Edward A. Parson
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195155495
- eISBN:
- 9780199833955
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195155491.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Examines major changes in scientific understanding that followed the adoption of the Montreal Protocol in 1987 and the completion of the period of initial formation of the ozone protection regime. ...
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Examines major changes in scientific understanding that followed the adoption of the Montreal Protocol in 1987 and the completion of the period of initial formation of the ozone protection regime. Returns to the two disturbing claims made in 1985 — extreme seasonal ozone loss in Antarctica, and large ozone loss worldwide — and traces their investigation over the following three years, their initial resolution in the year after the Protocol, and the consequences of their resolution in spreading calls to completely eliminate ozone‐depleting chemicals (chlorofluorohydrocarbons (CFCs)). The early development of the Protocol's expert assessment panels is also discussed; these are the centrepieces of the regime's structure to adapt to changing knowledge and capabilities.Less
Examines major changes in scientific understanding that followed the adoption of the Montreal Protocol in 1987 and the completion of the period of initial formation of the ozone protection regime. Returns to the two disturbing claims made in 1985 — extreme seasonal ozone loss in Antarctica, and large ozone loss worldwide — and traces their investigation over the following three years, their initial resolution in the year after the Protocol, and the consequences of their resolution in spreading calls to completely eliminate ozone‐depleting chemicals (chlorofluorohydrocarbons (CFCs)). The early development of the Protocol's expert assessment panels is also discussed; these are the centrepieces of the regime's structure to adapt to changing knowledge and capabilities.
Naomi Oreskes and Erik Conway
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231169547
- eISBN:
- 9780231537957
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231169547.001.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
The year is 2393, and the world is almost unrecognizable. Clear warnings of climate catastrophe went ignored for decades, leading to soaring temperatures, rising sea levels, widespread drought ...
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The year is 2393, and the world is almost unrecognizable. Clear warnings of climate catastrophe went ignored for decades, leading to soaring temperatures, rising sea levels, widespread drought and—finally—the disaster now known as the Great Collapse of 2093, when the disintegration of the West Antarctica Ice Sheet led to mass migration and a complete reshuffling of the global order. Writing from the Second People's Republic of China on the 300th anniversary of the Great Collapse, a senior scholar presents a gripping and deeply disturbing account of how the children of the Enlightenment—the political and economic elites of the so-called advanced industrial societies—failed to act, and so brought about the collapse of Western civilization. In this haunting, provocative work of science-based fiction, the authors imagine a world devastated by climate change. Dramatizing the science in ways traditional nonfiction cannot, the book reasserts the importance of scientists and the work they do and reveals the self-serving interests of the so called “carbon combustion complex” that have turned the practice of science into political fodder. Based on sound scholarship and yet unafraid to speak boldly, this book provides a welcome moment of clarity amid the cacophony of climate change literature.Less
The year is 2393, and the world is almost unrecognizable. Clear warnings of climate catastrophe went ignored for decades, leading to soaring temperatures, rising sea levels, widespread drought and—finally—the disaster now known as the Great Collapse of 2093, when the disintegration of the West Antarctica Ice Sheet led to mass migration and a complete reshuffling of the global order. Writing from the Second People's Republic of China on the 300th anniversary of the Great Collapse, a senior scholar presents a gripping and deeply disturbing account of how the children of the Enlightenment—the political and economic elites of the so-called advanced industrial societies—failed to act, and so brought about the collapse of Western civilization. In this haunting, provocative work of science-based fiction, the authors imagine a world devastated by climate change. Dramatizing the science in ways traditional nonfiction cannot, the book reasserts the importance of scientists and the work they do and reveals the self-serving interests of the so called “carbon combustion complex” that have turned the practice of science into political fodder. Based on sound scholarship and yet unafraid to speak boldly, this book provides a welcome moment of clarity amid the cacophony of climate change literature.
A. L. Hollick and R. N. Cooper
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198292203
- eISBN:
- 9780191684883
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198292203.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
The chapter discusses the global commons and attempts to answer the question of their manageability. The chapter states that the term resource implies either realized or potential scarcity which ...
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The chapter discusses the global commons and attempts to answer the question of their manageability. The chapter states that the term resource implies either realized or potential scarcity which results from a situation of actual crowding or potential competition. It explains that the opportunities for managing global commons are diminished by the absence of community. The problem of management is made more complex by the fact that states are technologically and economically disparate, yet the international system retains the legal fiction of sovereign equality for all states. This results in the use of global commons resources being an ongoing source of dissension among nations. The chapter talks about global commons like oceans, from which topics of fishing, navigation, pollution, and the deep sea bed are explored, as well as Antarctica, outer space, the atmosphere, and global climate change.Less
The chapter discusses the global commons and attempts to answer the question of their manageability. The chapter states that the term resource implies either realized or potential scarcity which results from a situation of actual crowding or potential competition. It explains that the opportunities for managing global commons are diminished by the absence of community. The problem of management is made more complex by the fact that states are technologically and economically disparate, yet the international system retains the legal fiction of sovereign equality for all states. This results in the use of global commons resources being an ongoing source of dissension among nations. The chapter talks about global commons like oceans, from which topics of fishing, navigation, pollution, and the deep sea bed are explored, as well as Antarctica, outer space, the atmosphere, and global climate change.
Katie Pickles
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719091537
- eISBN:
- 9781526104120
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719091537.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
This chapter considers New Zealand’s strong connection to, and evolving relationship with, Antarctica. New Zealand staked a claim to the Ross Dependency in 1923; in 1958 Sir Edmund Hillary completed ...
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This chapter considers New Zealand’s strong connection to, and evolving relationship with, Antarctica. New Zealand staked a claim to the Ross Dependency in 1923; in 1958 Sir Edmund Hillary completed the first overland crossing of Antarctica. New Zealand was a signatory to the 1959 Antarctic Treaty, and in 1979 the plane crash at Mount Erebus cemented this location in the national psyche as a dangerous, dark place. This chapter identifies both significant historical events in which New Zealand has had an imperial presence, and current connections to Antarctica, at a time when artists, poets and writers have joined scientists in maintaining, developing and inventing the relationship between New Zealand and Antarctica.Less
This chapter considers New Zealand’s strong connection to, and evolving relationship with, Antarctica. New Zealand staked a claim to the Ross Dependency in 1923; in 1958 Sir Edmund Hillary completed the first overland crossing of Antarctica. New Zealand was a signatory to the 1959 Antarctic Treaty, and in 1979 the plane crash at Mount Erebus cemented this location in the national psyche as a dangerous, dark place. This chapter identifies both significant historical events in which New Zealand has had an imperial presence, and current connections to Antarctica, at a time when artists, poets and writers have joined scientists in maintaining, developing and inventing the relationship between New Zealand and Antarctica.
Piotr Migon
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199273683
- eISBN:
- 9780191917615
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199273683.003.0010
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Physical Geography and Topography
Weathering is a necessary precursor for landform development. However, in the context of granite it acquires a particular importance for various reasons. First, many ...
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Weathering is a necessary precursor for landform development. However, in the context of granite it acquires a particular importance for various reasons. First, many granite terrains show an extensive development of deep weathering profiles, which can be extremely varied in terms of their depth, vertical zonation, degree of rock decomposition, and mineralogical and chemical change. Moreover, the transitional zone between the weathering mantle and the solid rock, for which the term ‘weathering front’ is used (Mabbutt, 1961b), may be very thin. There is now sufficient evidence that many geomorphic features of granite landscapes, including boulders, domes, and plains, have been sculpted at the solid rock/weathering mantle interface and they are essentially elements of an exposed weathering front. Therefore, the origin of granite landscapes cannot be satisfactorily explained and understood without a proper understanding of the phenomenon of deep weathering. Second, granites break down via a range of weathering mechanisms, both physical and chemical, which interact to produce an extreme diversity of small-scale surface features and minor landforms. In this respect, it is only limestones and some sandstones which show a similar wealth of weathering-related surface phenomena. Third, both superficial and deep weathering of granite act very selectively, exploiting a variety of structural and textural features, including fractures, microfractures, veins, enclaves, and textural inhomogeneities. In effect, the patterns of rock breakdown may differ very much between adjacent localities, and so the resultant landforms differ. In the context of deep weathering, selectivity is evident in significant changes of profile thickness and its properties over short distances, and in the presence of unweathered compartments (corestones) within an altered rock mass. Fourth, it is emphasized that granites are particularly sensitive to the amount of moisture in the environment (Bremer, 1971; Twidale, 1982). They alter very fast in moist environments, whereas moisture deficit enhances rock resistance and makes it very durable. Hence, a bare rock slope shedding rainwater and drying up quickly after rain will be very much immune to weathering, whereas at its foot a surplus of moisture will accelerate decomposition.
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Weathering is a necessary precursor for landform development. However, in the context of granite it acquires a particular importance for various reasons. First, many granite terrains show an extensive development of deep weathering profiles, which can be extremely varied in terms of their depth, vertical zonation, degree of rock decomposition, and mineralogical and chemical change. Moreover, the transitional zone between the weathering mantle and the solid rock, for which the term ‘weathering front’ is used (Mabbutt, 1961b), may be very thin. There is now sufficient evidence that many geomorphic features of granite landscapes, including boulders, domes, and plains, have been sculpted at the solid rock/weathering mantle interface and they are essentially elements of an exposed weathering front. Therefore, the origin of granite landscapes cannot be satisfactorily explained and understood without a proper understanding of the phenomenon of deep weathering. Second, granites break down via a range of weathering mechanisms, both physical and chemical, which interact to produce an extreme diversity of small-scale surface features and minor landforms. In this respect, it is only limestones and some sandstones which show a similar wealth of weathering-related surface phenomena. Third, both superficial and deep weathering of granite act very selectively, exploiting a variety of structural and textural features, including fractures, microfractures, veins, enclaves, and textural inhomogeneities. In effect, the patterns of rock breakdown may differ very much between adjacent localities, and so the resultant landforms differ. In the context of deep weathering, selectivity is evident in significant changes of profile thickness and its properties over short distances, and in the presence of unweathered compartments (corestones) within an altered rock mass. Fourth, it is emphasized that granites are particularly sensitive to the amount of moisture in the environment (Bremer, 1971; Twidale, 1982). They alter very fast in moist environments, whereas moisture deficit enhances rock resistance and makes it very durable. Hence, a bare rock slope shedding rainwater and drying up quickly after rain will be very much immune to weathering, whereas at its foot a surplus of moisture will accelerate decomposition.
Piotr Migon
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199273683
- eISBN:
- 9780191917615
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199273683.003.0011
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Physical Geography and Topography
Boulders, tors and inselbergs (Plates III, IV, V) are regarded as the most characteristic individual geomorphological features of granite landscapes and it is their ...
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Boulders, tors and inselbergs (Plates III, IV, V) are regarded as the most characteristic individual geomorphological features of granite landscapes and it is their assemblages extending over large areas that give granite terrains their unmistakable appearance. Although none of these landforms is unique to granite, nor even specific to basement rocks, it is perhaps true that the most astounding ones occur within granite areas. Twidale (1982) in his Granite Landforms considered boulders and inselbergs as two key individual components of granite landscapes and devoted to them almost 100 pages, whereas the other major landforms received only 35. Likewise, rock-built residual hills figure prominently in Klimamorphologie des Massengesteine by Wilhelmy (1958). In the voluminous literature about inselbergs, papers focused on those developed in granite evidently prevail (see the reviews by Kesel, 1973 and Thomas, 1978). Likewise, granite tors, especially in classic areas such as Dartmoor (Gerrard, 1994a) do not cease to attract the attention of geomorphologists. The unifying characteristic of all three landforms considered in this section is that they are essentially outcrops of solid rock rising above a surface cut across a weathering mantle, even if the thickness and lithology of the weathering mantle may be very variable. Outside arid areas there are very few examples of tors and inselbergs, surrounded by a rock-cut platform. Therefore, the discussion about their origin and significance has inevitably been tied to the increasing recognition of the significance of deep weathering. Twidale (1981a, 1982, 2002) reviewed many early accounts and concluded that selective subsurface weathering and subsequent exposure of unweathered cores to form boulders and inselbergs had been appreciated as early as the end of the eighteenth century. Nowadays, there is little doubt that the majority of individual medium-scale granite landforms are due to selective subsurface weathering. Before the presentation of residual granite landforms commences, a few terminological issues need to be raised. Although it may appear that the distinction between boulders, tors, and inselbergs is a simple task, it is in fact not at all straightforward.
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Boulders, tors and inselbergs (Plates III, IV, V) are regarded as the most characteristic individual geomorphological features of granite landscapes and it is their assemblages extending over large areas that give granite terrains their unmistakable appearance. Although none of these landforms is unique to granite, nor even specific to basement rocks, it is perhaps true that the most astounding ones occur within granite areas. Twidale (1982) in his Granite Landforms considered boulders and inselbergs as two key individual components of granite landscapes and devoted to them almost 100 pages, whereas the other major landforms received only 35. Likewise, rock-built residual hills figure prominently in Klimamorphologie des Massengesteine by Wilhelmy (1958). In the voluminous literature about inselbergs, papers focused on those developed in granite evidently prevail (see the reviews by Kesel, 1973 and Thomas, 1978). Likewise, granite tors, especially in classic areas such as Dartmoor (Gerrard, 1994a) do not cease to attract the attention of geomorphologists. The unifying characteristic of all three landforms considered in this section is that they are essentially outcrops of solid rock rising above a surface cut across a weathering mantle, even if the thickness and lithology of the weathering mantle may be very variable. Outside arid areas there are very few examples of tors and inselbergs, surrounded by a rock-cut platform. Therefore, the discussion about their origin and significance has inevitably been tied to the increasing recognition of the significance of deep weathering. Twidale (1981a, 1982, 2002) reviewed many early accounts and concluded that selective subsurface weathering and subsequent exposure of unweathered cores to form boulders and inselbergs had been appreciated as early as the end of the eighteenth century. Nowadays, there is little doubt that the majority of individual medium-scale granite landforms are due to selective subsurface weathering. Before the presentation of residual granite landforms commences, a few terminological issues need to be raised. Although it may appear that the distinction between boulders, tors, and inselbergs is a simple task, it is in fact not at all straightforward.
Piotr Migon
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199273683
- eISBN:
- 9780191917615
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199273683.003.0013
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Physical Geography and Topography
Rock slopes developed in granite may take different forms, as reflected in their longitudinal profiles. Field observations and a literature survey (e.g. Dumanowski, ...
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Rock slopes developed in granite may take different forms, as reflected in their longitudinal profiles. Field observations and a literature survey (e.g. Dumanowski, 1964; Young, 1972) allow us to distinguish at least five major categories of slopes: straight, convex-upward, concave, stepped, and vertical rock walls. In addition, overhang slopes may occur, but their height is seldom more than 10 m high and their occurrence is very localized. These basic categories may combine to form compound slopes, for example convex-upward in the upper part and vertical towards the footslope. Somewhat different is Young’s (1972) attempt to identify most common morphologies of granite slopes. He lists six major categories: (1) bare rock domes, smoothly rounded or faceted; (2) steep and irregular bare rock slopes of castellated residual hills, tending towards rectangular forms; (3) concave slopes crowned by a free face; (4) downslope succession of free face, boulder-covered section and pediment; (5) roughly straight or concave slopes, but having irregular, stepped microrelief; (6) smooth convex-concave profile with a continuous regolith cover. The latter, lacking any outcrops of sound bedrock, are not considered as rock slopes for the purposes of this section. Young (1972) appears to seek explanation of this variety in climatic differences between regions, claiming that ‘Variations of slope form associated with climatic differences are as great as or greater, on both granite and limestone, than the similarity of form arising from lithology’ (Young, 1972: 219). This is a debatable statement and apparently contradicted by numerous field examples of co-existence of different forms in relatively small areas. Slope forms do not appear specifically subordinate to larger landforms but occur in different local and regional geomorphic settings. For example, the slopes of the Tenaya Creek valley in the Yosemite National Park include, in different sections of the valley, straight, vertical, convex-upward, and concave variants (Plate 5.1). Apparently, multiple glaciation was unable to give the valley a uniform cross-sectional shape.
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Rock slopes developed in granite may take different forms, as reflected in their longitudinal profiles. Field observations and a literature survey (e.g. Dumanowski, 1964; Young, 1972) allow us to distinguish at least five major categories of slopes: straight, convex-upward, concave, stepped, and vertical rock walls. In addition, overhang slopes may occur, but their height is seldom more than 10 m high and their occurrence is very localized. These basic categories may combine to form compound slopes, for example convex-upward in the upper part and vertical towards the footslope. Somewhat different is Young’s (1972) attempt to identify most common morphologies of granite slopes. He lists six major categories: (1) bare rock domes, smoothly rounded or faceted; (2) steep and irregular bare rock slopes of castellated residual hills, tending towards rectangular forms; (3) concave slopes crowned by a free face; (4) downslope succession of free face, boulder-covered section and pediment; (5) roughly straight or concave slopes, but having irregular, stepped microrelief; (6) smooth convex-concave profile with a continuous regolith cover. The latter, lacking any outcrops of sound bedrock, are not considered as rock slopes for the purposes of this section. Young (1972) appears to seek explanation of this variety in climatic differences between regions, claiming that ‘Variations of slope form associated with climatic differences are as great as or greater, on both granite and limestone, than the similarity of form arising from lithology’ (Young, 1972: 219). This is a debatable statement and apparently contradicted by numerous field examples of co-existence of different forms in relatively small areas. Slope forms do not appear specifically subordinate to larger landforms but occur in different local and regional geomorphic settings. For example, the slopes of the Tenaya Creek valley in the Yosemite National Park include, in different sections of the valley, straight, vertical, convex-upward, and concave variants (Plate 5.1). Apparently, multiple glaciation was unable to give the valley a uniform cross-sectional shape.
Johanna Laybourn-Parry and Jemma L. Wadham
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199670499
- eISBN:
- 9780191788536
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199670499.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Antarctica possesses a remarkably diverse range of lakes, including freshwater and saline lakes (some as salty as the Dead Sea), tidal freshwater lakes (epishelf lakes), lakes on ice shelves and ...
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Antarctica possesses a remarkably diverse range of lakes, including freshwater and saline lakes (some as salty as the Dead Sea), tidal freshwater lakes (epishelf lakes), lakes on ice shelves and glacier surfaces, and an extraordinary network of lakes beneath the polar ice sheet, the so-called subglacial lakes. Unlike lakes at lower latitudes which in some cases have been subject to more than a century of study, Antarctic limnology is a recent discipline. It was not until the International Geophysical Year (1957–1958) that investigations on Antarctic lakes began to take off. This book is the first to draw together current knowledge on the geomorphology, morphometry, chemistry, community structure, and functioning of these delicate unproductive ecosystems. The communities of Antarctic lakes are truncated and dominated by microorganisms, reflecting the extreme nature of these ecosystems. They lack fish and have a limited metazoan component. The first chapter provides an introduction to Antarctic limnology and a basis for understanding subsequent chapters which detail each lake type. The polar regions are experiencing greater warming than lower latitudes, and Antarctic lakes are widely regarded as sentinels of local and global climate change. This important aspect is embedded throughout the book. The last chapter considers the application of new technologies to polar limnology, identifying areas for future research directions.Less
Antarctica possesses a remarkably diverse range of lakes, including freshwater and saline lakes (some as salty as the Dead Sea), tidal freshwater lakes (epishelf lakes), lakes on ice shelves and glacier surfaces, and an extraordinary network of lakes beneath the polar ice sheet, the so-called subglacial lakes. Unlike lakes at lower latitudes which in some cases have been subject to more than a century of study, Antarctic limnology is a recent discipline. It was not until the International Geophysical Year (1957–1958) that investigations on Antarctic lakes began to take off. This book is the first to draw together current knowledge on the geomorphology, morphometry, chemistry, community structure, and functioning of these delicate unproductive ecosystems. The communities of Antarctic lakes are truncated and dominated by microorganisms, reflecting the extreme nature of these ecosystems. They lack fish and have a limited metazoan component. The first chapter provides an introduction to Antarctic limnology and a basis for understanding subsequent chapters which detail each lake type. The polar regions are experiencing greater warming than lower latitudes, and Antarctic lakes are widely regarded as sentinels of local and global climate change. This important aspect is embedded throughout the book. The last chapter considers the application of new technologies to polar limnology, identifying areas for future research directions.
Sinead Moriarty
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781789620047
- eISBN:
- 9781789629613
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781789620047.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter considers William Payne’s 1912 novel Three Boys in Antarctica in light of the Robinsonade genre - in particular as an example of a text which relocates the tropical desert-island setting ...
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This chapter considers William Payne’s 1912 novel Three Boys in Antarctica in light of the Robinsonade genre - in particular as an example of a text which relocates the tropical desert-island setting to the icy world of the Antarctic. It argues that, while the story does contain some traditional elements of the Robinsonade narrative, the Antarctic setting has a significant impact on the text’s underlying didactics. The chapter also argues for the importance of spatial considerations within the Robinsonade genre and offers a reconsideration of the traditional topography of the genre, underlining the significant relationship between the space of the text and the characters who inhabit it. Instead of celebrating the adventuring spirit of the traditional Robinsonades, the chapter concludes that Payne’s tale is a cautionary one, and one which seeks to undo the political heritage of the Robinsonade genre at large.Less
This chapter considers William Payne’s 1912 novel Three Boys in Antarctica in light of the Robinsonade genre - in particular as an example of a text which relocates the tropical desert-island setting to the icy world of the Antarctic. It argues that, while the story does contain some traditional elements of the Robinsonade narrative, the Antarctic setting has a significant impact on the text’s underlying didactics. The chapter also argues for the importance of spatial considerations within the Robinsonade genre and offers a reconsideration of the traditional topography of the genre, underlining the significant relationship between the space of the text and the characters who inhabit it. Instead of celebrating the adventuring spirit of the traditional Robinsonades, the chapter concludes that Payne’s tale is a cautionary one, and one which seeks to undo the political heritage of the Robinsonade genre at large.
Jennifer Fay
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- March 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190696771
- eISBN:
- 9780190696818
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190696771.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory, Environmental Politics
Inhospitable World explores the connection between cinema and artificial weather, climates, and even planets in or on which hospitality and survival are at stake. Cinema’s dominant mode of aesthetic ...
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Inhospitable World explores the connection between cinema and artificial weather, climates, and even planets in or on which hospitality and survival are at stake. Cinema’s dominant mode of aesthetic world-making is often at odds with the very real human world it is meant to simulate. The chapters in this book take the reader to a scene—the mise-en-scène—where human world-making is undone by the force of human activity, whether it is explicitly for the sake of making a film, or for practicing war and nuclear science, or for the purpose of addressing climate change in ways that exacerbate its already inhospitable effects. The episodes in this book emphasize our always unnatural and unwelcoming environment as a matter of production, a willed and wanted milieu, however harmful, that is inseparable from but also made perceivable through film. While no one film or set of films adds up to a totalizing explanation of climate change, cinema enables us to glimpse anthropogenic environments as both an accidental effect of human activity and a matter of design. Chapters on Buster Keaton, American atomic test films, film noir, the art of China’s Three Gorges Dam, and films of early Antarctic exploration trace parallel histories of film and location design that spell out the ambitions, sensations, and narratives of the Anthropocene, especially as it consolidates into the Great Acceleration starting in 1945.Less
Inhospitable World explores the connection between cinema and artificial weather, climates, and even planets in or on which hospitality and survival are at stake. Cinema’s dominant mode of aesthetic world-making is often at odds with the very real human world it is meant to simulate. The chapters in this book take the reader to a scene—the mise-en-scène—where human world-making is undone by the force of human activity, whether it is explicitly for the sake of making a film, or for practicing war and nuclear science, or for the purpose of addressing climate change in ways that exacerbate its already inhospitable effects. The episodes in this book emphasize our always unnatural and unwelcoming environment as a matter of production, a willed and wanted milieu, however harmful, that is inseparable from but also made perceivable through film. While no one film or set of films adds up to a totalizing explanation of climate change, cinema enables us to glimpse anthropogenic environments as both an accidental effect of human activity and a matter of design. Chapters on Buster Keaton, American atomic test films, film noir, the art of China’s Three Gorges Dam, and films of early Antarctic exploration trace parallel histories of film and location design that spell out the ambitions, sensations, and narratives of the Anthropocene, especially as it consolidates into the Great Acceleration starting in 1945.
Catherine Redgwell
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198298076
- eISBN:
- 9780191685378
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198298076.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law
The 1980 Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) is a path-breaking example of the ecosystem approach to resource conservation and management. It essentially ...
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The 1980 Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) is a path-breaking example of the ecosystem approach to resource conservation and management. It essentially broke the mould in wildlife regulation, departing from the traditional approach of regulating exploitation of species or groups of species. Instead, CCAMLR adopts a modern multispecies ecosystem approach — an approach which now underpins a number of modern environmental treaties, including the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity, which has adopted it ‘as a framework for the analysis and implementation of the objectives of the Convention’. In 1991, the negotiation of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty elevated ecosystem protection to a component of all activities in Antarctica. It designates Antarctica as a natural reserve, devoted to peace and science, and requires comprehensive protection of the Antarctic environment and dependent and associated ecosystems. Together the Protocol and CCAMLR comprehensively cover the marine and terrestrial ecosystems to the Antarctic. However, it is the marine ecosystem which contains most of Antarctica's flora and fauna, and where the CCAMLR pioneered an ecosystem approach to management. This chapter focuses on the ecosystem approach as it has developed under the CCAMLR. It then evaluates the Antarctic contribution to the protection of ecosystems under international law.Less
The 1980 Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) is a path-breaking example of the ecosystem approach to resource conservation and management. It essentially broke the mould in wildlife regulation, departing from the traditional approach of regulating exploitation of species or groups of species. Instead, CCAMLR adopts a modern multispecies ecosystem approach — an approach which now underpins a number of modern environmental treaties, including the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity, which has adopted it ‘as a framework for the analysis and implementation of the objectives of the Convention’. In 1991, the negotiation of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty elevated ecosystem protection to a component of all activities in Antarctica. It designates Antarctica as a natural reserve, devoted to peace and science, and requires comprehensive protection of the Antarctic environment and dependent and associated ecosystems. Together the Protocol and CCAMLR comprehensively cover the marine and terrestrial ecosystems to the Antarctic. However, it is the marine ecosystem which contains most of Antarctica's flora and fauna, and where the CCAMLR pioneered an ecosystem approach to management. This chapter focuses on the ecosystem approach as it has developed under the CCAMLR. It then evaluates the Antarctic contribution to the protection of ecosystems under international law.
Andrew C. Scott
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198734840
- eISBN:
- 9780191916847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198734840.003.0007
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Environmental Archaeology
When I started my doctoral research in October 1973 I never imagined that I would spend so much of my career thinking about fire. I had not considered fire as an agent ...
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When I started my doctoral research in October 1973 I never imagined that I would spend so much of my career thinking about fire. I had not considered fire as an agent of change on Earth, or that charcoal deposits may preserve its long history on the planet. I had never thought of fire as a preservational mechanism for fossil plants, producing charcoal that would show their anatomy so that they could be identified, and help us to piece together the vegetation that must have clothed the land millions of years ago. In all my years of collecting fossils as a child and student I had never found, or at least noticed, any fossil charcoal. I had wanted to look at the ecology of the plants that were found during the Carboniferous, 300 million years ago. The natural approach was to look at the large fossil plants that could easily be found in rocks such as the Coal Measures that are often found scattered on old coal tips. But many smaller plant fragments are also preserved in the rocks. I started a programme of dissolving the rocks in acids and obtaining residues of the fossil plants that remained. The rocks are made up of minerals that dissolve in different acids from the plant fossils, which are made of organic material. It was hard work, and I spent many hours a day picking through the plant fragment residues, which were about the size of tea leaves, trying to identify what the fragments represented. Incredibly, at that time, few researchers had tried to look at plant fossils in this way. I soon noticed a large number of fragments that looked like charcoal, and examined these with an SEM. Under the SEM the astonishing detail in the charcoalified leaves was revealed (BW Plate 6). The small needle-like leaves had two beautifully preserved rows of stomata. But what kind of plant did they come from? I took the material to Bill Chaloner, who was one of the world’s authorities on the lycopods, one of the most common plants found in the coal measures.
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When I started my doctoral research in October 1973 I never imagined that I would spend so much of my career thinking about fire. I had not considered fire as an agent of change on Earth, or that charcoal deposits may preserve its long history on the planet. I had never thought of fire as a preservational mechanism for fossil plants, producing charcoal that would show their anatomy so that they could be identified, and help us to piece together the vegetation that must have clothed the land millions of years ago. In all my years of collecting fossils as a child and student I had never found, or at least noticed, any fossil charcoal. I had wanted to look at the ecology of the plants that were found during the Carboniferous, 300 million years ago. The natural approach was to look at the large fossil plants that could easily be found in rocks such as the Coal Measures that are often found scattered on old coal tips. But many smaller plant fragments are also preserved in the rocks. I started a programme of dissolving the rocks in acids and obtaining residues of the fossil plants that remained. The rocks are made up of minerals that dissolve in different acids from the plant fossils, which are made of organic material. It was hard work, and I spent many hours a day picking through the plant fragment residues, which were about the size of tea leaves, trying to identify what the fragments represented. Incredibly, at that time, few researchers had tried to look at plant fossils in this way. I soon noticed a large number of fragments that looked like charcoal, and examined these with an SEM. Under the SEM the astonishing detail in the charcoalified leaves was revealed (BW Plate 6). The small needle-like leaves had two beautifully preserved rows of stomata. But what kind of plant did they come from? I took the material to Bill Chaloner, who was one of the world’s authorities on the lycopods, one of the most common plants found in the coal measures.
Andrew C. Scott
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198734840
- eISBN:
- 9780191916847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198734840.003.0009
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Environmental Archaeology
What kind of world dawned after the K/P boundary? We know from studies across localities in the USA that there is evidence of frequent wildfires continuing into the ...
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What kind of world dawned after the K/P boundary? We know from studies across localities in the USA that there is evidence of frequent wildfires continuing into the earliest Paleogene. But what happened to the atmospheric oxygen level after recovery from the K/P mass extinction—did it remain above modern levels? Were we still in a high-fire world? If there were fires, what is the evidence in the charcoal record, and do we know anything about the vegetation that was burning? When the charcoal in the coal database was originally compiled, one of the important issues was how we recorded and represented our data. Early to mid-Paleocene Epoch coals (from around 65 to 55 million years ago) are often recorded as ‘earliest Tertiary’ in coal literature. (The Tertiary was the name we used to use for what we now call the Paleogene and Neogene Periods, stretching from around 65 to 1 million years ago.) However, coals that are nearer to the start of the Eocene Epoch, just older than 55 million years ago, are notoriously difficult to date. This is a problem we have with many coal sequences, as they are deposited on land, and most of the fossils used to give ages are found in marine waters. Many coals of this age are often simply recorded as coming from the late Paleocene or early Eocene. Where we have good dating information, Paleocene coals all tend to have high inertinite (charcoal) contents, well above 19 per cent. By the mid to late Eocene (50–40 million years ago), however, worldwide the charcoal contents are low, around 5 per cent or even less. There must, therefore, have been a fundamental change in the Earth system at this time. Another problem is the way in which we chose to represent our data and show the calculated oxygen curve. In order to get sufficient data to plot the curves we decided to use 10-millionyear bins. This was not a problem for the Paleozoic–Mesozoic transition, covering the great Permian mass extinction, which took place 250 million years ago.
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What kind of world dawned after the K/P boundary? We know from studies across localities in the USA that there is evidence of frequent wildfires continuing into the earliest Paleogene. But what happened to the atmospheric oxygen level after recovery from the K/P mass extinction—did it remain above modern levels? Were we still in a high-fire world? If there were fires, what is the evidence in the charcoal record, and do we know anything about the vegetation that was burning? When the charcoal in the coal database was originally compiled, one of the important issues was how we recorded and represented our data. Early to mid-Paleocene Epoch coals (from around 65 to 55 million years ago) are often recorded as ‘earliest Tertiary’ in coal literature. (The Tertiary was the name we used to use for what we now call the Paleogene and Neogene Periods, stretching from around 65 to 1 million years ago.) However, coals that are nearer to the start of the Eocene Epoch, just older than 55 million years ago, are notoriously difficult to date. This is a problem we have with many coal sequences, as they are deposited on land, and most of the fossils used to give ages are found in marine waters. Many coals of this age are often simply recorded as coming from the late Paleocene or early Eocene. Where we have good dating information, Paleocene coals all tend to have high inertinite (charcoal) contents, well above 19 per cent. By the mid to late Eocene (50–40 million years ago), however, worldwide the charcoal contents are low, around 5 per cent or even less. There must, therefore, have been a fundamental change in the Earth system at this time. Another problem is the way in which we chose to represent our data and show the calculated oxygen curve. In order to get sufficient data to plot the curves we decided to use 10-millionyear bins. This was not a problem for the Paleozoic–Mesozoic transition, covering the great Permian mass extinction, which took place 250 million years ago.
Vanessa Heggie
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226650883
- eISBN:
- 9780226650913
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226650913.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter outlines the long history of exploration in early modern and modern science, as well as changing theories about human adaptation, evolution, and acclimatization. It reviews the ...
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This chapter outlines the long history of exploration in early modern and modern science, as well as changing theories about human adaptation, evolution, and acclimatization. It reviews the philosophical and historical arguments about the role of field work in scientific research and discovery, especially in human biology and medicine. It outlines what is meant by "extreme physiology" and considers how it is possible to write inclusive history within a topic that is so traditionally gendered as male, and is dominated by Western voices. It also outlines the arguments and ideas of the chapters that follow.Less
This chapter outlines the long history of exploration in early modern and modern science, as well as changing theories about human adaptation, evolution, and acclimatization. It reviews the philosophical and historical arguments about the role of field work in scientific research and discovery, especially in human biology and medicine. It outlines what is meant by "extreme physiology" and considers how it is possible to write inclusive history within a topic that is so traditionally gendered as male, and is dominated by Western voices. It also outlines the arguments and ideas of the chapters that follow.
Vanessa Heggie
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226650883
- eISBN:
- 9780226650913
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226650913.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter looks at the history of physiological work in Antarctica and other extreme environments, to show how small and exclusive communities of highly networked scientists and explorers formed ...
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This chapter looks at the history of physiological work in Antarctica and other extreme environments, to show how small and exclusive communities of highly networked scientists and explorers formed around the emerging discipline of extreme and survival physiology. Given that extreme physiologists work in environments that are impossible to control, and conduct experiments that are—at best—extremely difficult to replicate, this chapter examines how they established their expertise, and asserted the factual nature of their discoveries when their practices were so different from "traditional" modern science in the tightly controlled and replicable laboratory setting. As much of this authority was based on interpersonal networks, it also excluded certain groups of people: most notably women, and the indigenous and non-Western populations of the environments being explored. This chapter also highlights the deeply informal nature of much exchange within this global network, which was facilitated by informal meetings, letters, and the sharing of material culture in the form of objects and biomedical samples.Less
This chapter looks at the history of physiological work in Antarctica and other extreme environments, to show how small and exclusive communities of highly networked scientists and explorers formed around the emerging discipline of extreme and survival physiology. Given that extreme physiologists work in environments that are impossible to control, and conduct experiments that are—at best—extremely difficult to replicate, this chapter examines how they established their expertise, and asserted the factual nature of their discoveries when their practices were so different from "traditional" modern science in the tightly controlled and replicable laboratory setting. As much of this authority was based on interpersonal networks, it also excluded certain groups of people: most notably women, and the indigenous and non-Western populations of the environments being explored. This chapter also highlights the deeply informal nature of much exchange within this global network, which was facilitated by informal meetings, letters, and the sharing of material culture in the form of objects and biomedical samples.
Vanessa Heggie
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226650883
- eISBN:
- 9780226650913
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226650913.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter examines the encounter between non-Western and Western knowledge in extreme environments, particularly focusing on technologies of survival; it makes the case for expanding our ...
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This chapter examines the encounter between non-Western and Western knowledge in extreme environments, particularly focusing on technologies of survival; it makes the case for expanding our understanding of "bioprospecting" to include material culture and technology. It argues that "local knowledge" can be usefully divided into three categories: embodied knowledge, environmental knowledge, and survival technologies, and outlines the ways in which "indigenous knowledge" could be transformed—through erasure, reinvention, or being "proved right"—to make it acceptable to Western scientists and explorers (and a broader public). It also presents new understandings of the "local," especially in places without an indigenous population, where "local" knowledge could be universalized across (sometimes dissimilar) global environments.Less
This chapter examines the encounter between non-Western and Western knowledge in extreme environments, particularly focusing on technologies of survival; it makes the case for expanding our understanding of "bioprospecting" to include material culture and technology. It argues that "local knowledge" can be usefully divided into three categories: embodied knowledge, environmental knowledge, and survival technologies, and outlines the ways in which "indigenous knowledge" could be transformed—through erasure, reinvention, or being "proved right"—to make it acceptable to Western scientists and explorers (and a broader public). It also presents new understandings of the "local," especially in places without an indigenous population, where "local" knowledge could be universalized across (sometimes dissimilar) global environments.
Alessandro Antonello
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- June 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190907174
- eISBN:
- 9780190907204
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190907174.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History, Political History
The Greening of Antarctica investigates the development of an international regime of environmental protection and management for Antarctica between the signing of the Antarctic Treaty in 1959 and ...
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The Greening of Antarctica investigates the development of an international regime of environmental protection and management for Antarctica between the signing of the Antarctic Treaty in 1959 and the signing of the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources in 1980. During those two decades the parties to the Antarctic Treaty and an international community of scientists surrounding the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research reimagined Antarctica from being a cold, sterile, and abiotic wilderness into a fragile and extensive regional ecosystem. This book investigates this change by analyzing the negotiations and developments surrounding four environmental agreements: the Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora in 1964, the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals in 1972, a voluntary restraint resolution on Antarctic mining in 1977, and the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources in 1980. The development of the Antarctic Treaty and the related conceptual changes occurred because states and scientists were continually searching for authority and power within various realms. All actors were balancing their search for power and authority with the desire to maintain stability and peace in the region. In this international and diplomatic context, the actors were not simply trying to keep relations between themselves orderly; they were also ordering the human relationship with the environment through treaties.Less
The Greening of Antarctica investigates the development of an international regime of environmental protection and management for Antarctica between the signing of the Antarctic Treaty in 1959 and the signing of the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources in 1980. During those two decades the parties to the Antarctic Treaty and an international community of scientists surrounding the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research reimagined Antarctica from being a cold, sterile, and abiotic wilderness into a fragile and extensive regional ecosystem. This book investigates this change by analyzing the negotiations and developments surrounding four environmental agreements: the Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora in 1964, the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals in 1972, a voluntary restraint resolution on Antarctic mining in 1977, and the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources in 1980. The development of the Antarctic Treaty and the related conceptual changes occurred because states and scientists were continually searching for authority and power within various realms. All actors were balancing their search for power and authority with the desire to maintain stability and peace in the region. In this international and diplomatic context, the actors were not simply trying to keep relations between themselves orderly; they were also ordering the human relationship with the environment through treaties.
Jan Zalasiewicz and Mark Williams
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199593576
- eISBN:
- 9780191918018
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199593576.003.0008
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmentalist Thought and Ideology
Our attempts to reconstruct the climate of the distant Archaean in Chapter 1 might seem a little like reading a volume of Tolstoy’s War and Peace recovered from a ...
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Our attempts to reconstruct the climate of the distant Archaean in Chapter 1 might seem a little like reading a volume of Tolstoy’s War and Peace recovered from a burnt-out house. Most of the pages have turned to ash, and only some scattered sentences remain on a few charred pages. The Proterozoic Eon that followed began 2.5 billion years ago, thus is not quite so distant from us in time. We know it a little better than the Archaean—at least a handful of pages from its own book have survived. And this book is long—the Proterozoic lasted nearly two billion years. This is as long as the Hadean and Archaean together, and not far short of half of Earth’s history. Like many a soldier’s account of war, it combined long periods of boredom and brief intervals of terror—or their climatic equivalents, at least. The latter included the most intense glaciations that ever spread across the Earth. Some of these may have converted the planet into one giant snowball. The earliest traces of glaciation on Earth are seen even before the Proterozoic, in rock strata of Archaean age, 2.9 billion years old, near the small South African town of Pongola. These rocks include sedimentary deposits called tillites, which are essentially a jumble of rock fragments embedded in finer sediment. The vivid, old-fashioned term for such deposits is ‘boulder clays’, while the newer and more formal name is ‘till’ for a recent deposit and ‘tillite’ for the hardened, ancient version. Many of the ancient blocks and boulders in the tillites of Pongola are grooved and scratched—a tell-tale sign that they have been dragged along the ground by debris-rich ice. This kind of evidence is among the first ever employed by scientists of the mid-nineteenth century, such as Louis Agassiz and William Buckland, to tell apart ice-transported sediments from superficially similar ones that had formed as boulder-rich slurries when rivers flooded or volcanoes erupted. Ice, then, appeared on Earth in Archaean times.
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Our attempts to reconstruct the climate of the distant Archaean in Chapter 1 might seem a little like reading a volume of Tolstoy’s War and Peace recovered from a burnt-out house. Most of the pages have turned to ash, and only some scattered sentences remain on a few charred pages. The Proterozoic Eon that followed began 2.5 billion years ago, thus is not quite so distant from us in time. We know it a little better than the Archaean—at least a handful of pages from its own book have survived. And this book is long—the Proterozoic lasted nearly two billion years. This is as long as the Hadean and Archaean together, and not far short of half of Earth’s history. Like many a soldier’s account of war, it combined long periods of boredom and brief intervals of terror—or their climatic equivalents, at least. The latter included the most intense glaciations that ever spread across the Earth. Some of these may have converted the planet into one giant snowball. The earliest traces of glaciation on Earth are seen even before the Proterozoic, in rock strata of Archaean age, 2.9 billion years old, near the small South African town of Pongola. These rocks include sedimentary deposits called tillites, which are essentially a jumble of rock fragments embedded in finer sediment. The vivid, old-fashioned term for such deposits is ‘boulder clays’, while the newer and more formal name is ‘till’ for a recent deposit and ‘tillite’ for the hardened, ancient version. Many of the ancient blocks and boulders in the tillites of Pongola are grooved and scratched—a tell-tale sign that they have been dragged along the ground by debris-rich ice. This kind of evidence is among the first ever employed by scientists of the mid-nineteenth century, such as Louis Agassiz and William Buckland, to tell apart ice-transported sediments from superficially similar ones that had formed as boulder-rich slurries when rivers flooded or volcanoes erupted. Ice, then, appeared on Earth in Archaean times.
Heidi Slettedahl Macpherson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748624454
- eISBN:
- 9780748652242
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748624454.003.0007
- Subject:
- Literature, Women's Literature
This chapter examines Jenny Diski's travel memoirs Skating to Antarctica and Stranger on a Train: Daydreaming and Smoking around America with Interruptions, suggesting that these works celebrate the ...
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This chapter examines Jenny Diski's travel memoirs Skating to Antarctica and Stranger on a Train: Daydreaming and Smoking around America with Interruptions, suggesting that these works celebrate the dislocating nature of travel and urge one to position oneself as an outsider, peering in (or, turning away). It argues that though Diski offered up a portrait of herself as knowing, she is also a withholding author, who played with the idea of discovery and revelation only to deny the ultimate effectiveness of both.Less
This chapter examines Jenny Diski's travel memoirs Skating to Antarctica and Stranger on a Train: Daydreaming and Smoking around America with Interruptions, suggesting that these works celebrate the dislocating nature of travel and urge one to position oneself as an outsider, peering in (or, turning away). It argues that though Diski offered up a portrait of herself as knowing, she is also a withholding author, who played with the idea of discovery and revelation only to deny the ultimate effectiveness of both.
Quentin R. Walsh
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813034799
- eISBN:
- 9780813039688
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813034799.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Virtually all the whales obtained in Shark Bay were delivered to the factory ship on the same day as they had been killed; toward the end of the season some carcasses were delivered after midnight, ...
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Virtually all the whales obtained in Shark Bay were delivered to the factory ship on the same day as they had been killed; toward the end of the season some carcasses were delivered after midnight, but such instances were comparatively few and far between and no exceptions were made on the records. The expedition's killer boats were allowed to take only an allotted number of whales daily, the number being determined by the factory shop manager. This system prevailed for most of the season. The Australian records was examined every morning by the American inspector. Strictly speaking, the Ulysses had little to do with the actual formulation of Form WI-1 as an official record for the United States government. In Antarctica, the company's disregard for maintaining this form in an accurate manner was even more pronounced. The method of recording the data is in need of some explanation, which this chapter attempts to give.Less
Virtually all the whales obtained in Shark Bay were delivered to the factory ship on the same day as they had been killed; toward the end of the season some carcasses were delivered after midnight, but such instances were comparatively few and far between and no exceptions were made on the records. The expedition's killer boats were allowed to take only an allotted number of whales daily, the number being determined by the factory shop manager. This system prevailed for most of the season. The Australian records was examined every morning by the American inspector. Strictly speaking, the Ulysses had little to do with the actual formulation of Form WI-1 as an official record for the United States government. In Antarctica, the company's disregard for maintaining this form in an accurate manner was even more pronounced. The method of recording the data is in need of some explanation, which this chapter attempts to give.