Roy F. Baumeister, Kathleen D. Vohs, and David C. Funder
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195377798
- eISBN:
- 9780199864522
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377798.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology, Clinical Psychology
Psychology calls itself the science of behavior, and the American Psychological Association’s current “Decade of Behavior” was intended to increase awareness and appreciation of this aspect of the ...
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Psychology calls itself the science of behavior, and the American Psychological Association’s current “Decade of Behavior” was intended to increase awareness and appreciation of this aspect of the science. Yet some psychological subdisciplines have never directly studied behavior, and behavior is dwindling rapidly in other subdisciplines. We discuss the eclipse of behavior in personality and social psychology, in which direct observation of behavior has been increasingly supplanted by introspective self-reports, hypothetical scenarios, and questionnaire ratings. We advocate a renewed commitment to including direct observation of behavior whenever possible, and in at least a healthy minority of research projects.Less
Psychology calls itself the science of behavior, and the American Psychological Association’s current “Decade of Behavior” was intended to increase awareness and appreciation of this aspect of the science. Yet some psychological subdisciplines have never directly studied behavior, and behavior is dwindling rapidly in other subdisciplines. We discuss the eclipse of behavior in personality and social psychology, in which direct observation of behavior has been increasingly supplanted by introspective self-reports, hypothetical scenarios, and questionnaire ratings. We advocate a renewed commitment to including direct observation of behavior whenever possible, and in at least a healthy minority of research projects.
Larry E. Beutler, John F. Clarkin, and Bruce Bongar
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195105308
- eISBN:
- 9780199848522
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195105308.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Clinical Psychology
Treatment guidelines may be a useful tool in training mental health professionals to combine clinical experience with current research ...
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Treatment guidelines may be a useful tool in training mental health professionals to combine clinical experience with current research information in a format that enables the practitioner to narrow treatment variance to the benefit of the patient. On the other hand, treatment guidelines have the potential to narrow the range of available services and to stifle clinician creativity. This chapter uses as a template for comparing treatment guidelines those prepared by the American Psychological Association (APA). These guidelines for the generation of guidelines highlight the process and the political context of treatment guidelines. The chapter also examines the existing treatment guidelines for depression in some detail. The analysis of existing guidelines provides the background for the generation of more extensive guidelines.Less
Treatment guidelines may be a useful tool in training mental health professionals to combine clinical experience with current research information in a format that enables the practitioner to narrow treatment variance to the benefit of the patient. On the other hand, treatment guidelines have the potential to narrow the range of available services and to stifle clinician creativity. This chapter uses as a template for comparing treatment guidelines those prepared by the American Psychological Association (APA). These guidelines for the generation of guidelines highlight the process and the political context of treatment guidelines. The chapter also examines the existing treatment guidelines for depression in some detail. The analysis of existing guidelines provides the background for the generation of more extensive guidelines.
Stephen Soldz and Steven Reisner
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190097523
- eISBN:
- 9780190097554
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190097523.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Legal Profession and Ethics
In addition to direct effects on detainees, interrogators, intelligence agencies, and law, the U.S. torture program had additional corrupting influences on other aspects of society. This chapter ...
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In addition to direct effects on detainees, interrogators, intelligence agencies, and law, the U.S. torture program had additional corrupting influences on other aspects of society. This chapter explores the effects that the torture program had on civil society by exploring its effects on the profession of psychology and on the largest U.S. psychological professional organization, the American Psychological Association (APA). We briefly summarize public knowledge regarding the involvement of psychologists in the CIA and DoD "enhanced interrogation" torture programs. We then describe the public response of the APA as news of this knowledge emerged. However, the public response did not match the APA’s behind-the-scenes actions, as was revealed by a 2015 Independent Review of APA leaders' potential complicity with the torture program conducted by Chicago attorney David Hoffman. The resultant Hoffman Report found a pattern of backchannel collaboration ("collusion") to ensure that APA ethics guidelines on psychologists' interrogation support did not constrain psychologists beyond permissive DoD rules. We then put psychology's interrogation controversy in the context of broader issues regarding the ethics of “operational psychology,” that is, the use of psychological knowledge and expertise by psychologists to further military and intelligence operations. We argue that certain operational psychology applications conflict with the ethics of the profession, and question whether practitioners of such applications properly belong to the profession of psychology. We conclude with a call for a Truth Commission to document the involvement of psychologists in post-9/11 detention and interrogation processes, and to focus on lessons learned regarding professional relations with the security sector, so that future generations of psychologists are less likely to repeat post-9/11 mistakes.Less
In addition to direct effects on detainees, interrogators, intelligence agencies, and law, the U.S. torture program had additional corrupting influences on other aspects of society. This chapter explores the effects that the torture program had on civil society by exploring its effects on the profession of psychology and on the largest U.S. psychological professional organization, the American Psychological Association (APA). We briefly summarize public knowledge regarding the involvement of psychologists in the CIA and DoD "enhanced interrogation" torture programs. We then describe the public response of the APA as news of this knowledge emerged. However, the public response did not match the APA’s behind-the-scenes actions, as was revealed by a 2015 Independent Review of APA leaders' potential complicity with the torture program conducted by Chicago attorney David Hoffman. The resultant Hoffman Report found a pattern of backchannel collaboration ("collusion") to ensure that APA ethics guidelines on psychologists' interrogation support did not constrain psychologists beyond permissive DoD rules. We then put psychology's interrogation controversy in the context of broader issues regarding the ethics of “operational psychology,” that is, the use of psychological knowledge and expertise by psychologists to further military and intelligence operations. We argue that certain operational psychology applications conflict with the ethics of the profession, and question whether practitioners of such applications properly belong to the profession of psychology. We conclude with a call for a Truth Commission to document the involvement of psychologists in post-9/11 detention and interrogation processes, and to focus on lessons learned regarding professional relations with the security sector, so that future generations of psychologists are less likely to repeat post-9/11 mistakes.
Marcelo Montes Penha, Michele G. Shedlin, Carol A. Reisen, Paul J. Poppen, Fernanda T. Bianchi, Carlos U. Decena, and Maria Cecilia Zea
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813034317
- eISBN:
- 9780813039312
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813034317.003.0009
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Social Groups
In conducting ethnographic research, it is important that fieldworkers have ethical guidelines to provide direction concerning ethical standards, professional conduct, and methods of obtaining ...
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In conducting ethnographic research, it is important that fieldworkers have ethical guidelines to provide direction concerning ethical standards, professional conduct, and methods of obtaining high-quality data. In this chapter, the authors address issues that they faced in developing guidelines for ethnographic fieldwork on sexual behavior among Latino men who have sex with men (MSM). Ethnographic observations were conducted as part of a larger study concerning contextual influences on sexual risk among Brazilian, Colombian, and Dominican gay men in the New York City area. Gay-identified Latino fieldworkers carried out participant observation in venues where Latino men went to socialize and to find sex partners. Existing guidelines from professional organizations did not adequately address the unique and special conditions that these fieldworkers faced. Therefore, the authors set out to create their own set of guidelines that prohibited sex and drinking between researchers and their informants. This chapter also compares the different ethical guidelines developed by the two leading psychological and anthropological organizations, the American Psychological Association and the American Anthropological Association, and observes greater ethical flexibility among anthropologists.Less
In conducting ethnographic research, it is important that fieldworkers have ethical guidelines to provide direction concerning ethical standards, professional conduct, and methods of obtaining high-quality data. In this chapter, the authors address issues that they faced in developing guidelines for ethnographic fieldwork on sexual behavior among Latino men who have sex with men (MSM). Ethnographic observations were conducted as part of a larger study concerning contextual influences on sexual risk among Brazilian, Colombian, and Dominican gay men in the New York City area. Gay-identified Latino fieldworkers carried out participant observation in venues where Latino men went to socialize and to find sex partners. Existing guidelines from professional organizations did not adequately address the unique and special conditions that these fieldworkers faced. Therefore, the authors set out to create their own set of guidelines that prohibited sex and drinking between researchers and their informants. This chapter also compares the different ethical guidelines developed by the two leading psychological and anthropological organizations, the American Psychological Association and the American Anthropological Association, and observes greater ethical flexibility among anthropologists.
William Gorman and Sandra G. Zakowski
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780226529387
- eISBN:
- 9780226529554
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226529554.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter draws upon the experiences of its authors as psychological counselors for survivors of torture, as well as their expertise as professors of psychology. They argue that the psychological ...
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This chapter draws upon the experiences of its authors as psychological counselors for survivors of torture, as well as their expertise as professors of psychology. They argue that the psychological effects of torture on mental health are multi-dimensional, and affect its survivors, their families, their communities, and those who treat their trauma. Societies that resort to using torture also harm those who are tasked with torturing others. Torture frequently leads to trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder among its survivors, and presents difficulty for functioning in a variety of aspects of everyday life. Many torture survivors are also refugees forced to flee their homes, which often magnifies the difficulties of achieving recovery from torture. The authors suggest, however, that torture survivors often achieve significant degrees of recovery and reintegration into their communities when given adequate support and counseling. The chapter ends with a brief discussion of the role psychologists and the American Psychological Association played in facilitating the United States' use of torture against captives in its war on terror.Less
This chapter draws upon the experiences of its authors as psychological counselors for survivors of torture, as well as their expertise as professors of psychology. They argue that the psychological effects of torture on mental health are multi-dimensional, and affect its survivors, their families, their communities, and those who treat their trauma. Societies that resort to using torture also harm those who are tasked with torturing others. Torture frequently leads to trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder among its survivors, and presents difficulty for functioning in a variety of aspects of everyday life. Many torture survivors are also refugees forced to flee their homes, which often magnifies the difficulties of achieving recovery from torture. The authors suggest, however, that torture survivors often achieve significant degrees of recovery and reintegration into their communities when given adequate support and counseling. The chapter ends with a brief discussion of the role psychologists and the American Psychological Association played in facilitating the United States' use of torture against captives in its war on terror.
Peter V. Paul and Ye Wang
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- July 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190455651
- eISBN:
- 9780190686178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190455651.003.0016
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter provides a few guidelines for conducting, interpreting, and reporting primary and secondary research on children and adolescents who are deaf. The focus is on publishing in refereed ...
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This chapter provides a few guidelines for conducting, interpreting, and reporting primary and secondary research on children and adolescents who are deaf. The focus is on publishing in refereed journals that adhere to the reporting standards of the publication manual of the American Psychological Association. The chapter addresses a few salient quality indicators or desirable research characteristics such as theoretical frameworks, literature review, and sample demographics. Problematic areas such as plagiarism and piecemeal publications are covered, as are the notion of balance within manuscripts and the use of scholarly caution and language in interpreting data. Finally, the chapter ends with recommendations for researchers who are interested in investigating the educational achievement of students who are deaf.Less
This chapter provides a few guidelines for conducting, interpreting, and reporting primary and secondary research on children and adolescents who are deaf. The focus is on publishing in refereed journals that adhere to the reporting standards of the publication manual of the American Psychological Association. The chapter addresses a few salient quality indicators or desirable research characteristics such as theoretical frameworks, literature review, and sample demographics. Problematic areas such as plagiarism and piecemeal publications are covered, as are the notion of balance within manuscripts and the use of scholarly caution and language in interpreting data. Finally, the chapter ends with recommendations for researchers who are interested in investigating the educational achievement of students who are deaf.
Kenneth I. Maton
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199989973
- eISBN:
- 9780190628840
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199989973.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter depicts the policy influence activities of psychologists who work for intermediary organizations. Fourteen psychologists identified their greatest policy success as occurring through ...
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This chapter depicts the policy influence activities of psychologists who work for intermediary organizations. Fourteen psychologists identified their greatest policy success as occurring through such work. The 14 case examples are organized by the type of intermediary organization in which the psychologist worked: professional membership organization; the national academies; research, evaluation, and consulting organizations; and foundations. The case examples highlight the specific methods and skills employed by individual psychologists in these four types of intermediary organizations. Major differences in policy focus and methods exist across the case narratives in the chapter, in part due to fundamental differences in mission and culture across the four types of intermediary organizations. Nonetheless, although particular applications may differ, the core policy skills of relationship-building, communication, research, and strategic analysis are central to effective policy work in each context.Less
This chapter depicts the policy influence activities of psychologists who work for intermediary organizations. Fourteen psychologists identified their greatest policy success as occurring through such work. The 14 case examples are organized by the type of intermediary organization in which the psychologist worked: professional membership organization; the national academies; research, evaluation, and consulting organizations; and foundations. The case examples highlight the specific methods and skills employed by individual psychologists in these four types of intermediary organizations. Major differences in policy focus and methods exist across the case narratives in the chapter, in part due to fundamental differences in mission and culture across the four types of intermediary organizations. Nonetheless, although particular applications may differ, the core policy skills of relationship-building, communication, research, and strategic analysis are central to effective policy work in each context.
