Jonathan Zeitlin
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199269044
- eISBN:
- 9780191717123
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269044.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
This introductory chapter is divided into three main sections. The first section re-examines the historiography of post-war Americanization, highlighting the theoretical assumptions underlying ...
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This introductory chapter is divided into three main sections. The first section re-examines the historiography of post-war Americanization, highlighting the theoretical assumptions underlying contending perspectives in order to bring out the distinctive features of the conceptual approach developed in this book. The second section draws together the empirical findings of the individual chapters to sketch out a complex, multi-level comparative analysis of similarities and variations in post-war European and Japanese engagements with the American model across firms, sectors, and national economies. This stresses the creativity and reflexivity of local actors together with the resulting proliferation of hybrid forms and practices. The third and final section of the chapter considers the implications of the book's interpretation of post-war Americanization for current debates on the transfer and diffusion of foreign productive models across national borders, underlining the historical grounds for scepticism about the likelihood and desirability of international convergence around any single ‘best practice’ model of economic and technological efficiency, whether Japanese or Anglo-American.Less
This introductory chapter is divided into three main sections. The first section re-examines the historiography of post-war Americanization, highlighting the theoretical assumptions underlying contending perspectives in order to bring out the distinctive features of the conceptual approach developed in this book. The second section draws together the empirical findings of the individual chapters to sketch out a complex, multi-level comparative analysis of similarities and variations in post-war European and Japanese engagements with the American model across firms, sectors, and national economies. This stresses the creativity and reflexivity of local actors together with the resulting proliferation of hybrid forms and practices. The third and final section of the chapter considers the implications of the book's interpretation of post-war Americanization for current debates on the transfer and diffusion of foreign productive models across national borders, underlining the historical grounds for scepticism about the likelihood and desirability of international convergence around any single ‘best practice’ model of economic and technological efficiency, whether Japanese or Anglo-American.
Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199261185
- eISBN:
- 9780191601507
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199261180.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
The social democratic state rises from the Great Depression and Second Word War. And up to the 1970s, the capitalist economies grow enormously, at the same time that social rights were recognized and ...
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The social democratic state rises from the Great Depression and Second Word War. And up to the 1970s, the capitalist economies grow enormously, at the same time that social rights were recognized and the welfare state implemented. The tax burden and the state apparatus grow to face the new social and developmental activities taken on by the state. With the social state emerges plural or public opinion democracy. Political elites diversify, including increasing representatives of the professional middle class. Capitalism also diversifies, and we can detect four models of capitalism: the Anglo-Saxon market model, the European social model, the Asian developmental model, and the Latin American mixed model of capitalism. Particularly in the later two models, a developmental bureaucracy rises.Less
The social democratic state rises from the Great Depression and Second Word War. And up to the 1970s, the capitalist economies grow enormously, at the same time that social rights were recognized and the welfare state implemented. The tax burden and the state apparatus grow to face the new social and developmental activities taken on by the state. With the social state emerges plural or public opinion democracy. Political elites diversify, including increasing representatives of the professional middle class. Capitalism also diversifies, and we can detect four models of capitalism: the Anglo-Saxon market model, the European social model, the Asian developmental model, and the Latin American mixed model of capitalism. Particularly in the later two models, a developmental bureaucracy rises.
Ruggero Ranieri
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199269044
- eISBN:
- 9780191717123
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269044.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
This chapter discusses the impact of American industrial practices on the Italian steel industry in the post-war period. The chapter is organized into three sections. Firstly the chapter provides ...
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This chapter discusses the impact of American industrial practices on the Italian steel industry in the post-war period. The chapter is organized into three sections. Firstly the chapter provides some basic background information on the structure and performance of the Italian post-war steel industry. It then examines the impact of the Marshall Plan on post-war reconstruction investment. The central part of this section deals with the negotiations over the allocation of US funds to the state-owned sector, but there are also brief accounts of Marshall Plan aid to other steel producers, particularly the Falck group and Fiat. The final section in the chapter looks at the attempts made by Italian managers, particularly in Cornigliano, to copy and follow the ‘American model’.Less
This chapter discusses the impact of American industrial practices on the Italian steel industry in the post-war period. The chapter is organized into three sections. Firstly the chapter provides some basic background information on the structure and performance of the Italian post-war steel industry. It then examines the impact of the Marshall Plan on post-war reconstruction investment. The central part of this section deals with the negotiations over the allocation of US funds to the state-owned sector, but there are also brief accounts of Marshall Plan aid to other steel producers, particularly the Falck group and Fiat. The final section in the chapter looks at the attempts made by Italian managers, particularly in Cornigliano, to copy and follow the ‘American model’.
Duccio Bigazzi
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199269044
- eISBN:
- 9780191717123
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269044.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
In 1945, the Italian industrial sector was well prepared to measure itself against the American model. In the engineering sector, direct contacts between technical experts on the two sides were ...
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In 1945, the Italian industrial sector was well prepared to measure itself against the American model. In the engineering sector, direct contacts between technical experts on the two sides were established around the turn of the century, and these had intensified during the First World War. During the Fascist period, the diffusion of American methods met with resistance from the traditionalist approach to technology and organization of most Italian industrialists, who preferred low wages and a strongly authoritarian form of paternalism. Nonetheless, the most innovative managers and entrepreneurs continued to look up to America as the most efficient technical and productive model.Less
In 1945, the Italian industrial sector was well prepared to measure itself against the American model. In the engineering sector, direct contacts between technical experts on the two sides were established around the turn of the century, and these had intensified during the First World War. During the Fascist period, the diffusion of American methods met with resistance from the traditionalist approach to technology and organization of most Italian industrialists, who preferred low wages and a strongly authoritarian form of paternalism. Nonetheless, the most innovative managers and entrepreneurs continued to look up to America as the most efficient technical and productive model.
Paul Erker
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199269044
- eISBN:
- 9780191717123
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269044.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
This chapter traces various areas and phases of influence in German industry, using the example of the tyre industry — which more than almost any other industry was influenced macroeconomically by ...
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This chapter traces various areas and phases of influence in German industry, using the example of the tyre industry — which more than almost any other industry was influenced macroeconomically by the economic developments in the United States, as well as microeconomically by American companies. The processes of Americanization are examined by comparing two competing companies: Phoenix-Gummiwerke AG (Hamburg-Harburg), and Continental-Gummiwerke AG (Hanover). Two Americanization models emerge, not only with respect to the ways and means of the American influence but also with respect to the perception of the German companies. The results obtained are then put into context — first by looking back at the 1920s and 1930s, and then by means of a ‘preview’ of the 1970s and 1980s — in order to specify assessment criteria for the degree of ‘Americanization’, as well as the degree of ambivalence resulting from the basis of success and secondary damage.Less
This chapter traces various areas and phases of influence in German industry, using the example of the tyre industry — which more than almost any other industry was influenced macroeconomically by the economic developments in the United States, as well as microeconomically by American companies. The processes of Americanization are examined by comparing two competing companies: Phoenix-Gummiwerke AG (Hamburg-Harburg), and Continental-Gummiwerke AG (Hanover). Two Americanization models emerge, not only with respect to the ways and means of the American influence but also with respect to the perception of the German companies. The results obtained are then put into context — first by looking back at the 1920s and 1930s, and then by means of a ‘preview’ of the 1970s and 1980s — in order to specify assessment criteria for the degree of ‘Americanization’, as well as the degree of ambivalence resulting from the basis of success and secondary damage.
D. Hugh Whittaker and Simon Deakin (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199563630
- eISBN:
- 9780191721359
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199563630.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Corporate Governance and Accountability, HRM / IR
The chapters in this book address the state of Japanese corporate governance and managerial practice at a critical moment. They are based on detailed and intensive fieldwork in large Japanese ...
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The chapters in this book address the state of Japanese corporate governance and managerial practice at a critical moment. They are based on detailed and intensive fieldwork in large Japanese companies and interviews with investors, civil servants, and policy makers in the period following the adoption of significant corporate law reforms in the early 2000s up to the months just before the global financial crisis of 2008. At the start of the decade, the time seemed right for Japan to move to a shareholder value‐driven, “Anglo‐American” system of corporate governance. Instead, an adjustment and renewal of the postwar model of the large Japanese corporation has taken place. Japanese managers have adapted to and reshaped corporate governance norms, using them to reform internal decision‐making structures. The board's role is seen in terms of strategic planning rather than monitoring, and external directors are viewed as advisers, not as representatives of the shareholders. Companies have responded to the threat of hostile takeovers by putting poison pills in place and have rebuffed hedge fund activists' demands for higher dividends and share buybacks. Although shareholder influence is more extensive than it was, central aspects of the Japanese “community firm” ‐ in particular, managerial autonomy and a commitment to stable or “lifetime” employment for core of employees ‐ largely remain in place. The Japanese experience suggests that there are limits to the global convergence of company law systems, and that the widespread association of Anglo‐American practices with the “modernization” of corporate governance may have been misplaced.Less
The chapters in this book address the state of Japanese corporate governance and managerial practice at a critical moment. They are based on detailed and intensive fieldwork in large Japanese companies and interviews with investors, civil servants, and policy makers in the period following the adoption of significant corporate law reforms in the early 2000s up to the months just before the global financial crisis of 2008. At the start of the decade, the time seemed right for Japan to move to a shareholder value‐driven, “Anglo‐American” system of corporate governance. Instead, an adjustment and renewal of the postwar model of the large Japanese corporation has taken place. Japanese managers have adapted to and reshaped corporate governance norms, using them to reform internal decision‐making structures. The board's role is seen in terms of strategic planning rather than monitoring, and external directors are viewed as advisers, not as representatives of the shareholders. Companies have responded to the threat of hostile takeovers by putting poison pills in place and have rebuffed hedge fund activists' demands for higher dividends and share buybacks. Although shareholder influence is more extensive than it was, central aspects of the Japanese “community firm” ‐ in particular, managerial autonomy and a commitment to stable or “lifetime” employment for core of employees ‐ largely remain in place. The Japanese experience suggests that there are limits to the global convergence of company law systems, and that the widespread association of Anglo‐American practices with the “modernization” of corporate governance may have been misplaced.
Jonathan Story
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296393
- eISBN:
- 9780191599002
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296398.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
European financial integration imposes a major challenge to insider financial systems of the French and German kind. European monetary union will favour more open systems of the Anglo‐American type, ...
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European financial integration imposes a major challenge to insider financial systems of the French and German kind. European monetary union will favour more open systems of the Anglo‐American type, which will win the battle of the systems.Less
European financial integration imposes a major challenge to insider financial systems of the French and German kind. European monetary union will favour more open systems of the Anglo‐American type, which will win the battle of the systems.
Marie-Laure Djelic
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198293170
- eISBN:
- 9780191684968
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198293170.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy, Corporate Governance and Accountability
This chapter discusses the key players and institutional channels that influenced the emergence of a cross-national modernizing network that ...
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This chapter discusses the key players and institutional channels that influenced the emergence of a cross-national modernizing network that paved the way for the cross-national transfer of the American model of industrial production to Western Europe. In the late 1940s, France and West Germany established cross-national networks with a number of Americans in key institutional positions of power. Such a network never emerged in Italy because of differences in objectives and ideology between the Italians and the American group. The institutional contiguity inbetween the Germans and the Americans was provided by the American Military Government in Germany.Less
This chapter discusses the key players and institutional channels that influenced the emergence of a cross-national modernizing network that paved the way for the cross-national transfer of the American model of industrial production to Western Europe. In the late 1940s, France and West Germany established cross-national networks with a number of Americans in key institutional positions of power. Such a network never emerged in Italy because of differences in objectives and ideology between the Italians and the American group. The institutional contiguity inbetween the Germans and the Americans was provided by the American Military Government in Germany.
Marie-Laure Djelic
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198293170
- eISBN:
- 9780191684968
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198293170.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy, Corporate Governance and Accountability
This chapter discusses the process of embedding the American model of business and industrial production in Western Europe. The launch of the ...
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This chapter discusses the process of embedding the American model of business and industrial production in Western Europe. The launch of the Marshall plan in 1948 provided the U.S. an opportunity to extend its hold over the economic affairs of Western Europe. The Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA), the American agency in charge of foreign assistance, used a coercive or control mechanism to ensure the success of the embedding process. This type of mechanism was necessary to impose rapid changes in the face of strong national resistance, and to limit the extent of reinterpretation and adaptation of the original business model.Less
This chapter discusses the process of embedding the American model of business and industrial production in Western Europe. The launch of the Marshall plan in 1948 provided the U.S. an opportunity to extend its hold over the economic affairs of Western Europe. The Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA), the American agency in charge of foreign assistance, used a coercive or control mechanism to ensure the success of the embedding process. This type of mechanism was necessary to impose rapid changes in the face of strong national resistance, and to limit the extent of reinterpretation and adaptation of the original business model.
Marie-Laure Djelic
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198293170
- eISBN:
- 9780191684968
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198293170.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy, Corporate Governance and Accountability
This chapter discusses the influence of internal crisis and outside dependence of some Western European countries on the success of the ...
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This chapter discusses the influence of internal crisis and outside dependence of some Western European countries on the success of the cross-national transfer of the American model of industrial production. The end of World War II led to the collapse of the national order in France, Germany, and Italy, and confirmed the position of the U.S. as a world superpower. The three countries then became solidly anchored to the American sphere of influence, particularly in their national reconstruction efforts. This led to the large-scale, cross-national transfer of American industrial structural arrangements.Less
This chapter discusses the influence of internal crisis and outside dependence of some Western European countries on the success of the cross-national transfer of the American model of industrial production. The end of World War II led to the collapse of the national order in France, Germany, and Italy, and confirmed the position of the U.S. as a world superpower. The three countries then became solidly anchored to the American sphere of influence, particularly in their national reconstruction efforts. This led to the large-scale, cross-national transfer of American industrial structural arrangements.
Marie-Laure Djelic
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198293170
- eISBN:
- 9780191684968
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198293170.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy, Corporate Governance and Accountability
This chapter discusses the role of a small French group in launching and fostering the large-scale transfer of American structural models of ...
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This chapter discusses the role of a small French group in launching and fostering the large-scale transfer of American structural models of business to France. Members of this group occupy key positions of institutional power on the French national scene. They not only developed a set of mechanism that was to bring about radical transformation within the French industry, but also redefined the American business model before diffusing it onto the national scene. This same group was also instrumental in the emergence of a Western European economic space.Less
This chapter discusses the role of a small French group in launching and fostering the large-scale transfer of American structural models of business to France. Members of this group occupy key positions of institutional power on the French national scene. They not only developed a set of mechanism that was to bring about radical transformation within the French industry, but also redefined the American business model before diffusing it onto the national scene. This same group was also instrumental in the emergence of a Western European economic space.
Marie-Laure Djelic
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198293170
- eISBN:
- 9780191684968
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198293170.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy, Corporate Governance and Accountability
This chapter examines the transfer of American structural models of business and industrial production to West Germany. It states that the ...
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This chapter examines the transfer of American structural models of business and industrial production to West Germany. It states that the transfer process proceeded from coercion to voluntary imitation. After World War II, occupation authorities, dominated by the Americans, held all decision-making powers in West Germany. And as part of the American administration's efforts to rebuild the West German economy, it initiated a large-scale, cross-national structural transfer. This was accomplished using coercive means at the beginning but when the Americans co-opted a group of West Germans, the voluntary imitation process started.Less
This chapter examines the transfer of American structural models of business and industrial production to West Germany. It states that the transfer process proceeded from coercion to voluntary imitation. After World War II, occupation authorities, dominated by the Americans, held all decision-making powers in West Germany. And as part of the American administration's efforts to rebuild the West German economy, it initiated a large-scale, cross-national structural transfer. This was accomplished using coercive means at the beginning but when the Americans co-opted a group of West Germans, the voluntary imitation process started.
Marie-Laure Djelic
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198293170
- eISBN:
- 9780191684968
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198293170.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy, Corporate Governance and Accountability
This chapter discusses the organized resistance and opposition of Western European business, particularly in France, Italy, and West Germany, to ...
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This chapter discusses the organized resistance and opposition of Western European business, particularly in France, Italy, and West Germany, to the structural transformation brought about by the introduction of the American business model. Western European business leaders resented the large-scale transfer of a foreign model they believed was not adopted to European conditions and potentially dangerous for their own interests. The focus of opposition in West Germany is on the issue of competition and antitrust traditions, while in France and Italy, the issue was about the planned redefinition of physical and ownerships structures within the national industry.Less
This chapter discusses the organized resistance and opposition of Western European business, particularly in France, Italy, and West Germany, to the structural transformation brought about by the introduction of the American business model. Western European business leaders resented the large-scale transfer of a foreign model they believed was not adopted to European conditions and potentially dangerous for their own interests. The focus of opposition in West Germany is on the issue of competition and antitrust traditions, while in France and Italy, the issue was about the planned redefinition of physical and ownerships structures within the national industry.
Marie-Laure Djelic
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198293170
- eISBN:
- 9780191684968
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198293170.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy, Corporate Governance and Accountability
This chapter discusses the negative impact of the speech delivered by U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall at Harvard University in June ...
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This chapter discusses the negative impact of the speech delivered by U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall at Harvard University in June 1947 on international politics and European labor and productivity. The speech divided Europe and scarred the continent for more than 40 years. This division affected the internal political balance within a number of free or democratic European countries. Some Communist Party members were ousted from government coalitions in anticipation of American assistance under the Marshall plan. However, the countries that participated in the Marshall scheme did not readily accept the American business model and launched organized oppositions to the structural transformation of their local industries.Less
This chapter discusses the negative impact of the speech delivered by U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall at Harvard University in June 1947 on international politics and European labor and productivity. The speech divided Europe and scarred the continent for more than 40 years. This division affected the internal political balance within a number of free or democratic European countries. Some Communist Party members were ousted from government coalitions in anticipation of American assistance under the Marshall plan. However, the countries that participated in the Marshall scheme did not readily accept the American business model and launched organized oppositions to the structural transformation of their local industries.
Marie-Laure Djelic
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198293170
- eISBN:
- 9780191684968
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198293170.003.0011
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy, Corporate Governance and Accountability
This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the large-scale cross-national transfer of the American business model to ...
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This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the large-scale cross-national transfer of the American business model to Western Europe. It suggests that the post-war transformation of the national systems of industrial production in Western Europe was the consequence of an organized attempt to Americanize the Western European industrial landscape. Twenty years after the war, most of the common features of Western European systems of industrial production could be traced back to the American model, and this trend of American export of business models has still not subsided.Less
This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the large-scale cross-national transfer of the American business model to Western Europe. It suggests that the post-war transformation of the national systems of industrial production in Western Europe was the consequence of an organized attempt to Americanize the Western European industrial landscape. Twenty years after the war, most of the common features of Western European systems of industrial production could be traced back to the American model, and this trend of American export of business models has still not subsided.
Marie-Laure Djelic
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198293170
- eISBN:
- 9780191684968
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198293170.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy, Corporate Governance and Accountability
The author explores the convergent and divergent trends in the evolution of business systems and organization in Western Europe in the post-war period. She examines in ...
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The author explores the convergent and divergent trends in the evolution of business systems and organization in Western Europe in the post-war period. She examines in particular the influence of a large-scale, cross-national transfer of the American corporate model, including the Marshall Plan and the involvement of American business in European reconstruction. She focuses on France, West Germany, and Italy, looking in turn at the physical, ownership, organizational, and governance structure of each after 1945. Her core argument is that the model had varying degrees of success in each of those three countries and, in some areas, encountered significant resistance. The book underscores the socially constructed and historically contingent nature of structural arrangements shaping conditions of industrial production in capitalist countries today. National systems of industrial production are not given and necessary; they are made and shaped through time by actors with particular interests, often in direct confrontation with other groups. This shaping is taking place within particular institutional contexts, in peculiar political and geopolitical conditions. Foreign actors, in geopolitical power positions, can, it is argued, play a particularly significant role in such processes.Less
The author explores the convergent and divergent trends in the evolution of business systems and organization in Western Europe in the post-war period. She examines in particular the influence of a large-scale, cross-national transfer of the American corporate model, including the Marshall Plan and the involvement of American business in European reconstruction. She focuses on France, West Germany, and Italy, looking in turn at the physical, ownership, organizational, and governance structure of each after 1945. Her core argument is that the model had varying degrees of success in each of those three countries and, in some areas, encountered significant resistance. The book underscores the socially constructed and historically contingent nature of structural arrangements shaping conditions of industrial production in capitalist countries today. National systems of industrial production are not given and necessary; they are made and shaped through time by actors with particular interests, often in direct confrontation with other groups. This shaping is taking place within particular institutional contexts, in peculiar political and geopolitical conditions. Foreign actors, in geopolitical power positions, can, it is argued, play a particularly significant role in such processes.
Marie-Laure Djelic
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198293170
- eISBN:
- 9780191684968
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198293170.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy, Corporate Governance and Accountability
This introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about the role of the American business model in the transformation of European ...
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This introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about the role of the American business model in the transformation of European business after World War II. It attempts to address the issue about the coexistence of persistent differentiation and increasing similarities among national systems of industrial production. It proposes an account of the evolution on industrial production systems since 1945 that would take into consideration the contradictory trends of convergence and persistent differentiation.Less
This introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about the role of the American business model in the transformation of European business after World War II. It attempts to address the issue about the coexistence of persistent differentiation and increasing similarities among national systems of industrial production. It proposes an account of the evolution on industrial production systems since 1945 that would take into consideration the contradictory trends of convergence and persistent differentiation.
Susan G. Clark and Christina Milloy
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226107400
- eISBN:
- 9780226107547
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226107547.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
The basic premise of the North American Model of Wildlife Conservation is that government wildlife agencies, funded by revenues from public hunting and fishing, use scientific knowledge and expertise ...
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The basic premise of the North American Model of Wildlife Conservation is that government wildlife agencies, funded by revenues from public hunting and fishing, use scientific knowledge and expertise to manage wildlife for the public good. Promoted as a century-long success story, the model establishes how wildlife will be used and who gets to decide. But there are concerns about its role and adequacy, including continuing species, population, and habitat losses and growing criticism of scientific management, experts and their roles in society, and the management agencies. This chapter describes the model's doctrine and formula and some of its problems, along with key elements of the social context, the status of wildlife, and the decision process in order to assess how the model has performed in practice. This appraisal suggests a problem definition based on public trust and common interests and offers three strategic options to adapt the model to new circumstances and enhance wildlife conservation.Less
The basic premise of the North American Model of Wildlife Conservation is that government wildlife agencies, funded by revenues from public hunting and fishing, use scientific knowledge and expertise to manage wildlife for the public good. Promoted as a century-long success story, the model establishes how wildlife will be used and who gets to decide. But there are concerns about its role and adequacy, including continuing species, population, and habitat losses and growing criticism of scientific management, experts and their roles in society, and the management agencies. This chapter describes the model's doctrine and formula and some of its problems, along with key elements of the social context, the status of wildlife, and the decision process in order to assess how the model has performed in practice. This appraisal suggests a problem definition based on public trust and common interests and offers three strategic options to adapt the model to new circumstances and enhance wildlife conservation.
Jan L. Logemann
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226491493
- eISBN:
- 9780226491523
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226491523.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter sketches out two social models of consumption. The American model, representing a wide spectrum of society, emphasized spending on household durables, automobiles, and suburban homes. It ...
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This chapter sketches out two social models of consumption. The American model, representing a wide spectrum of society, emphasized spending on household durables, automobiles, and suburban homes. It is true that an important gap remained between a relatively broad middle class and those on the margins of the “American dream,” who remained excluded from this new consumer standard of living. To many Americans, however, postwar mass consumption offered access to middle-class respectability. Many consumers, confident that they could continuously improve their standard of living over time, used innovative and increasingly affordable goods to mark personal progress. West Germany was reluctant to embrace American consumer culture, since it was financially out of reach for the majority of German households. More importantly, few Germans thought adopting new consumption patterns a viable path to social mobility, and these attitudes persisted into the 1970s in middle-class West Germany, buttressing class distinctions.Less
This chapter sketches out two social models of consumption. The American model, representing a wide spectrum of society, emphasized spending on household durables, automobiles, and suburban homes. It is true that an important gap remained between a relatively broad middle class and those on the margins of the “American dream,” who remained excluded from this new consumer standard of living. To many Americans, however, postwar mass consumption offered access to middle-class respectability. Many consumers, confident that they could continuously improve their standard of living over time, used innovative and increasingly affordable goods to mark personal progress. West Germany was reluctant to embrace American consumer culture, since it was financially out of reach for the majority of German households. More importantly, few Germans thought adopting new consumption patterns a viable path to social mobility, and these attitudes persisted into the 1970s in middle-class West Germany, buttressing class distinctions.
H. L. A. Hart
- Published in print:
- 1985
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198254744
- eISBN:
- 9780191681523
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198254744.003.0016
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
It is plain that something more elaborate than the simple combination of mens rea and sine qua non is required in a substitute for or analysis of ‘proximate cause’ that caters for the complexity of ...
More
It is plain that something more elaborate than the simple combination of mens rea and sine qua non is required in a substitute for or analysis of ‘proximate cause’ that caters for the complexity of the facts and accords with the main trends of decision. Two positions of this sort have been worked out in some detail by American jurists, considered in the first two sections of this chapter. The first section discusses causation and imputation. The second section considers the draft American Model Penal Code. Meanwhile, the third section examines the scope of criminal liability.Less
It is plain that something more elaborate than the simple combination of mens rea and sine qua non is required in a substitute for or analysis of ‘proximate cause’ that caters for the complexity of the facts and accords with the main trends of decision. Two positions of this sort have been worked out in some detail by American jurists, considered in the first two sections of this chapter. The first section discusses causation and imputation. The second section considers the draft American Model Penal Code. Meanwhile, the third section examines the scope of criminal liability.
