Andrei A. Znamenski
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195172317
- eISBN:
- 9780199785759
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195172317.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter examines how Native Americana, perceived as a source of profound ecological and spiritual wisdom, has contributed to the formation of the neo-shamanism community in the West. The ...
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This chapter examines how Native Americana, perceived as a source of profound ecological and spiritual wisdom, has contributed to the formation of the neo-shamanism community in the West. The controversy that sprang up from the use of Native American symbolism by American and European spiritual practitioners is discussed, along with attempts by members of the neo-shamanism community in the West to move away from the Native American dreamlands and toward their own European indigenous spirituality. The manner in which Carl Jung handled non-Western spirituality offers guidelines which many current spiritual seekers interested in the retrieval of pre-Christian European traditions find useful. Jung implied that Europeans concerned about their roots should look into their own indigenous spirituality and mythology; the alien tradition can be helpful to situate one's spiritual experiences, but the materials should be indigenous.Less
This chapter examines how Native Americana, perceived as a source of profound ecological and spiritual wisdom, has contributed to the formation of the neo-shamanism community in the West. The controversy that sprang up from the use of Native American symbolism by American and European spiritual practitioners is discussed, along with attempts by members of the neo-shamanism community in the West to move away from the Native American dreamlands and toward their own European indigenous spirituality. The manner in which Carl Jung handled non-Western spirituality offers guidelines which many current spiritual seekers interested in the retrieval of pre-Christian European traditions find useful. Jung implied that Europeans concerned about their roots should look into their own indigenous spirituality and mythology; the alien tradition can be helpful to situate one's spiritual experiences, but the materials should be indigenous.
Linford D. Fisher
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199740048
- eISBN:
- 9780199949892
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199740048.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This book tells the gripping story of American Indians’ attempts to wrestle with the ongoing realities of colonialism between the 1660s and 1820. By tracing the religious and cultural engagement of ...
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This book tells the gripping story of American Indians’ attempts to wrestle with the ongoing realities of colonialism between the 1660s and 1820. By tracing the religious and cultural engagement of American Indians in Connecticut, Rhode Island, western Massachusetts, and Long Island, New York, this narrative pulls back the curtain on the often overlooked, dynamic interactions between Natives and whites. Native individuals and communities actively tapped into transatlantic structures of power to protect their land rights, welcomed educational opportunities for their children, and even joined local white churches during the First Great Awakening (1740s). Although these Native groups had successfully resisted evangelization in the seventeenth century, by the eighteenth century they showed an increasing interest in education and religion. Their sporadic participation in the First Great Awakening marked a continuation of prior forms of cultural engagement. More surprising, however, in the decades after the Awakening, Native individuals and subgroups asserted their religious and cultural autonomy to even greater degrees by leaving English churches and forming their own Indian Separate churches. In the realm of education, too, Natives increasingly took control, preferring local reservation schools and demanding Indian teachers whenever possible. In the 1780s, two small groups of Christian Indians moved to New York and founded new Christian Indian settlements, called Brothertown and New Stockbridge. But the majority of New England Natives—even those who affiliated with Christianity—chose to remain in New England, continuing to assert their own autonomous existence through leasing out land, farming, and working on and off the reservations.Less
This book tells the gripping story of American Indians’ attempts to wrestle with the ongoing realities of colonialism between the 1660s and 1820. By tracing the religious and cultural engagement of American Indians in Connecticut, Rhode Island, western Massachusetts, and Long Island, New York, this narrative pulls back the curtain on the often overlooked, dynamic interactions between Natives and whites. Native individuals and communities actively tapped into transatlantic structures of power to protect their land rights, welcomed educational opportunities for their children, and even joined local white churches during the First Great Awakening (1740s). Although these Native groups had successfully resisted evangelization in the seventeenth century, by the eighteenth century they showed an increasing interest in education and religion. Their sporadic participation in the First Great Awakening marked a continuation of prior forms of cultural engagement. More surprising, however, in the decades after the Awakening, Native individuals and subgroups asserted their religious and cultural autonomy to even greater degrees by leaving English churches and forming their own Indian Separate churches. In the realm of education, too, Natives increasingly took control, preferring local reservation schools and demanding Indian teachers whenever possible. In the 1780s, two small groups of Christian Indians moved to New York and founded new Christian Indian settlements, called Brothertown and New Stockbridge. But the majority of New England Natives—even those who affiliated with Christianity—chose to remain in New England, continuing to assert their own autonomous existence through leasing out land, farming, and working on and off the reservations.
Jason Edward Black
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781628461961
- eISBN:
- 9781626744899
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781628461961.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
Chapter Two examines colonizing U.S. governmental discourse surrounding the Indian Removal Act of 1830 by positioning it in the crucible of Jacksonian era ideologies. Specifically, the chapter ...
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Chapter Two examines colonizing U.S. governmental discourse surrounding the Indian Removal Act of 1830 by positioning it in the crucible of Jacksonian era ideologies. Specifically, the chapter contends that as the executive, legislative and judicial branches codified the removal policy they overcame disagreements regarding Native policies and American Indian identities. The Indian removal debate significantly reduced such uncertainties for U.S. leaders and constructed American Indians as perpetual wards of a paternal government. These colonizing identity dynamics would remain intact until the dawning of the allotment era in the 1880s. The government’s removal era rhetoric punctuated the colonized identities of itself and Native communities by fomenting a cultural hierarchy.Less
Chapter Two examines colonizing U.S. governmental discourse surrounding the Indian Removal Act of 1830 by positioning it in the crucible of Jacksonian era ideologies. Specifically, the chapter contends that as the executive, legislative and judicial branches codified the removal policy they overcame disagreements regarding Native policies and American Indian identities. The Indian removal debate significantly reduced such uncertainties for U.S. leaders and constructed American Indians as perpetual wards of a paternal government. These colonizing identity dynamics would remain intact until the dawning of the allotment era in the 1880s. The government’s removal era rhetoric punctuated the colonized identities of itself and Native communities by fomenting a cultural hierarchy.
Laura Evans
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199742745
- eISBN:
- 9780199895052
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199742745.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter provides background information on tribal governments and on the book's methods of analysis. The book examines tribal governments in the Southwest, Pacific Northwest, and the Upper ...
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This chapter provides background information on tribal governments and on the book's methods of analysis. The book examines tribal governments in the Southwest, Pacific Northwest, and the Upper Plains from the 1980s into the 2000s. The book combines quantitative and qualitative analyses, using previously unexplored records of tribal, federal, state, and local governments. Also, the chapter examines the development of American Indian leaders’ strategies from the late 19th century to present. This chapter provides a context for understanding how Indian leaders discovered and refined tactics for political resilience. Over time, a militarily subjugated people pushed slowly to redefine their relationship with powerholders.Less
This chapter provides background information on tribal governments and on the book's methods of analysis. The book examines tribal governments in the Southwest, Pacific Northwest, and the Upper Plains from the 1980s into the 2000s. The book combines quantitative and qualitative analyses, using previously unexplored records of tribal, federal, state, and local governments. Also, the chapter examines the development of American Indian leaders’ strategies from the late 19th century to present. This chapter provides a context for understanding how Indian leaders discovered and refined tactics for political resilience. Over time, a militarily subjugated people pushed slowly to redefine their relationship with powerholders.
Laura Evans
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199742745
- eISBN:
- 9780199895052
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199742745.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter documents tribal-state interactions: in particular, the role of expertise in tribal successes in state politics. Also, the chapter examines the broader social and political environments ...
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This chapter documents tribal-state interactions: in particular, the role of expertise in tribal successes in state politics. Also, the chapter examines the broader social and political environments in which tribal governments are situated and traces the consequences that those contexts bring for state politics. This chapter shows when tribal governments have more help from the federal government for cultivating skills in a given policy area or for governance structures, they do better in state interactions. Furthermore, American Indian state legislators serve tribal interests in ways that are based on accumulating expertise. But in states where the potential for Indian-white conflict is high, tribal advocates cannot completely undo a marked neglect of their concerns.Less
This chapter documents tribal-state interactions: in particular, the role of expertise in tribal successes in state politics. Also, the chapter examines the broader social and political environments in which tribal governments are situated and traces the consequences that those contexts bring for state politics. This chapter shows when tribal governments have more help from the federal government for cultivating skills in a given policy area or for governance structures, they do better in state interactions. Furthermore, American Indian state legislators serve tribal interests in ways that are based on accumulating expertise. But in states where the potential for Indian-white conflict is high, tribal advocates cannot completely undo a marked neglect of their concerns.
Michael D. McNally
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691190907
- eISBN:
- 9780691201511
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691190907.003.0006
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Native American Studies
This chapter considers efforts to legislate Native American religious freedom in the American Indian Religious Freedom Act (AIRFA, 1978). Where courts and even common sense have seen AIRFA as a ...
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This chapter considers efforts to legislate Native American religious freedom in the American Indian Religious Freedom Act (AIRFA, 1978). Where courts and even common sense have seen AIRFA as a religious freedom statute—as an extension of the legal protections of the First Amendment into the distinctive terrain of Native American traditions—the chapter suggests a different view. If the legal force of “religious freedom” discourse has been only dimly effective for Native sacred claims in courts, this chapter is the one that most pointedly shows how Native peoples drew on the rhetorical power of the sacred and religious freedom to win significant legislative protections specific to Native peoples. It does so through interviews with Suzan Shown Harjo. These interviews show how the remarkable legislative accomplishment of AIRFA and, later, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (1990), carry the rhetorical force of religious freedom into the legal shape of federal Indian law, with its recognition of treaty-based collective rights and the United States' nation-to-nation relationship with Native peoples.Less
This chapter considers efforts to legislate Native American religious freedom in the American Indian Religious Freedom Act (AIRFA, 1978). Where courts and even common sense have seen AIRFA as a religious freedom statute—as an extension of the legal protections of the First Amendment into the distinctive terrain of Native American traditions—the chapter suggests a different view. If the legal force of “religious freedom” discourse has been only dimly effective for Native sacred claims in courts, this chapter is the one that most pointedly shows how Native peoples drew on the rhetorical power of the sacred and religious freedom to win significant legislative protections specific to Native peoples. It does so through interviews with Suzan Shown Harjo. These interviews show how the remarkable legislative accomplishment of AIRFA and, later, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (1990), carry the rhetorical force of religious freedom into the legal shape of federal Indian law, with its recognition of treaty-based collective rights and the United States' nation-to-nation relationship with Native peoples.
Nancy Shoemaker
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195167924
- eISBN:
- 9780199788996
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195167924.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
The relationship between American Indians and Europeans on America's frontiers is typically characterized as one of profound cultural difference. This book contains six chapters titled “Land,” ...
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The relationship between American Indians and Europeans on America's frontiers is typically characterized as one of profound cultural difference. This book contains six chapters titled “Land,” “Kings,” “Writing,” “Alliances,” “Gender,” and “Race,” showing that Indians and Europeans held common beliefs about their most fundamental realities. They used history and memory to conceive of land as national territory, constructed governments, kept records of important events, formed international alliances, made gender an important social category, and read meaning into the arms, legs, heart, and mind that made up the human body. Before they even met, Europeans and Indians shared perceptions of a landscape marked by mountains and rivers, a physical world in which the sun rose and set every day, and a human body with a distinct shape. They also shared in their ability to make sense of it all and to invent new, abstract ideas based on the tangible and visible experiences of daily life. Focusing on eastern North American up through the end of the Seven Years War, incidents, letters, and recorded speeches from the Iroquois and Creek Confederacies, the Cherokee Nation, and other Native groups alongside British and French sources are analyzed, paying particular attention to the language used in cross-cultural encounters. Paradoxically, the more American Indians and Europeans came to know each other, the more they came to see each other as different. By the end of the 18th century, it is argued that they abandoned an initial willingness to recognize in each other a common humanity and instead developed new ideas and identities rooted in the conviction that, by custom and perhaps by nature, Native Americans and Europeans were peoples fundamentally at odds.Less
The relationship between American Indians and Europeans on America's frontiers is typically characterized as one of profound cultural difference. This book contains six chapters titled “Land,” “Kings,” “Writing,” “Alliances,” “Gender,” and “Race,” showing that Indians and Europeans held common beliefs about their most fundamental realities. They used history and memory to conceive of land as national territory, constructed governments, kept records of important events, formed international alliances, made gender an important social category, and read meaning into the arms, legs, heart, and mind that made up the human body. Before they even met, Europeans and Indians shared perceptions of a landscape marked by mountains and rivers, a physical world in which the sun rose and set every day, and a human body with a distinct shape. They also shared in their ability to make sense of it all and to invent new, abstract ideas based on the tangible and visible experiences of daily life. Focusing on eastern North American up through the end of the Seven Years War, incidents, letters, and recorded speeches from the Iroquois and Creek Confederacies, the Cherokee Nation, and other Native groups alongside British and French sources are analyzed, paying particular attention to the language used in cross-cultural encounters. Paradoxically, the more American Indians and Europeans came to know each other, the more they came to see each other as different. By the end of the 18th century, it is argued that they abandoned an initial willingness to recognize in each other a common humanity and instead developed new ideas and identities rooted in the conviction that, by custom and perhaps by nature, Native Americans and Europeans were peoples fundamentally at odds.
James Robert Allison
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780300206692
- eISBN:
- 9780300216219
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300206692.003.0006
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Native American Studies
After successfully defending the Northern Cheyenne and Crow Reservations from non-Indian mining, American Indians launched a national campaign to prepare similarly situated energy tribes for the ...
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After successfully defending the Northern Cheyenne and Crow Reservations from non-Indian mining, American Indians launched a national campaign to prepare similarly situated energy tribes for the coming onslaught in energy demand. This chapter details those efforts that began with Northern Cheyenne and Crow leaders helping to organize a regional coalition of tribes to fight federally planned development on the Northern Plains. From this defensive alliance, energy tribes then turned to exploring options to mine their own minerals. They worked with federal agencies charged with expanding domestic energy production in the wake of the 1973 Arab Oil Embargo and consulted energy experts familiar with the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Ultimately, tribes nationwide formed the Council of Energy Resource Tribes to provide a unified Indian voice to federal energy policymakers, lobby for federal aid in developing tribal resources, and share information about energy development. After much confusion as to CERT’s primary purpose – including whether it was a cartel-like “Native American OPEC” – the organization evolved into a professional consulting firm that both worked with individual tribes to pursue specific mining projects and lobbied the federal government for beneficial grants and policies.Less
After successfully defending the Northern Cheyenne and Crow Reservations from non-Indian mining, American Indians launched a national campaign to prepare similarly situated energy tribes for the coming onslaught in energy demand. This chapter details those efforts that began with Northern Cheyenne and Crow leaders helping to organize a regional coalition of tribes to fight federally planned development on the Northern Plains. From this defensive alliance, energy tribes then turned to exploring options to mine their own minerals. They worked with federal agencies charged with expanding domestic energy production in the wake of the 1973 Arab Oil Embargo and consulted energy experts familiar with the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Ultimately, tribes nationwide formed the Council of Energy Resource Tribes to provide a unified Indian voice to federal energy policymakers, lobby for federal aid in developing tribal resources, and share information about energy development. After much confusion as to CERT’s primary purpose – including whether it was a cartel-like “Native American OPEC” – the organization evolved into a professional consulting firm that both worked with individual tribes to pursue specific mining projects and lobbied the federal government for beneficial grants and policies.
Cristina Stanciu
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780813056043
- eISBN:
- 9780813053813
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813056043.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
This chapter focuses on the under-examined corpus of Carlisle poetry, viewing it as a vital archive for theorizing the role of the American Indian intellectual tradition in negotiating ...
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This chapter focuses on the under-examined corpus of Carlisle poetry, viewing it as a vital archive for theorizing the role of the American Indian intellectual tradition in negotiating Americanization discourses at the turn of the twentieth century. Materials published in newspapers and magazines at Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania (1879–1918) include “Carlisle poetry,” which encompasses original poetry by Native American students, reprints of poems by Indian authors, poems by school personnel, and poems by well-known American authors. This poetry, along with the letters and articles published in Carlisle newspapers and magazines, is complicit with the ideological underpinnings of the institution’s ambitious goals of “making” Indian students into Americans, even as elements of this literature critique the Americanization that Carlisle boarding school demanded of its students.Less
This chapter focuses on the under-examined corpus of Carlisle poetry, viewing it as a vital archive for theorizing the role of the American Indian intellectual tradition in negotiating Americanization discourses at the turn of the twentieth century. Materials published in newspapers and magazines at Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania (1879–1918) include “Carlisle poetry,” which encompasses original poetry by Native American students, reprints of poems by Indian authors, poems by school personnel, and poems by well-known American authors. This poetry, along with the letters and articles published in Carlisle newspapers and magazines, is complicit with the ideological underpinnings of the institution’s ambitious goals of “making” Indian students into Americans, even as elements of this literature critique the Americanization that Carlisle boarding school demanded of its students.
Colin G Calloway
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195340129
- eISBN:
- 9780199867202
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340129.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This book traces the historical experiences of Highland Scots and American Indians in dealing with colonial powers and with each other. It considers cultural similarities and identifies parallel ...
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This book traces the historical experiences of Highland Scots and American Indians in dealing with colonial powers and with each other. It considers cultural similarities and identifies parallel experiences, and shows how both groups were perceived and treated as tribal peoples. It traces their strategies of resistance and accommodation in dealing with colonialism, cultural assault, and economic transformation; their participation in colonial wars; their involvement and patterns of intermarriage in the fur trade; their dispossession during the era of the Highland Clearances and Indian Removals, and how they responded to new situations and changing attitudes. Highlanders and Indians fought, traded, and lived together. Many Highland Scots were expelled from their lands in the Highland Clearances; children of Highland Scots who had married Indian women were expelled from their lands in the Indian Removals. Highland names are common in Native American and First Nations communities today. In the vast colonial collision of North American history, tribal peoples from different sides of the Atlantic sometimes found much in common and ways to get along. But Highland Scots also settled on Native American lands and participated in empire-building. Their paths diverged as Highland Scots shed their tribal status in the eyes of the dominant society and took their place on the side of history's winners, a transformation in status denied to Indian people.Less
This book traces the historical experiences of Highland Scots and American Indians in dealing with colonial powers and with each other. It considers cultural similarities and identifies parallel experiences, and shows how both groups were perceived and treated as tribal peoples. It traces their strategies of resistance and accommodation in dealing with colonialism, cultural assault, and economic transformation; their participation in colonial wars; their involvement and patterns of intermarriage in the fur trade; their dispossession during the era of the Highland Clearances and Indian Removals, and how they responded to new situations and changing attitudes. Highlanders and Indians fought, traded, and lived together. Many Highland Scots were expelled from their lands in the Highland Clearances; children of Highland Scots who had married Indian women were expelled from their lands in the Indian Removals. Highland names are common in Native American and First Nations communities today. In the vast colonial collision of North American history, tribal peoples from different sides of the Atlantic sometimes found much in common and ways to get along. But Highland Scots also settled on Native American lands and participated in empire-building. Their paths diverged as Highland Scots shed their tribal status in the eyes of the dominant society and took their place on the side of history's winners, a transformation in status denied to Indian people.
John Borrows
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780198297703
- eISBN:
- 9780191602948
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829770X.003.0013
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
A personal account is given of the treatment of Canadian Aborigines (North American Indians) and Aboriginal land. Despite some achievements in the recognition and affirmation of Aboriginal rights, ...
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A personal account is given of the treatment of Canadian Aborigines (North American Indians) and Aboriginal land. Despite some achievements in the recognition and affirmation of Aboriginal rights, indigenous citizenship with the land is becoming increasingly tenuous. The author advocates Aboriginal control of Canadian affairs (as well as Aboriginal affairs), in the light of the increasing participation of Aboriginals at all levels in Canadian society. He does not advocate assimilation, but argues that citizenship under Aboriginal influence may generate a greater attentiveness to the land uses and cultural practices that are preferred by Aborigines.Less
A personal account is given of the treatment of Canadian Aborigines (North American Indians) and Aboriginal land. Despite some achievements in the recognition and affirmation of Aboriginal rights, indigenous citizenship with the land is becoming increasingly tenuous. The author advocates Aboriginal control of Canadian affairs (as well as Aboriginal affairs), in the light of the increasing participation of Aboriginals at all levels in Canadian society. He does not advocate assimilation, but argues that citizenship under Aboriginal influence may generate a greater attentiveness to the land uses and cultural practices that are preferred by Aborigines.
Laura Evans
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199742745
- eISBN:
- 9780199895052
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199742745.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
As American Indian tribes seek to overcome centuries of political and social marginalization, they face daunting obstacles. The successes of some tribal casinos have lured many outside observers into ...
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As American Indian tribes seek to overcome centuries of political and social marginalization, they face daunting obstacles. The successes of some tribal casinos have lured many outside observers into thinking that gambling revenue alone can somehow mend the devastation of culture, community, natural resources, and sacred spaces. The reality is quite different. Tribal officials often plan and execute their strategies amidst dilapidated offices, meager budgets, and populations that struggle against the ravages of shockingly low incomes. Yet we find examples of Indian tribes persuading states, localities, and the federal government to pursue policy change that addresses important tribal concerns. How is it that Indian tribes sometimes succeed against very dim odds? To answer this question, this book brings together ideas about the politics of the powerless and about political institutions. The book illustrates how political underdogs can build particular types of external relationships—that is termed in this book institutional niches—to provide small but needed subsidies for cultivating expertise, which then provide unobtrusive foundations for future political victories. Disadvantaged groups do not suddenly begin winning high-profile battles. Instead, the effects are indirect, of low visibility, and far flung throughout the federalist system. In isolation, each new quiet success seems unremarkable; cumulatively, the effects are impressive.Less
As American Indian tribes seek to overcome centuries of political and social marginalization, they face daunting obstacles. The successes of some tribal casinos have lured many outside observers into thinking that gambling revenue alone can somehow mend the devastation of culture, community, natural resources, and sacred spaces. The reality is quite different. Tribal officials often plan and execute their strategies amidst dilapidated offices, meager budgets, and populations that struggle against the ravages of shockingly low incomes. Yet we find examples of Indian tribes persuading states, localities, and the federal government to pursue policy change that addresses important tribal concerns. How is it that Indian tribes sometimes succeed against very dim odds? To answer this question, this book brings together ideas about the politics of the powerless and about political institutions. The book illustrates how political underdogs can build particular types of external relationships—that is termed in this book institutional niches—to provide small but needed subsidies for cultivating expertise, which then provide unobtrusive foundations for future political victories. Disadvantaged groups do not suddenly begin winning high-profile battles. Instead, the effects are indirect, of low visibility, and far flung throughout the federalist system. In isolation, each new quiet success seems unremarkable; cumulatively, the effects are impressive.
Laura Evans
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199742745
- eISBN:
- 9780199895052
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199742745.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter examines the ways that American Indian tribal governments confront and change federal Indian policy—specifically, how tribes have discovered and buttressed institutional niches. The ...
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This chapter examines the ways that American Indian tribal governments confront and change federal Indian policy—specifically, how tribes have discovered and buttressed institutional niches. The chapter explores both short-term and long-term components of tribes’ strategies. Chapter 3 also identifies forces that can alter prospects for utilizing institutional niches. Tribes sought support from institutional niches because those niches allowed them to understand specific problems and solutions; to understand outside interests and to access them; and to access new organizational repertoires. Tribes secured this assistance over time because they gained political insiders’ insights; they won recognition as important collaborators; and they nudged forward regulations that were more favorable, flexible, and simple.Less
This chapter examines the ways that American Indian tribal governments confront and change federal Indian policy—specifically, how tribes have discovered and buttressed institutional niches. The chapter explores both short-term and long-term components of tribes’ strategies. Chapter 3 also identifies forces that can alter prospects for utilizing institutional niches. Tribes sought support from institutional niches because those niches allowed them to understand specific problems and solutions; to understand outside interests and to access them; and to access new organizational repertoires. Tribes secured this assistance over time because they gained political insiders’ insights; they won recognition as important collaborators; and they nudged forward regulations that were more favorable, flexible, and simple.
Tanis C. Thorne
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195182989
- eISBN:
- 9780199789030
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195182989.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter focuses on the impact of legislative efforts to protect the landed estate of Indians. Members of Congress trying to protect the remaining landed estate of Indians followed a twisted ...
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This chapter focuses on the impact of legislative efforts to protect the landed estate of Indians. Members of Congress trying to protect the remaining landed estate of Indians followed a twisted path, replete with compromises and maneuverings that added great complexity and ambiguity to the administration of Indian affairs. This was especially true for the Five Civilized Tribes whose success in mirroring the ways of the Euro-Americans proved to be a legal liability in the post-allotment era.Less
This chapter focuses on the impact of legislative efforts to protect the landed estate of Indians. Members of Congress trying to protect the remaining landed estate of Indians followed a twisted path, replete with compromises and maneuverings that added great complexity and ambiguity to the administration of Indian affairs. This was especially true for the Five Civilized Tribes whose success in mirroring the ways of the Euro-Americans proved to be a legal liability in the post-allotment era.
Jürgen Martschukat
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781479892273
- eISBN:
- 9781479804740
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479892273.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Social History
Chapter 8 relates nuclear family and fatherhood ideals to the history of the American Indian. It takes off from the “crisis” of modern fatherhood in early twentieth-century America that was seen as ...
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Chapter 8 relates nuclear family and fatherhood ideals to the history of the American Indian. It takes off from the “crisis” of modern fatherhood in early twentieth-century America that was seen as the consequence of constantly weakening ties between fathers and their families, seen as dangerous for the nation. A back-to-nature movement and a temporary “going native” of fathers and sons promised to provide a solution to this problem. In the early 1900s, when almost extinguished, American Indian men among all people were presented as role models to modern Anglo-American fathers. Indian fathers were taken as embodying a “naturalness” that was described as being at the heart of the relationship between fathers and sons. The protagonist of this chapter is Joe Friday, an Ojibwe who served as front man for the YMCA Indian Guides program. This most successful program was meant to bring together “tribes” of suburban fathers and sons playing Indian. Thus, based on files at the YMCA archives, the chapter shows how a stereotypical image of “the Indian” was employed to depict a bond between fathers, sons, and the family as natural and to overcome what was perceived as a crisis of fatherhood and modern family life in general.Less
Chapter 8 relates nuclear family and fatherhood ideals to the history of the American Indian. It takes off from the “crisis” of modern fatherhood in early twentieth-century America that was seen as the consequence of constantly weakening ties between fathers and their families, seen as dangerous for the nation. A back-to-nature movement and a temporary “going native” of fathers and sons promised to provide a solution to this problem. In the early 1900s, when almost extinguished, American Indian men among all people were presented as role models to modern Anglo-American fathers. Indian fathers were taken as embodying a “naturalness” that was described as being at the heart of the relationship between fathers and sons. The protagonist of this chapter is Joe Friday, an Ojibwe who served as front man for the YMCA Indian Guides program. This most successful program was meant to bring together “tribes” of suburban fathers and sons playing Indian. Thus, based on files at the YMCA archives, the chapter shows how a stereotypical image of “the Indian” was employed to depict a bond between fathers, sons, and the family as natural and to overcome what was perceived as a crisis of fatherhood and modern family life in general.
MARY C. CHURCHILL
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195160017
- eISBN:
- 9780199849611
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195160017.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This chapter examines the history and contemporary experience of Native American Indians, and the contribution of Native philosophies and religious practices to the question of population growth. It ...
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This chapter examines the history and contemporary experience of Native American Indians, and the contribution of Native philosophies and religious practices to the question of population growth. It discusses reproductive rites, such as puberty ceremonies, and reproductive wrongs, such as the banning of religious practices in the Indian country. It emphasizes the importance of Native perspectives to dialogues on global issues and the validity of indigenous practices and philosophies in the study of religion. It also examines the rights and responsibilities of the American Indians, including the right to freedom of religion and indigenous women's reproductive freedom. The Native Women for Reproductive Rights Coalition, for instance, has created an “Agenda for Reproductive Rights” that reflects traditional Native religious values and articulates the rights of Native women to family planning, contraception, and abortion.Less
This chapter examines the history and contemporary experience of Native American Indians, and the contribution of Native philosophies and religious practices to the question of population growth. It discusses reproductive rites, such as puberty ceremonies, and reproductive wrongs, such as the banning of religious practices in the Indian country. It emphasizes the importance of Native perspectives to dialogues on global issues and the validity of indigenous practices and philosophies in the study of religion. It also examines the rights and responsibilities of the American Indians, including the right to freedom of religion and indigenous women's reproductive freedom. The Native Women for Reproductive Rights Coalition, for instance, has created an “Agenda for Reproductive Rights” that reflects traditional Native religious values and articulates the rights of Native women to family planning, contraception, and abortion.
Jason Edward Black
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781628461961
- eISBN:
- 9781626744899
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781628461961.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
Situating U.S. governmental and American Indian rhetoric in a colonial context, Native Dualities examines the ways that both the government’s rhetoric and American Indian voices contributed to the ...
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Situating U.S. governmental and American Indian rhetoric in a colonial context, Native Dualities examines the ways that both the government’s rhetoric and American Indian voices contributed to the policies of Native-U.S. relations throughout the removal and allotment eras. These discourses co-constructed the silhouette of both the U.S. government and American Indian communities and contributed textures to the relationship. Such interactions – though certainly not equal between the two – illustrated the hybrid-like potentialities of Native-U.S. rhetoric in the nineteenth century. That is, both colonizing discourse and decolonizing discourse added arguments, identity constructions, and rhetorical moves to the colonizing relationship. Native Dualities demonstrates how American Indians decolonized dominant rhetoric in terms of impeding the realization of the removal and allotment policies. Likewise, by turning around the U.S. government’s discursive frameworks and inventing their own rhetorical tactics, American Indian communities helped restyle their own and the government’s identities. Interestingly, during the first third of the twentieth century, Native decolonization was shown to impact the Native-U.S. relationship as American Indians urged for the successful passage of the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 and the Indian New Deal of 1934. In the end, Native communities were granted increased rhetorical power through decolonization, though the U.S. government still retained a powerful colonial influence over them. This duality of inclusion (controlled citizenship) and exclusion (controlled sovereignty) was built incrementally through the removal and allotment periods, and existed as residues of nineteenth century Native-U.S. rhetorical relations.Less
Situating U.S. governmental and American Indian rhetoric in a colonial context, Native Dualities examines the ways that both the government’s rhetoric and American Indian voices contributed to the policies of Native-U.S. relations throughout the removal and allotment eras. These discourses co-constructed the silhouette of both the U.S. government and American Indian communities and contributed textures to the relationship. Such interactions – though certainly not equal between the two – illustrated the hybrid-like potentialities of Native-U.S. rhetoric in the nineteenth century. That is, both colonizing discourse and decolonizing discourse added arguments, identity constructions, and rhetorical moves to the colonizing relationship. Native Dualities demonstrates how American Indians decolonized dominant rhetoric in terms of impeding the realization of the removal and allotment policies. Likewise, by turning around the U.S. government’s discursive frameworks and inventing their own rhetorical tactics, American Indian communities helped restyle their own and the government’s identities. Interestingly, during the first third of the twentieth century, Native decolonization was shown to impact the Native-U.S. relationship as American Indians urged for the successful passage of the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 and the Indian New Deal of 1934. In the end, Native communities were granted increased rhetorical power through decolonization, though the U.S. government still retained a powerful colonial influence over them. This duality of inclusion (controlled citizenship) and exclusion (controlled sovereignty) was built incrementally through the removal and allotment periods, and existed as residues of nineteenth century Native-U.S. rhetorical relations.
Laura Evans
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199742745
- eISBN:
- 9780199895052
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199742745.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter considers tribal-local relations and illustrates the importance of expertise for tribes' victories in local politics. The chapter also exposes the interplay of race, land, and power in ...
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This chapter considers tribal-local relations and illustrates the importance of expertise for tribes' victories in local politics. The chapter also exposes the interplay of race, land, and power in tribes’ external relations. These findings illustrate important limitations: in certain contexts with pronounced racial hostility, other actors may wage high-cost fights than undermine—but do not entirely erase—expertise-based strategies. To evaluate expertise's effects in local politics, the chapter examines tribes with varying governments and with varying economies that improve capacities to house, sustain, and reproduce expertise. The chapter finds that tribes’ political strategies hinge on expert calculations: they are extremely selective about county relations and they pick the winning issues.Less
This chapter considers tribal-local relations and illustrates the importance of expertise for tribes' victories in local politics. The chapter also exposes the interplay of race, land, and power in tribes’ external relations. These findings illustrate important limitations: in certain contexts with pronounced racial hostility, other actors may wage high-cost fights than undermine—but do not entirely erase—expertise-based strategies. To evaluate expertise's effects in local politics, the chapter examines tribes with varying governments and with varying economies that improve capacities to house, sustain, and reproduce expertise. The chapter finds that tribes’ political strategies hinge on expert calculations: they are extremely selective about county relations and they pick the winning issues.
Nancy Shoemaker
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195167924
- eISBN:
- 9780199788996
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195167924.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This book's most valuable sources were the Indian speeches recorded during 18th-century diplomatic councils held between American Indians and Europeans. These speeches give an Indian voice in a time ...
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This book's most valuable sources were the Indian speeches recorded during 18th-century diplomatic councils held between American Indians and Europeans. These speeches give an Indian voice in a time period when they left few written records of their own. The methodology of this book is based on an analysis of these speeches along with other documents attuned to speakers' and writers' choices of metaphor and systems of categorization.Less
This book's most valuable sources were the Indian speeches recorded during 18th-century diplomatic councils held between American Indians and Europeans. These speeches give an Indian voice in a time period when they left few written records of their own. The methodology of this book is based on an analysis of these speeches along with other documents attuned to speakers' and writers' choices of metaphor and systems of categorization.
Diane J. Willis and Dolores Subia Bigfoot
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195143904
- eISBN:
- 9780199848171
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195143904.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Clinical Psychology
They call themselves Ojibway, but in the written history books they are called Chippewa. The Dine' people are called Navajo; the Tis-Tsis-Tsas are called Cheyenne; recently the Winnebago returned to ...
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They call themselves Ojibway, but in the written history books they are called Chippewa. The Dine' people are called Navajo; the Tis-Tsis-Tsas are called Cheyenne; recently the Winnebago returned to their name of Ho-Chunk Nation; and the Papago are recognized by their original name of Tohono O'Odham. Many changes have been thrust on the American Indian and only in recent years have they begun returning to their roots. This chapter on American Indians presents a brief overview of the history of the first Americans and discusses the diversity of American Indians. Sections on family roles and relationships, language, education, health, and values are presented to help the reader understand American Indians. However, in order to understand the American Indian today, one must recognize the trauma and oppression.Less
They call themselves Ojibway, but in the written history books they are called Chippewa. The Dine' people are called Navajo; the Tis-Tsis-Tsas are called Cheyenne; recently the Winnebago returned to their name of Ho-Chunk Nation; and the Papago are recognized by their original name of Tohono O'Odham. Many changes have been thrust on the American Indian and only in recent years have they begun returning to their roots. This chapter on American Indians presents a brief overview of the history of the first Americans and discusses the diversity of American Indians. Sections on family roles and relationships, language, education, health, and values are presented to help the reader understand American Indians. However, in order to understand the American Indian today, one must recognize the trauma and oppression.
