Amy Nelson Burnett
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199753994
- eISBN:
- 9780199894987
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199753994.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Karlstadt and the Origins of the Eucharistic Controversy examines the Reformation debate over the Eucharist through 1525, reevaluating the role played by Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt ...
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Karlstadt and the Origins of the Eucharistic Controversy examines the Reformation debate over the Eucharist through 1525, reevaluating the role played by Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt and emphasizing the diversity of the “sacramentarian” challenge to traditional belief in Christ's corporeal presence. It describes Martin Luther's criticisms of the mass and the first efforts in Wittenberg to reform liturgical praxis to correspond with his ideas, when differences between Luther and Karlstadt on the nature and course of reform first emerged. It then looks at pamphlets written by other reformers to show how Luther's understanding of the sacrament was adapted and modified outside of Wittenberg; differences between Wittenberg and the South German/Swiss reformers influenced by Ulrich Zwingli would also contribute to the later eucharistic controversy. The book then describes the development of Karlstadt's eucharistic theology over the course of 1524, showing the influence of Erasmus and of Cornelis Hoen on his discussions of the sacrament. Karlstadt's pamphlets in turn introduced into the public debate several arguments that would become standard Reformed criticisms of the Lutheran position. The book also demonstrates the influence of Hussite heresy on Karlstadt and the Swiss. Finally, it highlights the role of the reformers of Basel and Strasbourg in developing the early “Zwinglian” understanding of the Lord's Supper, describes the diffusion of the “sacramentarian” movement, and draws attention to the eucharistic theology of the Silesians Kaspar Schwenckfeld and Valentin Crautwald.Less
Karlstadt and the Origins of the Eucharistic Controversy examines the Reformation debate over the Eucharist through 1525, reevaluating the role played by Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt and emphasizing the diversity of the “sacramentarian” challenge to traditional belief in Christ's corporeal presence. It describes Martin Luther's criticisms of the mass and the first efforts in Wittenberg to reform liturgical praxis to correspond with his ideas, when differences between Luther and Karlstadt on the nature and course of reform first emerged. It then looks at pamphlets written by other reformers to show how Luther's understanding of the sacrament was adapted and modified outside of Wittenberg; differences between Wittenberg and the South German/Swiss reformers influenced by Ulrich Zwingli would also contribute to the later eucharistic controversy. The book then describes the development of Karlstadt's eucharistic theology over the course of 1524, showing the influence of Erasmus and of Cornelis Hoen on his discussions of the sacrament. Karlstadt's pamphlets in turn introduced into the public debate several arguments that would become standard Reformed criticisms of the Lutheran position. The book also demonstrates the influence of Hussite heresy on Karlstadt and the Swiss. Finally, it highlights the role of the reformers of Basel and Strasbourg in developing the early “Zwinglian” understanding of the Lord's Supper, describes the diffusion of the “sacramentarian” movement, and draws attention to the eucharistic theology of the Silesians Kaspar Schwenckfeld and Valentin Crautwald.
Amy Nelson Burnett
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199753994
- eISBN:
- 9780199894987
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199753994.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This chapter summarizes Martin Luther's earliest discussions of the mass and describes the unrest in Wittenberg between 1521 and 1522 caused by efforts to reform the mass. The reforming party acted ...
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This chapter summarizes Martin Luther's earliest discussions of the mass and describes the unrest in Wittenberg between 1521 and 1522 caused by efforts to reform the mass. The reforming party acted quickly to suppress the claim that adoration of the host was idolatry, a position understood as an attack on Christ's corporeal presence, but it was divided over the pace and extent of liturgical change. Andreas Karlstadt celebrated the first evangelical Lord's Supper at Christmas, but on his return to Wittenberg in March Luther abolished several of Karlstadt's liturgical innovations. Although there was substantial agreement between Luther and Karlstadt concerning the Lord's Supper, they disagreed over whether liturgical change was required by divine law or was subordinate to Christian freedom. Their disagreement first raised the question of authority: How were evangelicals to decide between competing interpretations of Scripture?Less
This chapter summarizes Martin Luther's earliest discussions of the mass and describes the unrest in Wittenberg between 1521 and 1522 caused by efforts to reform the mass. The reforming party acted quickly to suppress the claim that adoration of the host was idolatry, a position understood as an attack on Christ's corporeal presence, but it was divided over the pace and extent of liturgical change. Andreas Karlstadt celebrated the first evangelical Lord's Supper at Christmas, but on his return to Wittenberg in March Luther abolished several of Karlstadt's liturgical innovations. Although there was substantial agreement between Luther and Karlstadt concerning the Lord's Supper, they disagreed over whether liturgical change was required by divine law or was subordinate to Christian freedom. Their disagreement first raised the question of authority: How were evangelicals to decide between competing interpretations of Scripture?
Amy Nelson Burnett
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199753994
- eISBN:
- 9780199894987
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199753994.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This chapter describes Andreas Karlstadt's understanding of the Lord's Supper as it was expressed in eight pamphlets published in 1524–1525. The earliest pamphlets reveal the influence of Ulrich ...
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This chapter describes Andreas Karlstadt's understanding of the Lord's Supper as it was expressed in eight pamphlets published in 1524–1525. The earliest pamphlets reveal the influence of Ulrich Zwingli, Erasmus, and Cornelis Hoen on Karlstadt's thought, while the last four, written after Karlstadt's public break with Martin Luther, directly attack the latter's position. Karlstadt rejected Christ's corporeal presence in the elements, arguing instead that the Lord's Supper was only a remembrance and proposing a new interpretation of Christ's words, “this is my body,” to uphold that understanding. He also introduced several arguments based on other Scripture texts and on reason to oppose Christ's corporeal presence. Underlying his conflict with Luther was his spiritualist dualism, which led him to reject the ability of material things to convey any spiritual benefit.Less
This chapter describes Andreas Karlstadt's understanding of the Lord's Supper as it was expressed in eight pamphlets published in 1524–1525. The earliest pamphlets reveal the influence of Ulrich Zwingli, Erasmus, and Cornelis Hoen on Karlstadt's thought, while the last four, written after Karlstadt's public break with Martin Luther, directly attack the latter's position. Karlstadt rejected Christ's corporeal presence in the elements, arguing instead that the Lord's Supper was only a remembrance and proposing a new interpretation of Christ's words, “this is my body,” to uphold that understanding. He also introduced several arguments based on other Scripture texts and on reason to oppose Christ's corporeal presence. Underlying his conflict with Luther was his spiritualist dualism, which led him to reject the ability of material things to convey any spiritual benefit.
Amy Nelson Burnett
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199753994
- eISBN:
- 9780199894987
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199753994.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This chapter argues that Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt was both a catalyst and an unacknowledged contributor to the development of early Zwinglianism. Ulrich Zwingli was not immediately influenced ...
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This chapter argues that Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt was both a catalyst and an unacknowledged contributor to the development of early Zwinglianism. Ulrich Zwingli was not immediately influenced by Karlstadt, but there were important similarities in how the two men interpreted Scripture passages concerning the Eucharist, some of which could be traced to the influence of Erasmus. The reformers of Basel (Johann Oecolampadius) and Strasbourg (Wolfgang Capito and Martin Bucer) used the arguments of both Cornelis Hoen and Karlstadt to oppose Christ's corporeal presence in the Lord's Supper, thereby incorporating them into early Zwinglian (and later Reformed) eucharistic theology.Less
This chapter argues that Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt was both a catalyst and an unacknowledged contributor to the development of early Zwinglianism. Ulrich Zwingli was not immediately influenced by Karlstadt, but there were important similarities in how the two men interpreted Scripture passages concerning the Eucharist, some of which could be traced to the influence of Erasmus. The reformers of Basel (Johann Oecolampadius) and Strasbourg (Wolfgang Capito and Martin Bucer) used the arguments of both Cornelis Hoen and Karlstadt to oppose Christ's corporeal presence in the Lord's Supper, thereby incorporating them into early Zwinglian (and later Reformed) eucharistic theology.
Amy Nelson Burnett
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199753994
- eISBN:
- 9780199894987
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199753994.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
The introduction sets forth the three goals of the book: to explain the varying interpretations of the Lord's Supper that emerged between 1518 and 1525, to describe how those interpretations were ...
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The introduction sets forth the three goals of the book: to explain the varying interpretations of the Lord's Supper that emerged between 1518 and 1525, to describe how those interpretations were received and modified in popular pamphlets, and to demonstrate the significant role played by Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt in the early eucharistic controversy.Less
The introduction sets forth the three goals of the book: to explain the varying interpretations of the Lord's Supper that emerged between 1518 and 1525, to describe how those interpretations were received and modified in popular pamphlets, and to demonstrate the significant role played by Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt in the early eucharistic controversy.
Amy Nelson Burnett
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199753994
- eISBN:
- 9780199894987
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199753994.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Although all “sacramentarians” opposed belief in Christ's corporeal presence in the Lord's Supper, pamphlets printed in 1525 illustrate significant diversity within the sacramentarian movement. Many ...
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Although all “sacramentarians” opposed belief in Christ's corporeal presence in the Lord's Supper, pamphlets printed in 1525 illustrate significant diversity within the sacramentarian movement. Many of the authors usually classified as Zwinglian were reluctant to reject Christ's corporeal presence in print and so refrained from a full public endorsement of Ulrich Zwingli's eucharistic theology. Nevertheless, they were important for spreading an understanding of the Lord's Supper that opposed that of Luther. By the end of 1525 the Silesians Kaspar Schwenckfeld and Valentin Crautwald had developed their own understanding of the Lord's Supper under the influence of Zwingli, Karlstadt, and the Hussites. The chapter summarizes in tabular form the most important differences between the chief contributors to the eucharistic controversy at the end of 1525: Cornelis Hoen, Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt, the Swiss, the Silesians, and Martin Luther.Less
Although all “sacramentarians” opposed belief in Christ's corporeal presence in the Lord's Supper, pamphlets printed in 1525 illustrate significant diversity within the sacramentarian movement. Many of the authors usually classified as Zwinglian were reluctant to reject Christ's corporeal presence in print and so refrained from a full public endorsement of Ulrich Zwingli's eucharistic theology. Nevertheless, they were important for spreading an understanding of the Lord's Supper that opposed that of Luther. By the end of 1525 the Silesians Kaspar Schwenckfeld and Valentin Crautwald had developed their own understanding of the Lord's Supper under the influence of Zwingli, Karlstadt, and the Hussites. The chapter summarizes in tabular form the most important differences between the chief contributors to the eucharistic controversy at the end of 1525: Cornelis Hoen, Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt, the Swiss, the Silesians, and Martin Luther.
Amy Nelson Burnett
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199753994
- eISBN:
- 9780199894987
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199753994.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This chapter describes arguments against Christ's corporeal presence developed by Hussite theologians in the fifteenth century that became prominent at the beginning of the eucharistic controversy. ...
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This chapter describes arguments against Christ's corporeal presence developed by Hussite theologians in the fifteenth century that became prominent at the beginning of the eucharistic controversy. Taborite theologians adapted some of John Wyclif's arguments against Christ's corporeal presence; these were divorced from their scholastic underpinnings and spread to western Europe chiefly as scriptural proof texts against adoration of the host. In the early sixteenth century the Bohemian Brethren developed more sophisticated arguments that upheld Christ's spiritual presence but rejected his corporeal presence and the adoration of the host. The earlier, more popular arguments were incorporated into the eucharistic treatises of Cornelis Hoen and Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt, while the more sophisticated arguments of the Bohemian Brethren were first used by Johann Oecolampadius in the summer of 1525 and by Ulrich Zwingli in early 1526, and they became a standard element of the Reformed understanding of the Lord's Supper and of Reformed Christology.Less
This chapter describes arguments against Christ's corporeal presence developed by Hussite theologians in the fifteenth century that became prominent at the beginning of the eucharistic controversy. Taborite theologians adapted some of John Wyclif's arguments against Christ's corporeal presence; these were divorced from their scholastic underpinnings and spread to western Europe chiefly as scriptural proof texts against adoration of the host. In the early sixteenth century the Bohemian Brethren developed more sophisticated arguments that upheld Christ's spiritual presence but rejected his corporeal presence and the adoration of the host. The earlier, more popular arguments were incorporated into the eucharistic treatises of Cornelis Hoen and Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt, while the more sophisticated arguments of the Bohemian Brethren were first used by Johann Oecolampadius in the summer of 1525 and by Ulrich Zwingli in early 1526, and they became a standard element of the Reformed understanding of the Lord's Supper and of Reformed Christology.
Joseph Herl
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195365849
- eISBN:
- 9780199864263
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195365849.003.0007
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
The style of music appropriate for church was a constant topic of debate. The 16th century saw Lutherans pitted against followers of the Swiss Reformation. Later in the century, an increase in ...
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The style of music appropriate for church was a constant topic of debate. The 16th century saw Lutherans pitted against followers of the Swiss Reformation. Later in the century, an increase in polyphonic choral music competed with congregational singing for supremacy. Attempts were made to use both by alternating stanzas within hymns or having the people sing a hymn melody while the choir sang in parts (the cantional style). In the 17th century, the new Italian style was imported into Germany and caused considerable controversy, which continued into the eighteenth century (the cantata debate). By 1750 the liturgy was truly congregational in virtually all of Germany, and the choir was less of a liturgical ensemble than a performing one. Important voices in the debate included Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt, Wolfgang Amling, Michael Praetorius, Theophilus Grossgebauer, Hector Mithobius, Christian Gerber, Georg Motz, and various representatives of Pietism, Lutheran Orthodoxy, and Rationalism.Less
The style of music appropriate for church was a constant topic of debate. The 16th century saw Lutherans pitted against followers of the Swiss Reformation. Later in the century, an increase in polyphonic choral music competed with congregational singing for supremacy. Attempts were made to use both by alternating stanzas within hymns or having the people sing a hymn melody while the choir sang in parts (the cantional style). In the 17th century, the new Italian style was imported into Germany and caused considerable controversy, which continued into the eighteenth century (the cantata debate). By 1750 the liturgy was truly congregational in virtually all of Germany, and the choir was less of a liturgical ensemble than a performing one. Important voices in the debate included Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt, Wolfgang Amling, Michael Praetorius, Theophilus Grossgebauer, Hector Mithobius, Christian Gerber, Georg Motz, and various representatives of Pietism, Lutheran Orthodoxy, and Rationalism.
Arnoud S. Q. Visser
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199765935
- eISBN:
- 9780199895168
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199765935.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
The first collected edition of Augustine's works, published in 1505–6 by the Basel publisher Johann Amerbach, was the version that was used by the first generation of Reformers, including Martin ...
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The first collected edition of Augustine's works, published in 1505–6 by the Basel publisher Johann Amerbach, was the version that was used by the first generation of Reformers, including Martin Luther, Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt, Philip Melanchthon and Ulrich Zwingli. The work made an important contribution to establishing the Augustinian canon, yet in many other respects also continued traditional, late-medieval, forms of textual presentation. This chapter assesses the significance of the work for the intellectual history of the Reformation. It explores the manuscript dissemination of Augustine's works in the late fifteenth century before studying how Amerbach's edition dealt with this tradition. It argues that the work contributed crucially to Augustine's emancipation from to the ecclesiastical institutions that had traditionally preserved his legacy.Less
The first collected edition of Augustine's works, published in 1505–6 by the Basel publisher Johann Amerbach, was the version that was used by the first generation of Reformers, including Martin Luther, Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt, Philip Melanchthon and Ulrich Zwingli. The work made an important contribution to establishing the Augustinian canon, yet in many other respects also continued traditional, late-medieval, forms of textual presentation. This chapter assesses the significance of the work for the intellectual history of the Reformation. It explores the manuscript dissemination of Augustine's works in the late fifteenth century before studying how Amerbach's edition dealt with this tradition. It argues that the work contributed crucially to Augustine's emancipation from to the ecclesiastical institutions that had traditionally preserved his legacy.
Bridget Heal
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198737575
- eISBN:
- 9780191800993
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198737575.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Cultural History
Chapter 1 focuses on the first half of the sixteenth century. It analyzes Martin Luther’s teachings on images: the link he drew between iconoclasm and radicalism; his emphasis on Christian freedom; ...
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Chapter 1 focuses on the first half of the sixteenth century. It analyzes Martin Luther’s teachings on images: the link he drew between iconoclasm and radicalism; his emphasis on Christian freedom; the relationship he described between inner (spiritual) and outer (physical) images; and his willingness to use the latter for instruction and commemoration. It then investigates images’ role in proclaiming the Gospel during this period, focusing on the illustrated Bibles and catechisms produced in Wittenberg and beyond. The Lutheran layperson’s encounter with the Word of God was, it shows, frequently mediated by images. The Reformation’s legacy compromised, therefore, not only a series of pastoral and doctrinal justifications for the use of images but also an experience of religious education and worship that was defined by the visual as well as the verbal.Less
Chapter 1 focuses on the first half of the sixteenth century. It analyzes Martin Luther’s teachings on images: the link he drew between iconoclasm and radicalism; his emphasis on Christian freedom; the relationship he described between inner (spiritual) and outer (physical) images; and his willingness to use the latter for instruction and commemoration. It then investigates images’ role in proclaiming the Gospel during this period, focusing on the illustrated Bibles and catechisms produced in Wittenberg and beyond. The Lutheran layperson’s encounter with the Word of God was, it shows, frequently mediated by images. The Reformation’s legacy compromised, therefore, not only a series of pastoral and doctrinal justifications for the use of images but also an experience of religious education and worship that was defined by the visual as well as the verbal.
