Ken Binmore
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195300574
- eISBN:
- 9780199783748
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300574.003.0019
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This chapter offers an approach to applying game theory to David Hume's ideas on moral philosophy. It begins by explaining how the Humean approach allows a different interpretation of experimental ...
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This chapter offers an approach to applying game theory to David Hume's ideas on moral philosophy. It begins by explaining how the Humean approach allows a different interpretation of experimental results in games like the Ultimatum Game compared to that taken for granted in classical economics. It then briefly reviews ideas from orthodox social choice theory as a preliminary to arguing that making interpersonal comparisons of utility is necessary for a full analysis of fairness norms. Harsanyi's theory of interpersonal comparison is then introduced. Harsanyi's utilitarian theory and Rawls' egalitarian theory are discussed. The chapter ends with an account of an experiment that is intended to illustrate how fairness norms may evolve over time.Less
This chapter offers an approach to applying game theory to David Hume's ideas on moral philosophy. It begins by explaining how the Humean approach allows a different interpretation of experimental results in games like the Ultimatum Game compared to that taken for granted in classical economics. It then briefly reviews ideas from orthodox social choice theory as a preliminary to arguing that making interpersonal comparisons of utility is necessary for a full analysis of fairness norms. Harsanyi's theory of interpersonal comparison is then introduced. Harsanyi's utilitarian theory and Rawls' egalitarian theory are discussed. The chapter ends with an account of an experiment that is intended to illustrate how fairness norms may evolve over time.
Robert Hanna
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199285549
- eISBN:
- 9780191713965
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199285549.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
This chapter explores the same basic Kantian presuppositional links with respect to causation. It begins by unpacking the basics of Kant's metaphysics of causation, with special reference to the ...
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This chapter explores the same basic Kantian presuppositional links with respect to causation. It begins by unpacking the basics of Kant's metaphysics of causation, with special reference to the three Analogies of Experience and the Third Antinomy of Pure Reason. It then analyzes the problem of free will and works out a new version of Kant's theory of freedom, called the Embodied Agency Theory. Some of the intimate Kantian links between freedom and nature are explored, and a biological interpretation of the Embodied Agency Theory is developed. It is argued that for Kant, the irreversibility of time — ‘Time's Arrow’ — entails a necessary connection between naturally mechanized causation and the possibility of human practical causation.Less
This chapter explores the same basic Kantian presuppositional links with respect to causation. It begins by unpacking the basics of Kant's metaphysics of causation, with special reference to the three Analogies of Experience and the Third Antinomy of Pure Reason. It then analyzes the problem of free will and works out a new version of Kant's theory of freedom, called the Embodied Agency Theory. Some of the intimate Kantian links between freedom and nature are explored, and a biological interpretation of the Embodied Agency Theory is developed. It is argued that for Kant, the irreversibility of time — ‘Time's Arrow’ — entails a necessary connection between naturally mechanized causation and the possibility of human practical causation.
Paul Maddrell
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199267507
- eISBN:
- 9780191708404
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199267507.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter discusses that traditional espionage using human spies peaked in Germany in the years 1945-1961. It explains two goals in conducting espionage in East Germany: to provide warning of any ...
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This chapter discusses that traditional espionage using human spies peaked in Germany in the years 1945-1961. It explains two goals in conducting espionage in East Germany: to provide warning of any attack on Western Europe by the Soviet army, and to use the DDR's (Deutsche Demokratische Republik) connections with the Soviet Union to penetrate the latter. It also discusses the large programmes of arrests carried out by the Stasi of large numbers of Western spies and anti-Communist resistance fighters. It explains that despite losing many of its sources, the CIA claims that it achieved great success in Germany that resulted from the number of their spies and the depth of their penetration of East Germany's ministries, factories, political parties, armed forces, and Western services. It adds that the open border in Berlin allowed the Western secret services to fully exploit flight from the SED regime and resistance to it.Less
This chapter discusses that traditional espionage using human spies peaked in Germany in the years 1945-1961. It explains two goals in conducting espionage in East Germany: to provide warning of any attack on Western Europe by the Soviet army, and to use the DDR's (Deutsche Demokratische Republik) connections with the Soviet Union to penetrate the latter. It also discusses the large programmes of arrests carried out by the Stasi of large numbers of Western spies and anti-Communist resistance fighters. It explains that despite losing many of its sources, the CIA claims that it achieved great success in Germany that resulted from the number of their spies and the depth of their penetration of East Germany's ministries, factories, political parties, armed forces, and Western services. It adds that the open border in Berlin allowed the Western secret services to fully exploit flight from the SED regime and resistance to it.
Dipankar Dasgupta
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198073970
- eISBN:
- 9780199081615
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198073970.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This chapter presents a unified framework for understanding the implication of ‘learning by doing’ in endogenous growth models. It considers three different ways in which the concept of ‘learning by ...
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This chapter presents a unified framework for understanding the implication of ‘learning by doing’ in endogenous growth models. It considers three different ways in which the concept of ‘learning by doing’ has been exploited by the endogenous growth theory. The seminal work dates back to Kenneth Arrow (1962), who took a significant step towards offering a theory of labour augmentation and attributed productivity increases over time to learning. Arrow showed that technical progress amounts to ‘learning by doing’ and constructed an index for experience consisting of the value of cumulative gross investment at any point of time. Arrow's idea was extended by Antoine d'Autume and Philippe Michel (1993) and by Paul M. Romer (1986), the latter bringing out the importance of education and knowledge capital in determining the growth rates of economies. This chapter makes the three models comparable by utilizing a disembodied technical progress structure.Less
This chapter presents a unified framework for understanding the implication of ‘learning by doing’ in endogenous growth models. It considers three different ways in which the concept of ‘learning by doing’ has been exploited by the endogenous growth theory. The seminal work dates back to Kenneth Arrow (1962), who took a significant step towards offering a theory of labour augmentation and attributed productivity increases over time to learning. Arrow showed that technical progress amounts to ‘learning by doing’ and constructed an index for experience consisting of the value of cumulative gross investment at any point of time. Arrow's idea was extended by Antoine d'Autume and Philippe Michel (1993) and by Paul M. Romer (1986), the latter bringing out the importance of education and knowledge capital in determining the growth rates of economies. This chapter makes the three models comparable by utilizing a disembodied technical progress structure.
ROBERT V. DODGE
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199857203
- eISBN:
- 9780199932597
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199857203.003.0015
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Behavioural Economics
This chapter begins with a brief voting discussion and then presents a problem and explanation from Schelling's course. It looks at sincere and strategic voting, the idea of a secret ballot, selling ...
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This chapter begins with a brief voting discussion and then presents a problem and explanation from Schelling's course. It looks at sincere and strategic voting, the idea of a secret ballot, selling votes, and various characteristics involved in voting systems. Arrow's Impossibility Theorem describes Arrow's proof that no system could achieve four reasonable election goals. “Designing voting schemes” presents a Schelling problem where results depend on the voting strategy applied. The idea of cyclical choices concerns several options where preferences among them vary. Voting trees are introduced for strategic choices. The Condorcet option contends when there are several choices, any voting system selected should choose what the majority would choose if compared with another. In the positive majority sequential voting scheme, the first candidate is paired against the second and the winner is paired against the third, and so on. That leads to the idea of efficient voting outcomes, where no alternative outcome is unanimously preferred to the actual results. Lastly, the chapter considers the median voter theorem when voters are spread across a broad conservative-liberal continuum. This holds the candidate that wins the voter at the median wins the election. Supplementing the chapter is an article by Thomas L. Friedman “Hoping for Arab Mandelas.”Less
This chapter begins with a brief voting discussion and then presents a problem and explanation from Schelling's course. It looks at sincere and strategic voting, the idea of a secret ballot, selling votes, and various characteristics involved in voting systems. Arrow's Impossibility Theorem describes Arrow's proof that no system could achieve four reasonable election goals. “Designing voting schemes” presents a Schelling problem where results depend on the voting strategy applied. The idea of cyclical choices concerns several options where preferences among them vary. Voting trees are introduced for strategic choices. The Condorcet option contends when there are several choices, any voting system selected should choose what the majority would choose if compared with another. In the positive majority sequential voting scheme, the first candidate is paired against the second and the winner is paired against the third, and so on. That leads to the idea of efficient voting outcomes, where no alternative outcome is unanimously preferred to the actual results. Lastly, the chapter considers the median voter theorem when voters are spread across a broad conservative-liberal continuum. This holds the candidate that wins the voter at the median wins the election. Supplementing the chapter is an article by Thomas L. Friedman “Hoping for Arab Mandelas.”
Chris Jones
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199281978
- eISBN:
- 9780191602535
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199281971.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
Many policies impact on inter-temporal consumption choices, with taxes on capital income being the most obvious example. This chapter examines the welfare effects of linear and non-linear personal ...
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Many policies impact on inter-temporal consumption choices, with taxes on capital income being the most obvious example. This chapter examines the welfare effects of linear and non-linear personal income taxes, as well as taxes on corporate income, in a two-period setting. The shadow discount rate obtained by Harberger (1969) and Sandmo and Dre_ze (1971) is personalized in the presence of non-linear income taxes, while the corporate tax is included using the Miller (1977) equilibrium, in which consumers specialize in holding debt or equity, solely on the basis of their tax preferences. A risk premium is included in the social discount rate using the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), and arguments by Arrow and Lind (1970) for using a lower risk premium for public sector projects are also examined.Less
Many policies impact on inter-temporal consumption choices, with taxes on capital income being the most obvious example. This chapter examines the welfare effects of linear and non-linear personal income taxes, as well as taxes on corporate income, in a two-period setting. The shadow discount rate obtained by Harberger (1969) and Sandmo and Dre_ze (1971) is personalized in the presence of non-linear income taxes, while the corporate tax is included using the Miller (1977) equilibrium, in which consumers specialize in holding debt or equity, solely on the basis of their tax preferences. A risk premium is included in the social discount rate using the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), and arguments by Arrow and Lind (1970) for using a lower risk premium for public sector projects are also examined.
Hélène Landemore
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691155654
- eISBN:
- 9781400845538
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691155654.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter addresses a series of objections to the claimed epistemic properties of majority rule and, more generally, aggregation of judgments. It first considers a general objection to the ...
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This chapter addresses a series of objections to the claimed epistemic properties of majority rule and, more generally, aggregation of judgments. It first considers a general objection to the epistemic approach to voting, which supposedly does not take seriously enough the possibility that politics is about aggregation of interests, rather than aggregation of judgments. The chapter also considers the objection from Arrow's Impossibility Theorem and the doctrinal paradox (or discursive dilemma). Next, the chapter addresses the problem of informational free riding supposedly afflicting citizens in mass democracies, as well as the problem of the voting paradox (as a by-product). Finally, the chapter turns to a refutation of the objection that citizens suffer from systematic biases that are amplified at the collective level.Less
This chapter addresses a series of objections to the claimed epistemic properties of majority rule and, more generally, aggregation of judgments. It first considers a general objection to the epistemic approach to voting, which supposedly does not take seriously enough the possibility that politics is about aggregation of interests, rather than aggregation of judgments. The chapter also considers the objection from Arrow's Impossibility Theorem and the doctrinal paradox (or discursive dilemma). Next, the chapter addresses the problem of informational free riding supposedly afflicting citizens in mass democracies, as well as the problem of the voting paradox (as a by-product). Finally, the chapter turns to a refutation of the objection that citizens suffer from systematic biases that are amplified at the collective level.
Michael A. Carrier
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195342581
- eISBN:
- 9780199867035
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342581.003.0013
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
This chapter begins by defining innovation markets, which are markets for research and development (R&D). It then sets forth the critiques that have been leveled against the markets. It proposes a ...
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This chapter begins by defining innovation markets, which are markets for research and development (R&D). It then sets forth the critiques that have been leveled against the markets. It proposes a new five-part test for the antitrust enforcement agencies—the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) and FTC—to apply to innovation markets. The test improves the current analysis by replacing the seemingly ad hoc approach with a comprehensive framework based on the Merger Guidelines. It also breaks new ground in considering not just the number of firms in research and development but also their respective stages of U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) review. The chapter provides background on preclinical studies as well as clinical trials. It concludes by presenting the results of five case studies from the past two decades—four mergers that the FTC challenged and one that it did not.Less
This chapter begins by defining innovation markets, which are markets for research and development (R&D). It then sets forth the critiques that have been leveled against the markets. It proposes a new five-part test for the antitrust enforcement agencies—the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) and FTC—to apply to innovation markets. The test improves the current analysis by replacing the seemingly ad hoc approach with a comprehensive framework based on the Merger Guidelines. It also breaks new ground in considering not just the number of firms in research and development but also their respective stages of U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) review. The chapter provides background on preclinical studies as well as clinical trials. It concludes by presenting the results of five case studies from the past two decades—four mergers that the FTC challenged and one that it did not.
S. N. Afriat
- Published in print:
- 1987
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198284611
- eISBN:
- 9780191595844
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198284616.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
The chapter is concerned with the generalities of choice and the optimum. Its eight sections are: forming a choice; demand as choice; choice functions; the optimum; optimal choice functions; revealed ...
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The chapter is concerned with the generalities of choice and the optimum. Its eight sections are: forming a choice; demand as choice; choice functions; the optimum; optimal choice functions; revealed choice and preference; dinners and battles (these are used to represent the regularity of consumption versus the fitfulfulness of other historical events, in order to introduce consumer theory and discuss its characteristics); and the maximum doctrine.Less
The chapter is concerned with the generalities of choice and the optimum. Its eight sections are: forming a choice; demand as choice; choice functions; the optimum; optimal choice functions; revealed choice and preference; dinners and battles (these are used to represent the regularity of consumption versus the fitfulfulness of other historical events, in order to introduce consumer theory and discuss its characteristics); and the maximum doctrine.
S. N. Afriat
- Published in print:
- 1987
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198284611
- eISBN:
- 9780191595844
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198284616.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This chapter deals with choice functions and preferences, and with the search and elimination processes involved in making a choice. Its five sections are: search and elimination; binary choice; ...
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This chapter deals with choice functions and preferences, and with the search and elimination processes involved in making a choice. Its five sections are: search and elimination; binary choice; preference; revealed preference; and revealed contradictions.Less
This chapter deals with choice functions and preferences, and with the search and elimination processes involved in making a choice. Its five sections are: search and elimination; binary choice; preference; revealed preference; and revealed contradictions.
S. N. Afriat
- Published in print:
- 1987
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198284611
- eISBN:
- 9780191595844
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198284616.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
The chapter discusses group choice. It is seen that, with group choice determined as a function of individual choices, democratically required neutralities inevitably lead to the ordinary voting ...
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The chapter discusses group choice. It is seen that, with group choice determined as a function of individual choices, democratically required neutralities inevitably lead to the ordinary voting method. An appraisal of the so‐called voting paradox follows. The remainder of the chapter concerns the group preference theory originated by K. J. Arrow; in addition to an account of principles involved and certain theorems, there is criticism of the ‘welfare’ association of this theory, and some consideration of what it could legitimately be about in the first place. The nine sections of the chapter are: axiomatics of voting—group autonomy, individual anonymity, anonymity of alternatives, the voting principle, unanimity sovereignty, election principle, majority rule; binary elections; the voting paradox; electing an order; democratic impartiality; (Arrow's) irrelevance principle; Hansson's group indifference theorem (which is that impartiality, unanimity, and irrelevance principles imply total group indifference, whereas Afriat concludes that impartiality, unanimity and positive association principles are together impossible); positive association; and Arrow's group dictatorship theorem.Less
The chapter discusses group choice. It is seen that, with group choice determined as a function of individual choices, democratically required neutralities inevitably lead to the ordinary voting method. An appraisal of the so‐called voting paradox follows. The remainder of the chapter concerns the group preference theory originated by K. J. Arrow; in addition to an account of principles involved and certain theorems, there is criticism of the ‘welfare’ association of this theory, and some consideration of what it could legitimately be about in the first place. The nine sections of the chapter are: axiomatics of voting—group autonomy, individual anonymity, anonymity of alternatives, the voting principle, unanimity sovereignty, election principle, majority rule; binary elections; the voting paradox; electing an order; democratic impartiality; (Arrow's) irrelevance principle; Hansson's group indifference theorem (which is that impartiality, unanimity, and irrelevance principles imply total group indifference, whereas Afriat concludes that impartiality, unanimity and positive association principles are together impossible); positive association; and Arrow's group dictatorship theorem.
S. N. Afriat
- Published in print:
- 1987
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198284611
- eISBN:
- 9780191595844
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198284616.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This chapter comments on conventional consumer theory looked at from the point of view of a simple consumer who does not understand enough of partial differential equations to implement the usual ...
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This chapter comments on conventional consumer theory looked at from the point of view of a simple consumer who does not understand enough of partial differential equations to implement the usual Allocation Rule. Its six sections are: the Allocation Rule; marginal utility of money; many goods; priority (of goods); law of (diminishing) returns; and adjustment and (purchase) priority rules.Less
This chapter comments on conventional consumer theory looked at from the point of view of a simple consumer who does not understand enough of partial differential equations to implement the usual Allocation Rule. Its six sections are: the Allocation Rule; marginal utility of money; many goods; priority (of goods); law of (diminishing) returns; and adjustment and (purchase) priority rules.
S. N. Afriat
- Published in print:
- 1987
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198284611
- eISBN:
- 9780191595844
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198284616.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This final chapter of Part I of the book (on choice and the optimum) is a study of the optimal savings theory (the Savings Rule) of Frank Ramsey (1928)—what it represents and the arguments involved. ...
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This final chapter of Part I of the book (on choice and the optimum) is a study of the optimal savings theory (the Savings Rule) of Frank Ramsey (1928)—what it represents and the arguments involved. Its nine sections are: counting and discounting; income disposition; Ramsey's problem; the Savings Rule; Keynes's argument (for the Savings Rule); Ramsey's argument (for the Savings Rule); time paths; a special case (of a production function as applied to savings); and discounted future (utility).Less
This final chapter of Part I of the book (on choice and the optimum) is a study of the optimal savings theory (the Savings Rule) of Frank Ramsey (1928)—what it represents and the arguments involved. Its nine sections are: counting and discounting; income disposition; Ramsey's problem; the Savings Rule; Keynes's argument (for the Savings Rule); Ramsey's argument (for the Savings Rule); time paths; a special case (of a production function as applied to savings); and discounted future (utility).
Avinash Dixit
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199298839
- eISBN:
- 9780191711480
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199298839.003.0014
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
This chapter provides an appraisal of Samuelson's work on trade theory. It explains the scientific importance of starting with the Ricardian 2x2 model and the current literature on comparative ...
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This chapter provides an appraisal of Samuelson's work on trade theory. It explains the scientific importance of starting with the Ricardian 2x2 model and the current literature on comparative advantage. Samuelson rests this model on the shoulders of giants, whether we want to explain gains from trade by swapping bananas for steel, or from the modern theoretical points of view. Samuelson has picked up this model without any rigorous proof and has given it many ‘operational’ assumptions so that one can test — or falsify — its predictive or explanatory powers. Proof of this model led to the welfare gain concept that Samuelson advanced from the classics, and anchored squarely on the First and Second Welfare Theorems. With these theories, trade can now be modeled to assess who gains, for instance, in the formation of a free trade agreement. This kind of research has only just begun.Less
This chapter provides an appraisal of Samuelson's work on trade theory. It explains the scientific importance of starting with the Ricardian 2x2 model and the current literature on comparative advantage. Samuelson rests this model on the shoulders of giants, whether we want to explain gains from trade by swapping bananas for steel, or from the modern theoretical points of view. Samuelson has picked up this model without any rigorous proof and has given it many ‘operational’ assumptions so that one can test — or falsify — its predictive or explanatory powers. Proof of this model led to the welfare gain concept that Samuelson advanced from the classics, and anchored squarely on the First and Second Welfare Theorems. With these theories, trade can now be modeled to assess who gains, for instance, in the formation of a free trade agreement. This kind of research has only just begun.
Robert A. Pollak
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199298839
- eISBN:
- 9780191711480
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199298839.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
This chapter describes a rich number of cases in which Samuelson distinguishes between the individual and the family as the consuming agent. The idea that the family demand function can be consistent ...
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This chapter describes a rich number of cases in which Samuelson distinguishes between the individual and the family as the consuming agent. The idea that the family demand function can be consistent with axioms of revealed preference is rendered difficult to achieve. Part of the problem involves giving a spouse rather than the family or household a utility function. Then the problem arises as to how the individual demand function is aggregated for the family. On the theoretical side, the chapter considers a Bergson–Samuelson type of social welfare utility function, with implications for Arrow's impossibility theorem. On the application side, the chapter features Becker's ‘rotten kid’ model problem, holding out the possibility of a solution with a family member as a possible dictator.Less
This chapter describes a rich number of cases in which Samuelson distinguishes between the individual and the family as the consuming agent. The idea that the family demand function can be consistent with axioms of revealed preference is rendered difficult to achieve. Part of the problem involves giving a spouse rather than the family or household a utility function. Then the problem arises as to how the individual demand function is aggregated for the family. On the theoretical side, the chapter considers a Bergson–Samuelson type of social welfare utility function, with implications for Arrow's impossibility theorem. On the application side, the chapter features Becker's ‘rotten kid’ model problem, holding out the possibility of a solution with a family member as a possible dictator.
Anita Kurimay
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780226705651
- eISBN:
- 9780226705828
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226705828.003.0007
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Gay and Lesbian Studies
This chapter explicitly traces the end to the precarious coexistence of the Hungarian state and tolerance of homosexuality to Hungary’s entry into World War II and the establishment of the Communist ...
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This chapter explicitly traces the end to the precarious coexistence of the Hungarian state and tolerance of homosexuality to Hungary’s entry into World War II and the establishment of the Communist dictatorship in 1948. With Hungary’s entry into the war in 1941 and the rapidly rising Nazi influence, homosexuality became irreconcilable with the idea of national community. That homosexuality and homosexuals became more systematically targeted was intimately tied to the expansion of the modern Hungarian state. By the outbreak of the war, state apparatuses, including the police and bureaucracy, were extensive and highly functional. Ironically however, it was following World War II and the establishment of the Communist state that for the first time a Hungarian state systematically prosecuted men who had been registered on the police’s homosexual registry. The recently accessible court documents suggest that until the decriminalization of “unnatural fornication” in 1961, homosexual men were seen as the enemies of the Hungarian state and consequently they were relentlessly prosecuted.Less
This chapter explicitly traces the end to the precarious coexistence of the Hungarian state and tolerance of homosexuality to Hungary’s entry into World War II and the establishment of the Communist dictatorship in 1948. With Hungary’s entry into the war in 1941 and the rapidly rising Nazi influence, homosexuality became irreconcilable with the idea of national community. That homosexuality and homosexuals became more systematically targeted was intimately tied to the expansion of the modern Hungarian state. By the outbreak of the war, state apparatuses, including the police and bureaucracy, were extensive and highly functional. Ironically however, it was following World War II and the establishment of the Communist state that for the first time a Hungarian state systematically prosecuted men who had been registered on the police’s homosexual registry. The recently accessible court documents suggest that until the decriminalization of “unnatural fornication” in 1961, homosexual men were seen as the enemies of the Hungarian state and consequently they were relentlessly prosecuted.
Michael Golston
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231164306
- eISBN:
- 9780231538633
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231164306.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
Chapter 4 is a reading of Susan Howe’s Pierce-Arrow through the lens of Peirce’s semiotics. It argues that the three sections of her book-length poem are keyed to Peirce’s three types of sign—the ...
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Chapter 4 is a reading of Susan Howe’s Pierce-Arrow through the lens of Peirce’s semiotics. It argues that the three sections of her book-length poem are keyed to Peirce’s three types of sign—the index, the icon, and the symbol. It features close readings of the poetry, locating references to Peirce in the latter’s works and arguing that the book in its entirety operates as an allegory for Peirce’s system of semiotics.Less
Chapter 4 is a reading of Susan Howe’s Pierce-Arrow through the lens of Peirce’s semiotics. It argues that the three sections of her book-length poem are keyed to Peirce’s three types of sign—the index, the icon, and the symbol. It features close readings of the poetry, locating references to Peirce in the latter’s works and arguing that the book in its entirety operates as an allegory for Peirce’s system of semiotics.
Amy Finkelstein
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231163804
- eISBN:
- 9780231538688
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231163804.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility
Moral hazard—the tendency to change behavior when the cost of that behavior will be borne by others—is a particularly tricky question when considering health care. Kenneth J. Arrow's seminal 1963 ...
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Moral hazard—the tendency to change behavior when the cost of that behavior will be borne by others—is a particularly tricky question when considering health care. Kenneth J. Arrow's seminal 1963 paper on this topic (included in this volume) was one of the first to explore the implication of moral hazard for health care, and this book examines this issue in the context of contemporary American health care policy. Drawing on research from both the original RAND Health Insurance Experiment and personal research, including a 2008 Health Insurance Experiment in Oregon, the book presents compelling evidence that health insurance does indeed affect medical spending and encourages policy solutions that acknowledge and account for this.Less
Moral hazard—the tendency to change behavior when the cost of that behavior will be borne by others—is a particularly tricky question when considering health care. Kenneth J. Arrow's seminal 1963 paper on this topic (included in this volume) was one of the first to explore the implication of moral hazard for health care, and this book examines this issue in the context of contemporary American health care policy. Drawing on research from both the original RAND Health Insurance Experiment and personal research, including a 2008 Health Insurance Experiment in Oregon, the book presents compelling evidence that health insurance does indeed affect medical spending and encourages policy solutions that acknowledge and account for this.
Maurice FitzGerald Scott
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198287421
- eISBN:
- 9780191596872
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198287429.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Unorthodox growth theories do not assume that technical progress is independant of investment. Theories put forward by various writers including Schumpeter, Hirschman, Kaldor, Kaldor and Mirrlees, ...
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Unorthodox growth theories do not assume that technical progress is independant of investment. Theories put forward by various writers including Schumpeter, Hirschman, Kaldor, Kaldor and Mirrlees, Arrow, Eltis, Kennedy, Nelson, and Winter are briefly reviewed. Some provide no growth model, and the models provided by others are unsatisfactory. Importantly, none appears to have been used in any substantial empirical work. But their ideas are drawn on in the model put forward in the book.Less
Unorthodox growth theories do not assume that technical progress is independant of investment. Theories put forward by various writers including Schumpeter, Hirschman, Kaldor, Kaldor and Mirrlees, Arrow, Eltis, Kennedy, Nelson, and Winter are briefly reviewed. Some provide no growth model, and the models provided by others are unsatisfactory. Importantly, none appears to have been used in any substantial empirical work. But their ideas are drawn on in the model put forward in the book.
Martine Quinzii
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195065534
- eISBN:
- 9780199855063
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195065534.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
The passage to an industrial mode of production which began in the eighteenth century involved exploiting the presence of a zone of increasing returns to scale which exists in most industrial ...
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The passage to an industrial mode of production which began in the eighteenth century involved exploiting the presence of a zone of increasing returns to scale which exists in most industrial processes. The improved methods of communications (roads, canals, and subsequently railroads) increased the size of the markets to such an extent that large-scale production processes could profitably be employed. The early recognition of the importance of increasing returns to scale did not however make it easier to incorporate this phenomenon into the main body of economic theory, and in particular into the theory of value. The abstract treatment of the theory of value was given a new impetus in the late 1950s when the Arrow-Debreu theory of a competitive economy was developed. This book explores increasing returns to scale, focusing on the general equilibrium version of the marginal cost principle, marginal cost pricing equilibrium, and resource allocation in an economy with increasing returns based on the concept of the core.Less
The passage to an industrial mode of production which began in the eighteenth century involved exploiting the presence of a zone of increasing returns to scale which exists in most industrial processes. The improved methods of communications (roads, canals, and subsequently railroads) increased the size of the markets to such an extent that large-scale production processes could profitably be employed. The early recognition of the importance of increasing returns to scale did not however make it easier to incorporate this phenomenon into the main body of economic theory, and in particular into the theory of value. The abstract treatment of the theory of value was given a new impetus in the late 1950s when the Arrow-Debreu theory of a competitive economy was developed. This book explores increasing returns to scale, focusing on the general equilibrium version of the marginal cost principle, marginal cost pricing equilibrium, and resource allocation in an economy with increasing returns based on the concept of the core.