. The mission's ideal was to restore this body to its ancient vitality and its place as an independent branch of the true church. The mission faced many problems. At home there was the difficulty of justifying the support of a ‘heretical’ church. In the field, the confidence of the Assyrians proved difficult to gain, especially in competition with other missions: French Catholic and American Presbyterian. Still, it had notable accomplishments. Some of the missionaries were scholars, like A. J. Maclean, who edited and printed the ancient Syriac liturgies of the Church for the first time. Others were diplomats, like W. A. Wigram, who laboured to establish a basis for intercommunion between the two churches. Archbishop Benson, the founder, strictly ruled out any proselytizing to the Anglican church, and in this respect his Assyrian mission stands scrutiny in modern eyes.
Trevor Bryce
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199218721
- eISBN:
- 9780191739101
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199218721.003.0010
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical, Ancient Religions
This chapter deals with other Iron Age peoples and kingdoms who had varying degrees of interaction, sometimes peaceful, sometimes hostile, with the Neo-Hittite kingdoms. Of prime importance in this ...
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This chapter deals with other Iron Age peoples and kingdoms who had varying degrees of interaction, sometimes peaceful, sometimes hostile, with the Neo-Hittite kingdoms. Of prime importance in this respect was the kingdom of Assyria. The chapter begins with an account of Assyrian history prior to the Iron Age, as a prelude to a more detailed study of Iron Age Assyria which is interwoven into the historical narrative of the following chapters. Other kingdoms with whom the Neo-Hittites were in contact include Babylon, Israel, Urartu, and the Phoenician city-states. Each of these is briefly treated in this chapter by way of introduction to their participation in the events which engulfed the Neo-Hittite world in the last three centuries of its existence. Elam too is briefly treated in this chapter. Though as far as we know it had no direct involvement with the Neo-Hittite kingdoms, its interaction with contemporary Near Eastern powers, notably the Assyrians and Babylonians, almost certainly had a significant influence on the overall course of Near Eastern history in this period, and thus indirectly affected the Neo-Hittite world.Less
This chapter deals with other Iron Age peoples and kingdoms who had varying degrees of interaction, sometimes peaceful, sometimes hostile, with the Neo-Hittite kingdoms. Of prime importance in this respect was the kingdom of Assyria. The chapter begins with an account of Assyrian history prior to the Iron Age, as a prelude to a more detailed study of Iron Age Assyria which is interwoven into the historical narrative of the following chapters. Other kingdoms with whom the Neo-Hittites were in contact include Babylon, Israel, Urartu, and the Phoenician city-states. Each of these is briefly treated in this chapter by way of introduction to their participation in the events which engulfed the Neo-Hittite world in the last three centuries of its existence. Elam too is briefly treated in this chapter. Though as far as we know it had no direct involvement with the Neo-Hittite kingdoms, its interaction with contemporary Near Eastern powers, notably the Assyrians and Babylonians, almost certainly had a significant influence on the overall course of Near Eastern history in this period, and thus indirectly affected the Neo-Hittite world.
TREVOR BRYCE
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199281329
- eISBN:
- 9780191706752
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199281329.003.11
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
Although he was a vigorous military campaigner before he occupied the throne as king of the Hittites, Hattusili emphasized diplomacy and conciliation during his own reign. Hattusili sought to ensure ...
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Although he was a vigorous military campaigner before he occupied the throne as king of the Hittites, Hattusili emphasized diplomacy and conciliation during his own reign. Hattusili sought to ensure the security of his kingdom's subject territories by establishing formal diplomatic relations with foreign kings whose territories bordered his own. This chapter discusses the reign of Hattusili III as king of the Hittites, Hatti's international relations, treaty drawn up between Hattusili's son and successor Tudhaliya IV and a man called Kurunta, Hattusili's decision to designate Tudhaliya as his successor to the throne, Hattusili's treaty with Assyria and Egypt, relations between Hatti and Egypt following the treaty, the role of Hattusili's wife Puduhepa in Hatti's international affairs, Hattusili's military campaigns in Anatolia, and Hattusili's legacy as ruler of the Hittite kingdom.Less
Although he was a vigorous military campaigner before he occupied the throne as king of the Hittites, Hattusili emphasized diplomacy and conciliation during his own reign. Hattusili sought to ensure the security of his kingdom's subject territories by establishing formal diplomatic relations with foreign kings whose territories bordered his own. This chapter discusses the reign of Hattusili III as king of the Hittites, Hatti's international relations, treaty drawn up between Hattusili's son and successor Tudhaliya IV and a man called Kurunta, Hattusili's decision to designate Tudhaliya as his successor to the throne, Hattusili's treaty with Assyria and Egypt, relations between Hatti and Egypt following the treaty, the role of Hattusili's wife Puduhepa in Hatti's international affairs, Hattusili's military campaigns in Anatolia, and Hattusili's legacy as ruler of the Hittite kingdom.
TREVOR BRYCE
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199281329
- eISBN:
- 9780191706752
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199281329.003.12
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
In his early years, the prince Tudhaliya could have had little thought that he would one day become king. But he was installed by Hattusili ‘in kingship’, that is, Tudhaliya probably now assumed the ...
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In his early years, the prince Tudhaliya could have had little thought that he would one day become king. But he was installed by Hattusili ‘in kingship’, that is, Tudhaliya probably now assumed the role of crown prince. This chapter examines the career path which Hattusili had mapped out for Tudhaliya in preparation for his becoming king of the Hittites, Puduhepa's effort to arrange her daughter's marriage to Tudhaliya, problems and potential crises inherited by Tudhaliya from Muwattalli as Hittite ruler, political developments in western Anatolia during Tudhaliya's reign, the impact of establishment of a pro-Hittite regime in Milawata on Ahhiyawan enterprise in western Anatolia, political problems that arose from the marriage alliance contracted between the royal families of Ugarit and Amurru, Tudhaliya's war with Assyria, possible coup instigated by Kurunta to wrest the throne from his cousin Tudhaliya, Tudhaliya's conquest of Alasiya, and the achievements of Tudhaliya IV as ruler of the Hittite kingdom.Less
In his early years, the prince Tudhaliya could have had little thought that he would one day become king. But he was installed by Hattusili ‘in kingship’, that is, Tudhaliya probably now assumed the role of crown prince. This chapter examines the career path which Hattusili had mapped out for Tudhaliya in preparation for his becoming king of the Hittites, Puduhepa's effort to arrange her daughter's marriage to Tudhaliya, problems and potential crises inherited by Tudhaliya from Muwattalli as Hittite ruler, political developments in western Anatolia during Tudhaliya's reign, the impact of establishment of a pro-Hittite regime in Milawata on Ahhiyawan enterprise in western Anatolia, political problems that arose from the marriage alliance contracted between the royal families of Ugarit and Amurru, Tudhaliya's war with Assyria, possible coup instigated by Kurunta to wrest the throne from his cousin Tudhaliya, Tudhaliya's conquest of Alasiya, and the achievements of Tudhaliya IV as ruler of the Hittite kingdom.
TREVOR BRYCE
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199281329
- eISBN:
- 9780191706752
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199281329.003.13
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
On the death of Tudhaliya, the succession to the throne as king of the Hittites passed to his son Arnuwanda (III). But the latter's death after perhaps only a year or so on the throne has left him as ...
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On the death of Tudhaliya, the succession to the throne as king of the Hittites passed to his son Arnuwanda (III). But the latter's death after perhaps only a year or so on the throne has left him as no more than a passing footnote in the history of the Hittite monarchy. There is evidence of unrest in Hatti during his brother's reign and problems over the succession following his death. This chapter chronicles Suppiluliuma's final military campaigns in western Anatolia as king of the Hittites, food shortages in Hatti, Suppiluliuma's sea battles off the coast of Alasiya, massive movements of peoples who swept through Anatolia, Syria, and Palestine, and across the eastern Mediterranean to the coast of Egypt early in the 12th century, and the collapse of the Hittite kingdom. The emergence of new kingdoms in Egypt and Assyria following the fall of the Hittite kingdom is also discussed, along with the Hittites' successors in Anatolia and biblical references to Hittites and Hittite kings.Less
On the death of Tudhaliya, the succession to the throne as king of the Hittites passed to his son Arnuwanda (III). But the latter's death after perhaps only a year or so on the throne has left him as no more than a passing footnote in the history of the Hittite monarchy. There is evidence of unrest in Hatti during his brother's reign and problems over the succession following his death. This chapter chronicles Suppiluliuma's final military campaigns in western Anatolia as king of the Hittites, food shortages in Hatti, Suppiluliuma's sea battles off the coast of Alasiya, massive movements of peoples who swept through Anatolia, Syria, and Palestine, and across the eastern Mediterranean to the coast of Egypt early in the 12th century, and the collapse of the Hittite kingdom. The emergence of new kingdoms in Egypt and Assyria following the fall of the Hittite kingdom is also discussed, along with the Hittites' successors in Anatolia and biblical references to Hittites and Hittite kings.
David M. Lewis
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198769941
- eISBN:
- 9780191822728
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198769941.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
The orthodox view of ancient Mediterranean slavery holds that Greece and Rome were the only ‘genuine slave societies’ of the ancient world, that is, societies in which slave labour contributed ...
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The orthodox view of ancient Mediterranean slavery holds that Greece and Rome were the only ‘genuine slave societies’ of the ancient world, that is, societies in which slave labour contributed significantly to the economy and underpinned the wealth of elites. Other societies, labelled as ‘societies with slaves’, apparently made little use of slave labour, and have therefore been largely ignored in recent work. Greek Slave Systems in their Eastern Mediterranean Context, c.800–146 BC presents a radically different view. Slavery was indeed particularly highly developed in Greece and Rome; but it was also highly developed in Carthage and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean, and played a not insignificant role in the affairs of elites in Assyria, Babylonia, and Persia. This new study portrays the Eastern Mediterranean world as a patchwork of regional slave systems. In Greece, diversity was the rule: from the early archaic period onwards, differing historical trajectories in various regions shaped the institution of slavery in manifold ways, producing very different slave systems in regions such as Sparta, Crete, and Attica. In the wider Eastern Mediterranean world, we find a similar level of diversity. Slavery was exploited to different degrees across all of these regions, and was the outcome of a complex interplay between cultural, economic, political, geographic, and demographic variables.Less
The orthodox view of ancient Mediterranean slavery holds that Greece and Rome were the only ‘genuine slave societies’ of the ancient world, that is, societies in which slave labour contributed significantly to the economy and underpinned the wealth of elites. Other societies, labelled as ‘societies with slaves’, apparently made little use of slave labour, and have therefore been largely ignored in recent work. Greek Slave Systems in their Eastern Mediterranean Context, c.800–146 BC presents a radically different view. Slavery was indeed particularly highly developed in Greece and Rome; but it was also highly developed in Carthage and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean, and played a not insignificant role in the affairs of elites in Assyria, Babylonia, and Persia. This new study portrays the Eastern Mediterranean world as a patchwork of regional slave systems. In Greece, diversity was the rule: from the early archaic period onwards, differing historical trajectories in various regions shaped the institution of slavery in manifold ways, producing very different slave systems in regions such as Sparta, Crete, and Attica. In the wider Eastern Mediterranean world, we find a similar level of diversity. Slavery was exploited to different degrees across all of these regions, and was the outcome of a complex interplay between cultural, economic, political, geographic, and demographic variables.
Georges Roux
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748613878
- eISBN:
- 9780748653584
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748613878.003.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
The problem of the Sumerians' origin presents a remarkable special feature: it goes back to an era when absolutely nothing was known about them or about the civilisation that flourished in Lower ...
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The problem of the Sumerians' origin presents a remarkable special feature: it goes back to an era when absolutely nothing was known about them or about the civilisation that flourished in Lower Mesopotamia in the third millennium BC. By the 1850s, enough was known about inscriptions to be able to state that the great majority of them, coming from cities in Assyria as well as the still-unexplored ruins of Babylon and its environs, had been composed in Assyrian or Babylonian. In 1877, when Ernest de Sarzec commenced excavations at Tello in Sumer, the Sumerians suddenly became real, almost alive. Not only did they enter history, but it was soon learnt that they had ‘created’ it, being the authors of the oldest-known historical inscriptions. However, the problem of their origin was posed in new terms, because these people were immediately perceived as ‘foreign’ to Mesopotamia, where they were nevertheless firmly entrenched.Less
The problem of the Sumerians' origin presents a remarkable special feature: it goes back to an era when absolutely nothing was known about them or about the civilisation that flourished in Lower Mesopotamia in the third millennium BC. By the 1850s, enough was known about inscriptions to be able to state that the great majority of them, coming from cities in Assyria as well as the still-unexplored ruins of Babylon and its environs, had been composed in Assyrian or Babylonian. In 1877, when Ernest de Sarzec commenced excavations at Tello in Sumer, the Sumerians suddenly became real, almost alive. Not only did they enter history, but it was soon learnt that they had ‘created’ it, being the authors of the oldest-known historical inscriptions. However, the problem of their origin was posed in new terms, because these people were immediately perceived as ‘foreign’ to Mesopotamia, where they were nevertheless firmly entrenched.
Ellen F. Davis
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- June 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190260545
- eISBN:
- 9780190260583
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190260545.003.0022
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
The prophets of the eighth and seventh centuries were social critics and also poets of great power who responded to internal social pressures and external military threats. Amos, Micah, and Hosea ...
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The prophets of the eighth and seventh centuries were social critics and also poets of great power who responded to internal social pressures and external military threats. Amos, Micah, and Hosea convict Israel and Judah of sin through carefully structured oracles and metaphors that fit the contours of particular social situations—and may be misunderstood by readers who do not know the prophet’s social context. Amos pioneers the language of exile. Micah exposes the corruption of Jerusalem’s elite, who stripped peasant farmers of their land, although he also finds hope for the city in YHWH’s vision of faithfulness in Zion. Hosea is the first to use the language of extreme intimacy—sexuality and marriage—to characterize the covenant between God and Israel. The books of Nahum and Jonah take opposing perspectives on the threatened destruction of Nineveh (Assyria); together they attest to the prophetic task of discovering a public voice for reckoning honestly with the hatred of national enemies.Less
The prophets of the eighth and seventh centuries were social critics and also poets of great power who responded to internal social pressures and external military threats. Amos, Micah, and Hosea convict Israel and Judah of sin through carefully structured oracles and metaphors that fit the contours of particular social situations—and may be misunderstood by readers who do not know the prophet’s social context. Amos pioneers the language of exile. Micah exposes the corruption of Jerusalem’s elite, who stripped peasant farmers of their land, although he also finds hope for the city in YHWH’s vision of faithfulness in Zion. Hosea is the first to use the language of extreme intimacy—sexuality and marriage—to characterize the covenant between God and Israel. The books of Nahum and Jonah take opposing perspectives on the threatened destruction of Nineveh (Assyria); together they attest to the prophetic task of discovering a public voice for reckoning honestly with the hatred of national enemies.
Roger Wagner and Andrew Briggs
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198747956
- eISBN:
- 9780191810909
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198747956.003.0040
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
This chapter focusses on George Smith, ‘deluge Smith’ the ‘intellectual picklock’, a nationally known figure whose discoveries were eagerly followed in the pages of the Daily Telegraph. Smith had a ...
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This chapter focusses on George Smith, ‘deluge Smith’ the ‘intellectual picklock’, a nationally known figure whose discoveries were eagerly followed in the pages of the Daily Telegraph. Smith had a childhood fascination with accounts of the exploits of Rawlinson and Layard, and had taught himself to read cuneiform. Starting his working life as an apprentice bank note engraver, he would spend all his lunch hours at the British Museum and all his spare earnings on books about Assyria. He was appointed assistant in the Assyriology Department in 1867. Smith died at the age of 36 in the British consulate in Aleppo after contracting a plague while on expedition in Nineveh.Less
This chapter focusses on George Smith, ‘deluge Smith’ the ‘intellectual picklock’, a nationally known figure whose discoveries were eagerly followed in the pages of the Daily Telegraph. Smith had a childhood fascination with accounts of the exploits of Rawlinson and Layard, and had taught himself to read cuneiform. Starting his working life as an apprentice bank note engraver, he would spend all his lunch hours at the British Museum and all his spare earnings on books about Assyria. He was appointed assistant in the Assyriology Department in 1867. Smith died at the age of 36 in the British consulate in Aleppo after contracting a plague while on expedition in Nineveh.
Marian H. Feldman
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780226105611
- eISBN:
- 9780226164427
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226164427.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
This book explores how communities formed around artworks in the Iron Age Levant (c. 1200-600 BCE). It argues that portable luxury arts forged collective memories and community identities through the ...
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This book explores how communities formed around artworks in the Iron Age Levant (c. 1200-600 BCE). It argues that portable luxury arts forged collective memories and community identities through the production and consumption of style, understood as stylistic practices, and offers a rethinking of the way art historians approach style as an analytical feature of art. Stylistic analysis of Iron Age Levantine ivories and metalworks reveals a spectrum of heterogeneous styles that point to flexible networked communities of practice, rather than to one-to-one geographical associations between style and city-state, challenging the autochthonous nature of style and strictly culture-history classifications of art. An alternative approach for interpreting stylistic traits, derived from practice theory, proposes that stylistic practices be understood as part of embodied social relations. These are considered from the vantage point first of the Levant and then of its increasingly powerful neighbor Assyria. Contextualizing the stylistic practices of specific Levantine artworks, such as decorated metal (“Phoenician”) bowls, articulates the ways in which collective memories could coalesce around them through social activities such as drinking and libating. The artworks’ efficacy in creating social relations extends to contexts of displacement, recycling, and reuse, and the book concludes by tracing the narratives of several Levantine ivories and metalworks that moved in multiple contexts across cultures and social strata in the Near East and eastern Mediterranean.Less
This book explores how communities formed around artworks in the Iron Age Levant (c. 1200-600 BCE). It argues that portable luxury arts forged collective memories and community identities through the production and consumption of style, understood as stylistic practices, and offers a rethinking of the way art historians approach style as an analytical feature of art. Stylistic analysis of Iron Age Levantine ivories and metalworks reveals a spectrum of heterogeneous styles that point to flexible networked communities of practice, rather than to one-to-one geographical associations between style and city-state, challenging the autochthonous nature of style and strictly culture-history classifications of art. An alternative approach for interpreting stylistic traits, derived from practice theory, proposes that stylistic practices be understood as part of embodied social relations. These are considered from the vantage point first of the Levant and then of its increasingly powerful neighbor Assyria. Contextualizing the stylistic practices of specific Levantine artworks, such as decorated metal (“Phoenician”) bowls, articulates the ways in which collective memories could coalesce around them through social activities such as drinking and libating. The artworks’ efficacy in creating social relations extends to contexts of displacement, recycling, and reuse, and the book concludes by tracing the narratives of several Levantine ivories and metalworks that moved in multiple contexts across cultures and social strata in the Near East and eastern Mediterranean.
Aidan Dodson
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9789774167164
- eISBN:
- 9781617977336
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774167164.003.0017
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This chapter looks at the Twenty-sixth Dynasty, during which Egypt had been engaged in interventions in Syria–Palestine in aid of the Assyrians. King Psamtek I is regarded as the founder of the ...
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This chapter looks at the Twenty-sixth Dynasty, during which Egypt had been engaged in interventions in Syria–Palestine in aid of the Assyrians. King Psamtek I is regarded as the founder of the dynasty, and was to all appearances a loyal subject of Assurbanipal, even possessing an alternate Assyrian name, Nabushezibanni. The chapter shows, however, that Psamtek I was not content to be merely a vassal of Assyria, and worked to eventually consolidate his power and become the true pharaoh of a united, independent Egypt. His successors continued Psamtek I's policy on Syria–Palestine, however, which culminated in a revolt during the reign of his great grandson Wahibre, which turned the general Ahmose II into the new pharaoh of Egypt.Less
This chapter looks at the Twenty-sixth Dynasty, during which Egypt had been engaged in interventions in Syria–Palestine in aid of the Assyrians. King Psamtek I is regarded as the founder of the dynasty, and was to all appearances a loyal subject of Assurbanipal, even possessing an alternate Assyrian name, Nabushezibanni. The chapter shows, however, that Psamtek I was not content to be merely a vassal of Assyria, and worked to eventually consolidate his power and become the true pharaoh of a united, independent Egypt. His successors continued Psamtek I's policy on Syria–Palestine, however, which culminated in a revolt during the reign of his great grandson Wahibre, which turned the general Ahmose II into the new pharaoh of Egypt.
William M. Schniedewind
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780300176681
- eISBN:
- 9780300199109
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300176681.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This chapter details the emergence of a distinctive Hebrew script (as opposed to Aramaic or Phoenician script). The catalyst for this development was the rise of the Assyrian empire whose imperialism ...
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This chapter details the emergence of a distinctive Hebrew script (as opposed to Aramaic or Phoenician script). The catalyst for this development was the rise of the Assyrian empire whose imperialism included a strong linguistic ideology. The Assyrians developed Aramaic for the administration of their empire in the West, and the Judeans began to develop a distinctive script and to collect a national literature as a reaction to Assyrian imperialism. Assyrian military campaigns also resulted in the destruction and exile of the northern kingdom of Israel. Many refugees from the north fled south and settled in Jerusalem and its environs and had an impact on the early formation of biblical literature.Less
This chapter details the emergence of a distinctive Hebrew script (as opposed to Aramaic or Phoenician script). The catalyst for this development was the rise of the Assyrian empire whose imperialism included a strong linguistic ideology. The Assyrians developed Aramaic for the administration of their empire in the West, and the Judeans began to develop a distinctive script and to collect a national literature as a reaction to Assyrian imperialism. Assyrian military campaigns also resulted in the destruction and exile of the northern kingdom of Israel. Many refugees from the north fled south and settled in Jerusalem and its environs and had an impact on the early formation of biblical literature.
