Michael Rapport
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208457
- eISBN:
- 9780191678011
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208457.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The contrasting treatment of different types of foreigners in France before 1789 shows that they were encouraged to settle in France where they were deemed of utility to the state. Such uses could be ...
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The contrasting treatment of different types of foreigners in France before 1789 shows that they were encouraged to settle in France where they were deemed of utility to the state. Such uses could be obvious: foreign troops defended the kingdom; political refugees could be played as pawns in the game of European diplomacy; manufacturers, artisans, and merchants enriched the country. Less obvious was the reinforcement of the prestige of the monarchy, either through enhancing its Catholic image by tolerating foreign clergy, or by seeking a reflection of its glory through patronizing foreigners in the arts and sciences. Yet the state also had to balance its use of foreigners with other considerations, such as domestic stability and diplomacy. Open as the Ancien Régime was to the contributions of foreigners, it was also ready to dispense with them, or at least control their activities, when practical politics dictated. In other words, the treatment of foreigners under the Ancien Régime depended on their role in French society.Less
The contrasting treatment of different types of foreigners in France before 1789 shows that they were encouraged to settle in France where they were deemed of utility to the state. Such uses could be obvious: foreign troops defended the kingdom; political refugees could be played as pawns in the game of European diplomacy; manufacturers, artisans, and merchants enriched the country. Less obvious was the reinforcement of the prestige of the monarchy, either through enhancing its Catholic image by tolerating foreign clergy, or by seeking a reflection of its glory through patronizing foreigners in the arts and sciences. Yet the state also had to balance its use of foreigners with other considerations, such as domestic stability and diplomacy. Open as the Ancien Régime was to the contributions of foreigners, it was also ready to dispense with them, or at least control their activities, when practical politics dictated. In other words, the treatment of foreigners under the Ancien Régime depended on their role in French society.
John A. Davis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198207559
- eISBN:
- 9780191716720
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207559.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter describes the crisis of the of the Bourbon Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in the context of the changes that were undermining the European Ancien Régime in the second half of the 18th ...
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This chapter describes the crisis of the of the Bourbon Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in the context of the changes that were undermining the European Ancien Régime in the second half of the 18th century. The chapter explores the impact of these changes on the economic, political, and social conditions of the Kingdom; the Bourbon monarchy's experiments in Enlightened absolutism in the closing decades of the 18th century; and its attempts to reduce the privileges of the feudatories, the church, and the powerful corporate bodies that dominated the Ancien Régime state.Less
This chapter describes the crisis of the of the Bourbon Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in the context of the changes that were undermining the European Ancien Régime in the second half of the 18th century. The chapter explores the impact of these changes on the economic, political, and social conditions of the Kingdom; the Bourbon monarchy's experiments in Enlightened absolutism in the closing decades of the 18th century; and its attempts to reduce the privileges of the feudatories, the church, and the powerful corporate bodies that dominated the Ancien Régime state.
Vincenzo Ferrone
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691175768
- eISBN:
- 9781400865833
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691175768.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines the chronology and geography of the Enlightenment as a cultural revolution. Eighteenth-century European society underwent profound transformations that changed the course of ...
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This chapter examines the chronology and geography of the Enlightenment as a cultural revolution. Eighteenth-century European society underwent profound transformations that changed the course of Western history and further complicated the link between the crisis of the Ancien Régime and Enlightenment critique. In a span of only a hundred years, the European population ballooned by more than 60 percent, from 118 million to 193 million. It would perhaps be an exaggeration to speak of an agrarian revolution, but there was dramatic improvement in productivity and modern economic structures were gaining increasing importance. Other developments sparked by the cultural revolution were the explosion in the publishing industry's output of travel literature and books about the “other,” such as about all kinds of savages, barbarians, and non-European civilizations; globalization; and the growth of trade.Less
This chapter examines the chronology and geography of the Enlightenment as a cultural revolution. Eighteenth-century European society underwent profound transformations that changed the course of Western history and further complicated the link between the crisis of the Ancien Régime and Enlightenment critique. In a span of only a hundred years, the European population ballooned by more than 60 percent, from 118 million to 193 million. It would perhaps be an exaggeration to speak of an agrarian revolution, but there was dramatic improvement in productivity and modern economic structures were gaining increasing importance. Other developments sparked by the cultural revolution were the explosion in the publishing industry's output of travel literature and books about the “other,” such as about all kinds of savages, barbarians, and non-European civilizations; globalization; and the growth of trade.
Vincenzo Ferrone
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691175768
- eISBN:
- 9781400865833
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691175768.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines two major phenomena that had a profound influence on the Late Enlightenment: the sudden and momentous politicization of the Republic of Letters, and the gradual move towards ...
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This chapter examines two major phenomena that had a profound influence on the Late Enlightenment: the sudden and momentous politicization of the Republic of Letters, and the gradual move towards neonaturalism in all fields of knowledge. Over the course of more than a hundred years, the Enlightenment had evolved into a cultural revolution directed against the Ancien Régime, culminating in the significant transformation of Western identity. The crisis of the Ancien Régime arose in step with the Late Enlightenment, setting off a process of cultural hegemony that has rarely been witnessed in any other time or place. The chapter considers how the actual enthronement of man and all his faculties as preached by the Encyclopédie and by Enlightenment humanism went hand in hand with the emergence of the new paradigm of a natura naturans.Less
This chapter examines two major phenomena that had a profound influence on the Late Enlightenment: the sudden and momentous politicization of the Republic of Letters, and the gradual move towards neonaturalism in all fields of knowledge. Over the course of more than a hundred years, the Enlightenment had evolved into a cultural revolution directed against the Ancien Régime, culminating in the significant transformation of Western identity. The crisis of the Ancien Régime arose in step with the Late Enlightenment, setting off a process of cultural hegemony that has rarely been witnessed in any other time or place. The chapter considers how the actual enthronement of man and all his faculties as preached by the Encyclopédie and by Enlightenment humanism went hand in hand with the emergence of the new paradigm of a natura naturans.
Lisa Tiersten
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520225299
- eISBN:
- 9780520925656
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520225299.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines the rise of aesthetic individuality in Paris, France during the late nineteenth century. It explains that the rise of the market as an aesthetic arena for individual actors ...
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This chapter examines the rise of aesthetic individuality in Paris, France during the late nineteenth century. It explains that the rise of the market as an aesthetic arena for individual actors reflected the erosion of the corporate society of the Ancien Régime. It contends that in identifying the market as an aesthetic realm, producers of commercial culture were supported by bourgeois elites seeking their own cultural legitimization. It also discusses the social power of aesthetic subjectivity and the cult of aesthetic selfhood.Less
This chapter examines the rise of aesthetic individuality in Paris, France during the late nineteenth century. It explains that the rise of the market as an aesthetic arena for individual actors reflected the erosion of the corporate society of the Ancien Régime. It contends that in identifying the market as an aesthetic realm, producers of commercial culture were supported by bourgeois elites seeking their own cultural legitimization. It also discusses the social power of aesthetic subjectivity and the cult of aesthetic selfhood.
Robert Darnton
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264249
- eISBN:
- 9780191734045
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264249.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This lecture discusses an investigation of the vast but unstudied literature of libel that appeared in the French book market during the eighteenth century. It concentrates on four interconnected ...
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This lecture discusses an investigation of the vast but unstudied literature of libel that appeared in the French book market during the eighteenth century. It concentrates on four interconnected libelles from 1771 to 1793, and combines an analysis of the genre with an account of a colony of French refugees in London. These refugees were noted to have made slanderous attacks on public figures in Versailles, and even grafted a blackmail operation on to their literary speculations. The lecture shows how an ideological current was able to erode authority under the Ancien Régime and became absorbed in a new political culture.Less
This lecture discusses an investigation of the vast but unstudied literature of libel that appeared in the French book market during the eighteenth century. It concentrates on four interconnected libelles from 1771 to 1793, and combines an analysis of the genre with an account of a colony of French refugees in London. These refugees were noted to have made slanderous attacks on public figures in Versailles, and even grafted a blackmail operation on to their literary speculations. The lecture shows how an ideological current was able to erode authority under the Ancien Régime and became absorbed in a new political culture.
Vincenzo Ferrone
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691175768
- eISBN:
- 9781400865833
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691175768.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines the unifying element, and the ultimate defining trait of, the Enlightenment style of thought that pervaded the new humanism of the moderns: a radical cultural reform of the ...
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This chapter examines the unifying element, and the ultimate defining trait of, the Enlightenment style of thought that pervaded the new humanism of the moderns: a radical cultural reform of the European identity that was implicit in the Enlightenment idea of civilization. It also considers the Enlightenment's critique of traditional revealed religions in relation to its humanism of the moderns in the context of Ancien Régime Europe. The chapter first considers the effects of the traditional reading of Immanuel Kant's philosophy and the historical discontinuity between the humanisms of earlier centuries and Enlightenment humanism before discussing Voltaire's view of religion as a necessity and a useful tool in the life of man.Less
This chapter examines the unifying element, and the ultimate defining trait of, the Enlightenment style of thought that pervaded the new humanism of the moderns: a radical cultural reform of the European identity that was implicit in the Enlightenment idea of civilization. It also considers the Enlightenment's critique of traditional revealed religions in relation to its humanism of the moderns in the context of Ancien Régime Europe. The chapter first considers the effects of the traditional reading of Immanuel Kant's philosophy and the historical discontinuity between the humanisms of earlier centuries and Enlightenment humanism before discussing Voltaire's view of religion as a necessity and a useful tool in the life of man.
Jann Pasler
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257405
- eISBN:
- 9780520943872
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257405.003.0010
- Subject:
- Music, Theory, Analysis, Composition
This chapter explains how music can help mobilize people. It mentions the “En revenant de la revue”, which helped mobilize people to vote against the parliamentary republic and contributed to the ...
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This chapter explains how music can help mobilize people. It mentions the “En revenant de la revue”, which helped mobilize people to vote against the parliamentary republic and contributed to the popularity of General Boulanger. It studies how music and musical taste became a barometer of political sentiment after the 1885 elections questioned the opportunists' continued control of government. It then reviews the Ancien Régime and lists the “movements” that were critical of the artistic agendas of republicanism. Finally, the chapter studies intuition, the républicains opportunists, and their belief on art and universal significance.Less
This chapter explains how music can help mobilize people. It mentions the “En revenant de la revue”, which helped mobilize people to vote against the parliamentary republic and contributed to the popularity of General Boulanger. It studies how music and musical taste became a barometer of political sentiment after the 1885 elections questioned the opportunists' continued control of government. It then reviews the Ancien Régime and lists the “movements” that were critical of the artistic agendas of republicanism. Finally, the chapter studies intuition, the républicains opportunists, and their belief on art and universal significance.
Vincenzo Ferrone
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691175768
- eISBN:
- 9781400865833
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691175768.003.0015
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book has examined the philosophers' point of view about the Enlightenment, and more specifically the question Was ist Aufklärung? that had been posed by Immanuel Kant. It has also postulated a ...
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This book has examined the philosophers' point of view about the Enlightenment, and more specifically the question Was ist Aufklärung? that had been posed by Immanuel Kant. It has also postulated a new history of the Enlightenment as an epochal rift and cultural revolution of the Ancien Régime, a cultural history that is ready to embrace a new, extraordinary and original form of humanism, a bold project for the emancipation of man by man, scientifically investigating himself. The book's argument challenges the work of Anglophone interpreters such as Jonathan Israel, who critiqued a kind of social and cultural history of the Enlightenment that has long since ceased to exist in the form in which he still appears to conceive of it, and claimed that Spinozistic secularization and philosophical materialism were the authentic source and original character of our modernity.Less
This book has examined the philosophers' point of view about the Enlightenment, and more specifically the question Was ist Aufklärung? that had been posed by Immanuel Kant. It has also postulated a new history of the Enlightenment as an epochal rift and cultural revolution of the Ancien Régime, a cultural history that is ready to embrace a new, extraordinary and original form of humanism, a bold project for the emancipation of man by man, scientifically investigating himself. The book's argument challenges the work of Anglophone interpreters such as Jonathan Israel, who critiqued a kind of social and cultural history of the Enlightenment that has long since ceased to exist in the form in which he still appears to conceive of it, and claimed that Spinozistic secularization and philosophical materialism were the authentic source and original character of our modernity.
Ian Wood
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199650484
- eISBN:
- 9780191747861
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199650484.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
Modern Europe has been seen as having its origins in the Fall of the Roman Empire and the Barbarian Invasions of the fourth, fifth, and sixth centuries. As a result, the period has been drawn into a ...
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Modern Europe has been seen as having its origins in the Fall of the Roman Empire and the Barbarian Invasions of the fourth, fifth, and sixth centuries. As a result, the period has been drawn into a series of discourses that are more concerned with the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries than with the distant past. During the Ancien Regime the Franks were discussed as providing a key to the social structure of the Age. During the Risorgimento the Lombards were thought to present a model of the oppression of Italy by occupying forces. The early Germanic peoples were also drawn in to debates about the frontiers of Germany at the time of Unification and of the First and Second World Wars. The early Church has been an inspiration for Christian revival. The historical writing about the Fall of Rome and the early Middle Ages has thus been influenced by social, political and religious debate concerned with modern European problems, but at the same time the history of the end of Antiquity and the early Middle Ages has had considerable influence on notions of class, race, religion, nation, and on Europe.Less
Modern Europe has been seen as having its origins in the Fall of the Roman Empire and the Barbarian Invasions of the fourth, fifth, and sixth centuries. As a result, the period has been drawn into a series of discourses that are more concerned with the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries than with the distant past. During the Ancien Regime the Franks were discussed as providing a key to the social structure of the Age. During the Risorgimento the Lombards were thought to present a model of the oppression of Italy by occupying forces. The early Germanic peoples were also drawn in to debates about the frontiers of Germany at the time of Unification and of the First and Second World Wars. The early Church has been an inspiration for Christian revival. The historical writing about the Fall of Rome and the early Middle Ages has thus been influenced by social, political and religious debate concerned with modern European problems, but at the same time the history of the end of Antiquity and the early Middle Ages has had considerable influence on notions of class, race, religion, nation, and on Europe.
John A. Davis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198207559
- eISBN:
- 9780191716720
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207559.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book takes the southern Italian Kingdom of the Two Sicilies as the vantage point for a reconsideration of Italy's history in the age of Napoleon and the European revolutions. The book's central ...
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This book takes the southern Italian Kingdom of the Two Sicilies as the vantage point for a reconsideration of Italy's history in the age of Napoleon and the European revolutions. The book's central themes are posed by the period of French rule from 1806 to 1815, when southern Italy was the Mediterranean frontier of Napoleon's continental empire. The tensions between Naples and Paris made this an important chapter in the history of that empire and revealed the deeper contradictions on which it was founded. But the brief interlude of Napoleonic rule later came to be seen as the critical moment when a modernizing North finally parted company from a backward South. Although these arguments still shape the ways in which Italian history is written, in most parts of the North political and economic change before Unification was slow and gradual; whereas in the South it came sooner and in more disruptive forms. This book develops a critical reassessment of the dynamics of political change in the century before Unification. Its starting point is the crisis that overwhelmed the Italian states at the end of the 18th century, when Italian rulers saw the political and economic fabric of the Ancien Régime undermined throughout Europe. In the South, the crisis was especially far reaching and this, the book argues, was the reason why in the following decade the South became the theatre for one of the most ambitious reform projects in Napoleonic Europe. The transition was precarious and insecure, but also mobilized political projects and forms of collective action that had no counterparts elsewhere in Italy before 1848, illustrating the similar nature of the political challenges facing all the pre-Unification states. Although Unification finally brought Italy's insecure dynastic principalities to an end, it offered no remedies to the insecurities that from much earlier had made the South especially vulnerable to the challenges of the new age: which was why the South would become a problem — Italy's ‘Southern Problem’.Less
This book takes the southern Italian Kingdom of the Two Sicilies as the vantage point for a reconsideration of Italy's history in the age of Napoleon and the European revolutions. The book's central themes are posed by the period of French rule from 1806 to 1815, when southern Italy was the Mediterranean frontier of Napoleon's continental empire. The tensions between Naples and Paris made this an important chapter in the history of that empire and revealed the deeper contradictions on which it was founded. But the brief interlude of Napoleonic rule later came to be seen as the critical moment when a modernizing North finally parted company from a backward South. Although these arguments still shape the ways in which Italian history is written, in most parts of the North political and economic change before Unification was slow and gradual; whereas in the South it came sooner and in more disruptive forms. This book develops a critical reassessment of the dynamics of political change in the century before Unification. Its starting point is the crisis that overwhelmed the Italian states at the end of the 18th century, when Italian rulers saw the political and economic fabric of the Ancien Régime undermined throughout Europe. In the South, the crisis was especially far reaching and this, the book argues, was the reason why in the following decade the South became the theatre for one of the most ambitious reform projects in Napoleonic Europe. The transition was precarious and insecure, but also mobilized political projects and forms of collective action that had no counterparts elsewhere in Italy before 1848, illustrating the similar nature of the political challenges facing all the pre-Unification states. Although Unification finally brought Italy's insecure dynastic principalities to an end, it offered no remedies to the insecurities that from much earlier had made the South especially vulnerable to the challenges of the new age: which was why the South would become a problem — Italy's ‘Southern Problem’.
John A. Davis
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198207559
- eISBN:
- 9780191716720
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207559.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This introductory chapter discusses the decade of Napoleonic rule in southern Italy (1806-1815) in the context of earlier attempts by the Bourbon monarchy to reform the Ancien Régime Kingdom of the ...
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This introductory chapter discusses the decade of Napoleonic rule in southern Italy (1806-1815) in the context of earlier attempts by the Bourbon monarchy to reform the Ancien Régime Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and of the many different forces that in these years were profoundly reshaping the economic, political, and social institutions of the South: not least feudalism and the agrarian order. It challenges the long-held assumption that in the South, these years gave rise only to a ‘passive revolution’ and were hence the moment when the two Italies embarked irreversibly on separate paths of development. In fact, no other Italian state experienced greater or more profound change than the Bourbon Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in these years. Although these changes often brought conflict, contradiction, and insecurity, they were driven as much from below as from above and gave rise to forms of political mobilization and demands for constitutional government that had no parallels in other Italian states in these years. This offers the starting point for a broad reinterpretation of the history of the South in the period before, during, and after the decade of Napoleonic rule, and calls for new understanding of how and why the South was different both before and after Italy's Unification.Less
This introductory chapter discusses the decade of Napoleonic rule in southern Italy (1806-1815) in the context of earlier attempts by the Bourbon monarchy to reform the Ancien Régime Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and of the many different forces that in these years were profoundly reshaping the economic, political, and social institutions of the South: not least feudalism and the agrarian order. It challenges the long-held assumption that in the South, these years gave rise only to a ‘passive revolution’ and were hence the moment when the two Italies embarked irreversibly on separate paths of development. In fact, no other Italian state experienced greater or more profound change than the Bourbon Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in these years. Although these changes often brought conflict, contradiction, and insecurity, they were driven as much from below as from above and gave rise to forms of political mobilization and demands for constitutional government that had no parallels in other Italian states in these years. This offers the starting point for a broad reinterpretation of the history of the South in the period before, during, and after the decade of Napoleonic rule, and calls for new understanding of how and why the South was different both before and after Italy's Unification.
Priscilla Parkhurst Ferguson
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226243238
- eISBN:
- 9780226243276
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226243276.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
French cuisine is such a staple in our understanding of fine food that we forget the accidents of history that led to its creation. This book brings these “accidents” to the surface, illuminating the ...
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French cuisine is such a staple in our understanding of fine food that we forget the accidents of history that led to its creation. This book brings these “accidents” to the surface, illuminating the magic of French cuisine and the mystery behind its historical development. The book explains how the food of France became French cuisine. This culinary journey begins with Ancien Régime cookbooks and ends with twenty-first-century cooking programs. It takes us from Carême, the “inventor” of modern French cuisine in the early nineteenth century, to top chefs today, such as Daniel Boulud and Jacques Pépin. Not a history of French cuisine, this book focuses on the people, places, and institutions that have made this cuisine what it is today: a privileged vehicle for national identity, a model of cultural ascendancy, and a pivotal site where practice and performance intersect. With sources as various as the novels of Balzac and Proust, interviews with contemporary chefs such as David Bouley and Charlie Trotter, and the film Babette's Feast, the book maps the cultural field that structures culinary affairs in France and then exports its crucial ingredients. What's more, well beyond food, the intricate connections between cuisine and country, between local practice and national identity, illuminate the concept of culture itself.Less
French cuisine is such a staple in our understanding of fine food that we forget the accidents of history that led to its creation. This book brings these “accidents” to the surface, illuminating the magic of French cuisine and the mystery behind its historical development. The book explains how the food of France became French cuisine. This culinary journey begins with Ancien Régime cookbooks and ends with twenty-first-century cooking programs. It takes us from Carême, the “inventor” of modern French cuisine in the early nineteenth century, to top chefs today, such as Daniel Boulud and Jacques Pépin. Not a history of French cuisine, this book focuses on the people, places, and institutions that have made this cuisine what it is today: a privileged vehicle for national identity, a model of cultural ascendancy, and a pivotal site where practice and performance intersect. With sources as various as the novels of Balzac and Proust, interviews with contemporary chefs such as David Bouley and Charlie Trotter, and the film Babette's Feast, the book maps the cultural field that structures culinary affairs in France and then exports its crucial ingredients. What's more, well beyond food, the intricate connections between cuisine and country, between local practice and national identity, illuminate the concept of culture itself.
Antonio Negri
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231146821
- eISBN:
- 9780231519427
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231146821.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This book is both a systematic inquiry into the development of Vladimir Lenin’s thought and an encapsulation of a critical shift in theoretical trajectory of its author, Antonio Negri. It is the last ...
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This book is both a systematic inquiry into the development of Vladimir Lenin’s thought and an encapsulation of a critical shift in theoretical trajectory of its author, Antonio Negri. It is the last of Negri’s major political works to be translated into English. It explains that Lenin is the only prominent politician of the modern era to seriously question the “withering away” and “extinction” of the state, and that, like Karl Marx, he recognized the link between capitalism and modern sovereignty and the need to destroy capitalism and reconfigure the state. The book refrains from portraying Lenin as a ferocious dictator enforcing the proletariat’s reappropriation of wealth, nor does it depict him as a mere military tool of a vanguard opposed to the Ancien Régime. Instead, the book champions Leninism’s ability to adapt to different working-class configurations in Russia, China, Latin America and elsewhere. It argues that Lenin developed a new political figuration in and beyond modernity and an effective organization capable of absorbing different historical conditions. The book ultimately urges readers to recognize both the universal application of Leninism today and its potential to institutionally—not anarchically—dismantle centralized power.Less
This book is both a systematic inquiry into the development of Vladimir Lenin’s thought and an encapsulation of a critical shift in theoretical trajectory of its author, Antonio Negri. It is the last of Negri’s major political works to be translated into English. It explains that Lenin is the only prominent politician of the modern era to seriously question the “withering away” and “extinction” of the state, and that, like Karl Marx, he recognized the link between capitalism and modern sovereignty and the need to destroy capitalism and reconfigure the state. The book refrains from portraying Lenin as a ferocious dictator enforcing the proletariat’s reappropriation of wealth, nor does it depict him as a mere military tool of a vanguard opposed to the Ancien Régime. Instead, the book champions Leninism’s ability to adapt to different working-class configurations in Russia, China, Latin America and elsewhere. It argues that Lenin developed a new political figuration in and beyond modernity and an effective organization capable of absorbing different historical conditions. The book ultimately urges readers to recognize both the universal application of Leninism today and its potential to institutionally—not anarchically—dismantle centralized power.
Adrian O'Connor
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781526120564
- eISBN:
- 9781526132314
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526120564.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Chapter 2 analyzes the debates over education that followed upon the expulsion of the Jesuits from Paris in 1762 and from France in 1764. The expulsion created practical as well as political problems ...
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Chapter 2 analyzes the debates over education that followed upon the expulsion of the Jesuits from Paris in 1762 and from France in 1764. The expulsion created practical as well as political problems for Louis XV’s France, helping to intertwine Enlightenment debates over the purpose and practices of education with on-going debates about the composition, character, and powers of the French state. It offers a new interpretation of the post-expulsion debates and reforms, arguing that where historians have customarily seen consensus and a series of cooperative but incomplete reforms, there was in fact a deep crisis in Ancien Régime politics, one that centered on ideas about the French nation, state, and society.Less
Chapter 2 analyzes the debates over education that followed upon the expulsion of the Jesuits from Paris in 1762 and from France in 1764. The expulsion created practical as well as political problems for Louis XV’s France, helping to intertwine Enlightenment debates over the purpose and practices of education with on-going debates about the composition, character, and powers of the French state. It offers a new interpretation of the post-expulsion debates and reforms, arguing that where historians have customarily seen consensus and a series of cooperative but incomplete reforms, there was in fact a deep crisis in Ancien Régime politics, one that centered on ideas about the French nation, state, and society.
Vincenzo Ferrone
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691175768
- eISBN:
- 9781400865833
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691175768.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines the Enlightenment–French Revolution paradigm in relation to questions relevant to the memory and national identity of republican France, the political myth of the demise of the ...
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This chapter examines the Enlightenment–French Revolution paradigm in relation to questions relevant to the memory and national identity of republican France, the political myth of the demise of the Ancien Régime, or the political, social and ideological roots of nearly all the most important projects of emancipation produced by modern Europe as a republican and democratic entity. The Enlightenment–French Revolution paradigm rests on the connection between the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, whereby the former is considered first and foremost as the origin and genesis of the latter. The chapter discusses the pros and cons of the Enlightenment–French Revolution paradigm as well as the various forms that the paradigm assumed over time, citing in particular the beginning of a parallel process of “nationalization” of the Enlightenment at the historiographical level. It also explores various criticisms against the Enlightenment–Revolution paradigm, including those by Michel Foucault.Less
This chapter examines the Enlightenment–French Revolution paradigm in relation to questions relevant to the memory and national identity of republican France, the political myth of the demise of the Ancien Régime, or the political, social and ideological roots of nearly all the most important projects of emancipation produced by modern Europe as a republican and democratic entity. The Enlightenment–French Revolution paradigm rests on the connection between the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, whereby the former is considered first and foremost as the origin and genesis of the latter. The chapter discusses the pros and cons of the Enlightenment–French Revolution paradigm as well as the various forms that the paradigm assumed over time, citing in particular the beginning of a parallel process of “nationalization” of the Enlightenment at the historiographical level. It also explores various criticisms against the Enlightenment–Revolution paradigm, including those by Michel Foucault.
Jens Ivo Engels
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- December 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198809975
- eISBN:
- 9780191847226
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198809975.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, History of Ideas
Introducing a detailed discussion of the modernization or transition thesis, this chapter argues that understandings of anticorruption did indeed change dramatically around 1800. The revolutionaries ...
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Introducing a detailed discussion of the modernization or transition thesis, this chapter argues that understandings of anticorruption did indeed change dramatically around 1800. The revolutionaries declared war on corruption and deemed practices that had been common during the Ancien Régime—especially patronage and the use of public positions for private gain—as corrupt. The consequences of this for anticorruption were far-reaching: the public and the private were more sharply separated and all “old” practices (or recent ones construed as such) were attacked with “new” anticorruption rules. The belief grew that corruption could be eliminated. However, the chapter tells a non-linear story: the essential ambivalence of modernization is fully reflected in anticorruption discourse and efforts. The more closely modern societies are looking for corruption, the more corruption they will find. As the transgression of the public-private-boundary is unavoidable, the success even of present-day campaigns is very limited.Less
Introducing a detailed discussion of the modernization or transition thesis, this chapter argues that understandings of anticorruption did indeed change dramatically around 1800. The revolutionaries declared war on corruption and deemed practices that had been common during the Ancien Régime—especially patronage and the use of public positions for private gain—as corrupt. The consequences of this for anticorruption were far-reaching: the public and the private were more sharply separated and all “old” practices (or recent ones construed as such) were attacked with “new” anticorruption rules. The belief grew that corruption could be eliminated. However, the chapter tells a non-linear story: the essential ambivalence of modernization is fully reflected in anticorruption discourse and efforts. The more closely modern societies are looking for corruption, the more corruption they will find. As the transgression of the public-private-boundary is unavoidable, the success even of present-day campaigns is very limited.
Carmen De La Guardia Herrero
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- May 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780813060118
- eISBN:
- 9780813050485
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813060118.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
The relations between Spain and the United States from 1783 to 1833 were complex. The United States had initiated its history as a nation with strong republican and expansionist values in its ...
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The relations between Spain and the United States from 1783 to 1833 were complex. The United States had initiated its history as a nation with strong republican and expansionist values in its political system while the Hispanic monarchy, anchored in the structures of the Ancien Régime, saw how its presence in almost all of the Americas was disappearing. In this text, which analyzes the complex history of Florida in that period, the differences between the principles of the American republican diplomacy in contrast to those of the Catholic monarchy will be explored as one of the principal reasons to explain the territorial growth of the United States and the loss of Florida and of practically all of the Spanish territories in America.Less
The relations between Spain and the United States from 1783 to 1833 were complex. The United States had initiated its history as a nation with strong republican and expansionist values in its political system while the Hispanic monarchy, anchored in the structures of the Ancien Régime, saw how its presence in almost all of the Americas was disappearing. In this text, which analyzes the complex history of Florida in that period, the differences between the principles of the American republican diplomacy in contrast to those of the Catholic monarchy will be explored as one of the principal reasons to explain the territorial growth of the United States and the loss of Florida and of practically all of the Spanish territories in America.
Vincenzo Ferrone
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691175768
- eISBN:
- 9781400865833
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691175768.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter argues that historians must go beyond the premises of the paradigm of the Centaur and uphold the autonomy and prerogatives of historical knowledge with respect to the Enlightenment. It ...
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This chapter argues that historians must go beyond the premises of the paradigm of the Centaur and uphold the autonomy and prerogatives of historical knowledge with respect to the Enlightenment. It suggests that the correct question to ask a historian is not “What is the Enlightenment?” but rather “What was it?” and that we should ask what is it that we know about the Enlightenment's significance in the history of Europe during the Ancien Régime. On the other hand, the historian questioned should not think of the Enlightenment as a kind of philosophia perennis. The chapter also considers Ernst Cassirer's declaration of faith in Immanuel Kant and Isaac Newton's scientific rationalism and Michel Foucault's attempt to revive the paradigm of the Centaur as “historico-philosophical practice” in the wake of the great German historiography of the Aufklärung.Less
This chapter argues that historians must go beyond the premises of the paradigm of the Centaur and uphold the autonomy and prerogatives of historical knowledge with respect to the Enlightenment. It suggests that the correct question to ask a historian is not “What is the Enlightenment?” but rather “What was it?” and that we should ask what is it that we know about the Enlightenment's significance in the history of Europe during the Ancien Régime. On the other hand, the historian questioned should not think of the Enlightenment as a kind of philosophia perennis. The chapter also considers Ernst Cassirer's declaration of faith in Immanuel Kant and Isaac Newton's scientific rationalism and Michel Foucault's attempt to revive the paradigm of the Centaur as “historico-philosophical practice” in the wake of the great German historiography of the Aufklärung.
Ian Wood
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199650484
- eISBN:
- 9780191747861
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199650484.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
The early eighteenth century saw a major development in the interpretation of the Fall of the Roman Empire and the Barbarian invasions, with the publication of work by Henri comte de Boulainvilliers ...
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The early eighteenth century saw a major development in the interpretation of the Fall of the Roman Empire and the Barbarian invasions, with the publication of work by Henri comte de Boulainvilliers and the reply by Du Bos. Boulainvilliers stessed the significance of the Frankish conquest of Gaul, seeing it as providing a justification for the privileged position of the French nobility, whilst Du Bos denied the significance of the Franks and instead emphasized continuity with Rome. These two authors, the one presenting a reactionary aristocratic point of view and the other a more critical, but nevertheless bourgeois monarchist interpretation, essentially established two of the main lines of approach to the Fall of Rome: the Germanist, emphasizing the role of the barbarian incomers, and the Romanist, emphasizing continuity from the Imperial past.Less
The early eighteenth century saw a major development in the interpretation of the Fall of the Roman Empire and the Barbarian invasions, with the publication of work by Henri comte de Boulainvilliers and the reply by Du Bos. Boulainvilliers stessed the significance of the Frankish conquest of Gaul, seeing it as providing a justification for the privileged position of the French nobility, whilst Du Bos denied the significance of the Franks and instead emphasized continuity with Rome. These two authors, the one presenting a reactionary aristocratic point of view and the other a more critical, but nevertheless bourgeois monarchist interpretation, essentially established two of the main lines of approach to the Fall of Rome: the Germanist, emphasizing the role of the barbarian incomers, and the Romanist, emphasizing continuity from the Imperial past.
