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Apparatus Criticus

S. Halliwell

in Plato: Republic V

This chapter covers the Apparatus Criticus, which includes 449cl δτι Ν‎ (Boter 232) ιτι‎ ADF, and 451b4 καΙ καθαρόν Α καθαρού‎ DF. It also refers to 45231 μην‎....Υε‎ Richards (111) μεν‎...τε‎ ADF, ... More

This chapter covers the Apparatus Criticus, which includes 449cl δτι Ν‎ (Boter 232) ιτι‎ ADF, and 451b4 καΙ καθαρόν Α καθαρού‎ DF. It also refers to 45231 μην‎....Υε‎ Richards (111) μεν‎...τε‎ ADF, 454b4 μη Ν‎ (Boter 232) om. ADF, and 454dl τΟ‎...τέίνον τα‎... Galen, β‎ (Boter 204) τα‎...τεΙ‎vovτα‎ ADF. It also mentions 454d2 Ιατρικόν‎...Ιατρικήν‎ A2DF (-κων‎... -κην‎ A~) Ιατρικδν‎...ΙατρικΟν β‎ (Boter 212) δντα‎ secl. Burnet δντας Κ‎. F. Hermann and 456al-2 καΙ‎ D om.AF. The chapter contains 456all ή δε‎ Eusebius." DF dσθενεστέρα Ισχυροτέρα‎ (-ας Α‎2) Α‎, 457d9 ί‎lv F om. AD, 460b9 μεν γάρ Α γάρ‎ DF, and 462c12 τεταγμένη Ε‎. It cites 46200 αϋτη β‎ (Boter 204), 463c5 έ‎vτυΧΎά‎VTJ F -ά‎VΤΙ ΤΙς‎" AD, and 464e6 έπιμελεΙας‎" Stobaeus, Par. 1810 (Boter 223-4).Less

Apparatus Criticus

A. J. Bowen

in Plutarch: The Malice of Herodotos

This chapter provides the Apparatus Criticus used in Plutarch's The Malice of Herodotus. It includes the points at which Hansen, Hasler, Lachenaud and Pearson do not offer the same text, except in ... More

This chapter provides the Apparatus Criticus used in Plutarch's The Malice of Herodotus. It includes the points at which Hansen, Hasler, Lachenaud and Pearson do not offer the same text, except in trivial matters such as punctuation. It also covers 855A δοκεί δη Ε‎: δοκεί δΕ Β‎, η‎ super ε‎ scnpta, B σοΦ‎Wς ΕΒ‎: σαφως‎ Bemardakis I δτψ ΕΒ‎: εί τψ‎ Hasler, and C άτίιχημά τινος ΕΒ‎: τινος άτίιχημ‎' Benseler. The chapter cites D οϋτω Β‎: οϋτως Ε‎ I προαποτ‎(θεται ΕΒ‎: προϋποτίθεται‎ and E τήν‎ 'Ι ο‎uν‎ supp!. Stephanus: lac. 8 litt. ΕΒ έβοίιλο‎vτο‎ Basil.: έβουλέατο Β‎; έβουλι‎::ίιο‎vτο Ε‎. It refers to 857A θειότητα ΕΒ‎: όσιότητα‎ Cobet, B έ‎:ντομά σΦεα‎ Wesseling: έντομ‎aς‎ + lac. c. 5 litι ΕΒ‎ vηυσ‎lν‎ tθ‎u Β‎: vηυσ‎l vήει‎v Ε‎; τ‎ijσι‎ vηυ‎ui.~· Pearson παισ‎l add. Basil., and C Δήμητραν ΕΒ‎: Δήμητρα‎ Stephanus Ι οιι‎ 8' adι‎1. Pearson (vel δν δΕ θεον‎); τ‎(vας δ‎' Dί‎ibner; alii alia; lac. c. 6litt. ΕΒ‎.Less

The Mask as Anti-Apparatus: On the Counter-Dispositif of V for Vendetta

Peter Goodrich

in Critical Directions in Comics Studies

The thesis is that the graphic novel operates according to a logic of inversion, a very particular volte-face in which the anti-apparatus of the mask institutes a politics of impersonality. The idea ... More

The thesis is that the graphic novel operates according to a logic of inversion, a very particular volte-face in which the anti-apparatus of the mask institutes a politics of impersonality. The idea as non-person. The comedy of the comic, the commedia dell’arte of the mask, the anti-apparatus of proliferated impersonality, the theatrics of belonging to the community of those who do not belong, becomes the driving figure of the film and even more so, of its afterlife, its viral and political role in resistance from Wall Street to Wollongong, Brazil to Bahrain, Harlem to Hong Kong. The film arrives as the fulfillment of the graphic lore, uniquely mobilizing comic studies as a praxis, making a movie that moves the comedy of depicting the person, the caricature of the cartoon, on to the streets.Less

The Origins of Women’s Artistic Gymnastics

Georgia Cervin

in Degrees of Difficulty: How Women's Gymnastics Rose to Prominence and Fell from Grace

Chapter 1 explores the origins of women’s artistic gymnastics. Founded on Enlightenment ideas about physical education, various gymnastic traditions emerged throughout Europe in the early nineteenth ... More

Chapter 1 explores the origins of women’s artistic gymnastics. Founded on Enlightenment ideas about physical education, various gymnastic traditions emerged throughout Europe in the early nineteenth century, in response to rising nationalism. Friedrich Jahn and Pehr Henrik Ling devised many of the apparatuses still in use today, and as gymnasts began contesting who could perform the complex movements, gymnastics underwent sportification. But women were not included in competitions. In the 1920s, Alice Milliat pressured the International Olympic Committee to develop women’s sport, and women’s artistic gymnastics finally became a permanent part of the Olympic program in 1952. The debutant gymnasts showcased the physical cultures from which they came, highlighting the differences between the state-sponsored Soviet sports system, and the laissez-faire US approach. This chapter argues that despite vastly different national traditions and gender expectations, women’s gymnastics was created and standardized as a result of international cooperation in what had hitherto been considered a man’s domain.Less

The Body as Apparatus: Doris Wishman’s Double Agent 73

Elena Gorfinkel

in ReFocus: The Films of Doris Wishman

The chapter considers Wishman’s Chesty Morgan films, Deadly Weapons and Double Agent 73, in relation to feminist psychoanalytic theory by analyzing how the female body acts as both a prop and a ... More

The chapter considers Wishman’s Chesty Morgan films, Deadly Weapons and Double Agent 73, in relation to feminist psychoanalytic theory by analyzing how the female body acts as both a prop and a technology within the films’ modes of address. Discussing the film in context of exploitation as filmic category defined by its mode of production and marketing, the author contends that Morgan’s body is the films’ primary prop and exploitation “gimmick.” However, the implantation of a camera into Morgan’s breasts complicate the actress’s as simply an object of the gaze; she becomes both a screen and a memory technology, assaulting the male characters and arguably the viewer in the process.Less

If It Goes without Saying: Notes toward the Investigation of the Ideological State Apparatus

Brett Levinson

in Market and Thought: Meditations on the Political and Biopolitical

This chapter examines “Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses (ISA): Notes towards an Investigation”, the Louis Althusser text that has most influenced the post-1980 North American and British ... More

This chapter examines “Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses (ISA): Notes towards an Investigation”, the Louis Althusser text that has most influenced the post-1980 North American and British intellectual scene. Relating the state of modern thought to thought on the modern state, Althusser's essay asks: how does production ceaselessly maintain a similar worker/capitalist, subjugated/subject division, one that permits the capitalist/subject to exploit the worker/subjugated, thus preserving class difference? By way of explanation, the main sections of the essay present three complementary discourses: labor relations and labor exploitation (the Marxist section), cultural institutions (the Gramscian section), and psychological or psychoanalytic factors (the Lacanian section). To deploy the terms that Althusser would make famous, language interpellates the subjects into desiring a capitalism that they thereby reproduce.Less

From Sense Certainty to the Law of Genre: Hegel, Benveniste, Derrida

Étienne Balibar

in Citizen Subject: Foundations for Philosophical Anthropology

This chapter attempts to bring the reading and discussion of Derrida in relation with other texts, and other heritages, in order to illustrate how his manner of philosophizing has transformed our ... More

This chapter attempts to bring the reading and discussion of Derrida in relation with other texts, and other heritages, in order to illustrate how his manner of philosophizing has transformed our understanding of certain fundamental problems. It sketches a series of rereadings, beginning with the famous first chapter of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit, “Sense Certainty.” Relating the Hegelian text to various texts by Derrida—passages from The Post Card, Parages, and Monolingualism of the Other—this chapter shows that, taken together, in their dispersion and their kinship, these texts form what might be called “Derrida's sense certainty.” Between Hegel and Derrida, however, a further mediation is necessary: that provided by Émile Benveniste's 1970 essay, entitled “The Formal Apparatus of Enunciation.”Less

The Advent of the People’s Court

Yoram Meital

in Revolutionary Justice: Special Courts and the Formation of Republican Egypt

This chapter examines the circumstances surrounding the establishment of the People’s Court and its exceptional powers. The RCC saw the tribunal as a mean to promote much broader objectives than the ... More

This chapter examines the circumstances surrounding the establishment of the People’s Court and its exceptional powers. The RCC saw the tribunal as a mean to promote much broader objectives than the prosecution of the accused in the assassination attempt on Prime Minister ‛Abd al-Nasir. The court wanted to strike a fatal blow against the MB. In fact, the transcripts show that the court focused very little on the details of the assassination attempt. The questioning of the accused and the witnesses addressed broader issues, including the aims of the MB and their national and civic commitments. The judges and the prosecution presented the MB as cynically exploiting innocent civilians to promote a radical agenda that threatened to plunge Egypt into a civil war (fitna). Yet, the questioning of the accused and the witnesses also allowed descriptions and counter-arguments to be voiced that the regime actually intended to suppress.Less

“Exposing the Apparatus”

Christian Metz

in "Impersonal Enunciation, or the Place of Film"

A film, even when it is free of ideology, cannot make the product and its mode of production coincide within itself, rather only the product and the mise-en-abyme of its process.

An Outline for a Foucauldian Interpretation of Modern Law

Jacopo Martire

in A Foucauldian Interpretation of Modern Law: From Sovereignty to Normalisation and Beyond

In the first chapter, the author provides a picture of the current state of contemporary Foucauldian interpretations of law. The author claims that Foucauldian scholars – notwithstanding recent ... More

In the first chapter, the author provides a picture of the current state of contemporary Foucauldian interpretations of law. The author claims that Foucauldian scholars – notwithstanding recent important contributions – have not been able to properly debunk the thesis that Foucault “expelled” law from the locus of power. The author proposes to overcome this impasse by considering law as a proper sui generis apparatus of subjectivation and by undertaking a geneaology of the modern discourse of law in order to discover its generative syntax. The author’s goal is to demonstrate that in developing towards its modern form, law moved from being an order based upon the paradigm of sovereign commands to one based on the paradigm of socially constructed norms (understood in a Foucauldian way). The author identifies the formal features of generality, abstraction, and the substantive features of equality and freedom as key for this purpose.Less

Doing Filmic Things with Words: On Chaplin

Christophe Wall-Romana

in Cinepoetry: Imaginary Cinemas in French Poetry

Chaplin's Essanay and Mutuals films arrived in France in 1916, during the war, eliciting strong reactions from artists, writers and poets, and directly hastening the first experimental cinepoems in ... More

Chaplin's Essanay and Mutuals films arrived in France in 1916, during the war, eliciting strong reactions from artists, writers and poets, and directly hastening the first experimental cinepoems in 1917-18. This chapter explores how the fundamentally paradoxical embodiment that Chaplin figured in his movies--vulnerable yet invulnerable, Romantic yet unsentimental, noble yet a bum, small yet powerful, spastic yet unshakeable, animated yet reified, etc.—reached into French poetry. Aragon noted this ontological plasticity of Chaplin, and Goll developed the demiurgic, rebellious, but also abject, even insect-like nature of the Tramp's persona. Indeed Michaux, Ponge, Soupault and Debord all compare Chaplin to a lowly insect, a social parasite. The housefly in particular, because of its faceted eye, angular flight, and ubiquitous gaze, became an animalized metaphor for the camera and the film apparatus. Chaplin's body and films are thus the site where crucial esthetic and epistemological mutations were discovered that came to shape cinepoetry through what I call Chaplin's ‘automatic riding.’Less

Taking It Big

Stanley Aronowitz

in Taking It Big: C. Wright Mills and the Making of Political Intellectuals

This chapter discusses the political and intellectual direction of some of Mills' later writings. In these writings, Mills accomplishes his own summing up and takes the tendencies of his earlier work ... More

This chapter discusses the political and intellectual direction of some of Mills' later writings. In these writings, Mills accomplishes his own summing up and takes the tendencies of his earlier work to a new level. Three works stand out: The Sociological Imagination, still his most widely read book; The Marxists, a collection of writings by some leading thinkers in this vein; and the unfinished The Cultural Apparatus, which Mills intended as his next big project. The Sociological Imagination is nothing short of a program for a new social science. The chapter also briefly attempts to explicate his most important intellectual and political contributions.Less

The Urban Apparatus

Reinhold Martin

in The Urban Apparatus: Mediapolitics and the City

The Introduction proposes its examinations and theories on the “urban apparatus,” “mediapolitics” scale, infrastructure, and the essay form. In all sense a city is hardware. It is not, in the first ... More

The Introduction proposes its examinations and theories on the “urban apparatus,” “mediapolitics” scale, infrastructure, and the essay form. In all sense a city is hardware. It is not, in the first instance, a space, a place, a territory, or a zone; nor is it, strictly speaking, a social body. For by identifying a city with hardware, it enables the recognition of it as a site of sociotechnical life and production where power is encoded, memories are stored, and possible features are recorded.Less

City, Country, World

Reinhold Martin

in The Urban Apparatus: Mediapolitics and the City

The first essay explores the structural blind spots of enumeration, beginning with the ambiguous claim that “half the world’s population now lives in cities.” The city, as a territory, as either ... More

The first essay explores the structural blind spots of enumeration, beginning with the ambiguous claim that “half the world’s population now lives in cities.” The city, as a territory, as either infrastructure or as image, is no less determined by the foundational indeterminacies of counting than it is reliably fixed in space and in time as a knowable entity.Less

Financial Imaginaries

Reinhold Martin

in The Urban Apparatus: Mediapolitics and the City

The second essay explores the interplay of abstraction and concreteness in financial systems, in urban slums, and in luxury real estate development. For more than a century, the social relations of ... More

The second essay explores the interplay of abstraction and concreteness in financial systems, in urban slums, and in luxury real estate development. For more than a century, the social relations of the metropolis have been linked analytically to financial circulation, a connection that is clearly audible in the phrase “global city.”Less

The Thing about Cities

Reinhold Martin

in The Urban Apparatus: Mediapolitics and the City

The third essay look into the city as an enigmatic, technical “thing” (rather than a fetishized “object”) that stores the memory of possible revolutions in the everyday life.

Public and Common(s)

Reinhold Martin

in The Urban Apparatus: Mediapolitics and the City

The fourth essay examines the interacting categories of “public” and “commons” as elements of counter-hegemonic political discourse built on the ruins of socialism.

Horizons of Thought

Reinhold Martin

in The Urban Apparatus: Mediapolitics and the City

The fifth essay examines utopia, ecology, and science fiction, with reference to the imagined colonization of Mars and the actual biopolitical apartheid on Earth.