Brook Gotberg
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195380088
- eISBN:
- 9780199855377
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195380088.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter presents a set of case studies to examine the cycle theory of international norm change with respect to rules on conquest. Each case represents a key cycle of norm change. The cases ...
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This chapter presents a set of case studies to examine the cycle theory of international norm change with respect to rules on conquest. Each case represents a key cycle of norm change. The cases include Germany's 1870 annexation of Alsace-Lorraine; World War I; Japan's transformation of Manchuria into puppet state “Manchukuo” during the early years of the League of Nations; the Nazi invasions of Czechoslovakia and Poland leading up to World War II; North Korea's 1950 invasion of South Korea at the beginning of the Cold War; and the 1990 Iraqi invasion of Kuwait at the Cold War's end.Less
This chapter presents a set of case studies to examine the cycle theory of international norm change with respect to rules on conquest. Each case represents a key cycle of norm change. The cases include Germany's 1870 annexation of Alsace-Lorraine; World War I; Japan's transformation of Manchuria into puppet state “Manchukuo” during the early years of the League of Nations; the Nazi invasions of Czechoslovakia and Poland leading up to World War II; North Korea's 1950 invasion of South Korea at the beginning of the Cold War; and the 1990 Iraqi invasion of Kuwait at the Cold War's end.
Volker Prott
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198777847
- eISBN:
- 9780191823312
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198777847.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Political History
This study examines the territorial restructuring of Europe between 1917 and 1923, when a radically new and highly fragile peace order was established. In a first step, it explores the peace planning ...
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This study examines the territorial restructuring of Europe between 1917 and 1923, when a radically new and highly fragile peace order was established. In a first step, it explores the peace planning efforts of Great Britain, France, and the United States in the final phase of the First World War. It then provides an in-depth view on the practice of Allied border drawing at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. Special attention is given to a new factor in foreign policymaking—academic experts employed by the three Allied states for the tasks of peace planning and border drawing. Two case studies are presented of disputed regions where the newly drawn borders caused ethnic violence, albeit with different results: the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France in 1918–19 and the Greek–Turkish War between 1919 and 1922. A final chapter investigates the approach of the League of Nations to territorial revisionism and minority rights, thereby assessing the chances and dangers of the Paris peace order over the course of the 1920s and 1930s. The book argues that at both the international and the local levels, the ‘temptation of violence’ drove key actors to simplify the acclaimed principle of national self-determination and use ethnic definitions of national identity. Local elites, administrations, and paramilitary leaders soon used ethnic notions of identity to mobilise popular support under the guise of international legitimacy. Henceforth, national self-determination ceased to be a tool of peace-making and instead became an ideology of violent resistance.Less
This study examines the territorial restructuring of Europe between 1917 and 1923, when a radically new and highly fragile peace order was established. In a first step, it explores the peace planning efforts of Great Britain, France, and the United States in the final phase of the First World War. It then provides an in-depth view on the practice of Allied border drawing at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. Special attention is given to a new factor in foreign policymaking—academic experts employed by the three Allied states for the tasks of peace planning and border drawing. Two case studies are presented of disputed regions where the newly drawn borders caused ethnic violence, albeit with different results: the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France in 1918–19 and the Greek–Turkish War between 1919 and 1922. A final chapter investigates the approach of the League of Nations to territorial revisionism and minority rights, thereby assessing the chances and dangers of the Paris peace order over the course of the 1920s and 1930s. The book argues that at both the international and the local levels, the ‘temptation of violence’ drove key actors to simplify the acclaimed principle of national self-determination and use ethnic definitions of national identity. Local elites, administrations, and paramilitary leaders soon used ethnic notions of identity to mobilise popular support under the guise of international legitimacy. Henceforth, national self-determination ceased to be a tool of peace-making and instead became an ideology of violent resistance.
Catherine Tatiana Dunlop
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226173023
- eISBN:
- 9780226173160
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226173160.001.0001
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Cultural and Historical Geography
The period between the French Revolution and the Second World War saw an unprecedented proliferation of mapmaking and map reading across modern European society. This book explores the “age of ...
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The period between the French Revolution and the Second World War saw an unprecedented proliferation of mapmaking and map reading across modern European society. This book explores the “age of cartophilia” through the story of mapmaking in the disputed French-German borderland of Alsace-Lorraine. During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, French and Germans claimed Alsace-Lorraine as part of their national territories, fighting several bloody wars with each other that resulted in four changes to the borderland’s nationality. In the process, the contested territory became a mapmaker’s laboratory, a place subjected to multiple visual interpretations and competing topographies. The cartographers that mapped Alsace-Lorraine at the height of its nationalist conflict were not the people that we might expect. When we typically think of a border surveyor, we picture a man in a military uniform positioning border markers onto land with the help of scientific instruments. Cartophilia challenges this stereotypical image of a border surveyor. It demonstrates that Alsace-Lorraine’s mapmakers were people from all walks of life, including linguists, ethnographers, historians, priests, and schoolteachers. Empowered by their access to affordable new printing technologies and motivated by patriotic ideals, these “popular mapmakers” re-defined the meaning and purpose of European borders during the age of nationalism.Less
The period between the French Revolution and the Second World War saw an unprecedented proliferation of mapmaking and map reading across modern European society. This book explores the “age of cartophilia” through the story of mapmaking in the disputed French-German borderland of Alsace-Lorraine. During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, French and Germans claimed Alsace-Lorraine as part of their national territories, fighting several bloody wars with each other that resulted in four changes to the borderland’s nationality. In the process, the contested territory became a mapmaker’s laboratory, a place subjected to multiple visual interpretations and competing topographies. The cartographers that mapped Alsace-Lorraine at the height of its nationalist conflict were not the people that we might expect. When we typically think of a border surveyor, we picture a man in a military uniform positioning border markers onto land with the help of scientific instruments. Cartophilia challenges this stereotypical image of a border surveyor. It demonstrates that Alsace-Lorraine’s mapmakers were people from all walks of life, including linguists, ethnographers, historians, priests, and schoolteachers. Empowered by their access to affordable new printing technologies and motivated by patriotic ideals, these “popular mapmakers” re-defined the meaning and purpose of European borders during the age of nationalism.
Catherine Tatiana Dunlop
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226173023
- eISBN:
- 9780226173160
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226173160.003.0008
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Cultural and Historical Geography
This chapter introduces readers to the topography of Alsace-Lorraine from the perspective of the migratory storks that fly over the region each year. It then introduces the concept of “cartophilia” ...
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This chapter introduces readers to the topography of Alsace-Lorraine from the perspective of the migratory storks that fly over the region each year. It then introduces the concept of “cartophilia” as a passion for map making and map reading that spread across modern Europe from the late eighteenth century onwards. Cartophilia, the book argues, was inspired by European nationalist movements and made possible through affordable new printing technologies. The chapter also provides an overview of the book’s main contributions to the history of cartography, spatial history, and the history of European nationalism. It concludes with a description of the book’s six thematic chapters, each of which focuses on a different kind of borderland map.Less
This chapter introduces readers to the topography of Alsace-Lorraine from the perspective of the migratory storks that fly over the region each year. It then introduces the concept of “cartophilia” as a passion for map making and map reading that spread across modern Europe from the late eighteenth century onwards. Cartophilia, the book argues, was inspired by European nationalist movements and made possible through affordable new printing technologies. The chapter also provides an overview of the book’s main contributions to the history of cartography, spatial history, and the history of European nationalism. It concludes with a description of the book’s six thematic chapters, each of which focuses on a different kind of borderland map.
John McCusker
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- March 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781617036262
- eISBN:
- 9781617036279
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781617036262.003.0002
- Subject:
- Music, History, American
This chapter discusses the early childhood of Kid Ory during the period from 1886 to 1896. It explains that Ory was born on Christmas day in Woodland Plantation in La Place, Louisiana, and that the ...
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This chapter discusses the early childhood of Kid Ory during the period from 1886 to 1896. It explains that Ory was born on Christmas day in Woodland Plantation in La Place, Louisiana, and that the Ory family moved to America from the Alsace-Lorraine region of France in 1736. The chapter discusses the family’s reason for moving to Louisiana and describes the economic and social conditions in La Place during Ory’s childhood.Less
This chapter discusses the early childhood of Kid Ory during the period from 1886 to 1896. It explains that Ory was born on Christmas day in Woodland Plantation in La Place, Louisiana, and that the Ory family moved to America from the Alsace-Lorraine region of France in 1736. The chapter discusses the family’s reason for moving to Louisiana and describes the economic and social conditions in La Place during Ory’s childhood.
Emanuele Sica
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252039850
- eISBN:
- 9780252097966
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252039850.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This conclusion evaluates the nature of Italy’s military occupation of France during World War II. It compares the occupation of Menton with the German occupations in Alsace-Lorraine and the Italian ...
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This conclusion evaluates the nature of Italy’s military occupation of France during World War II. It compares the occupation of Menton with the German occupations in Alsace-Lorraine and the Italian invasion of the French Riviera in November 1942 with the German occupation of the region from September 1943 to August 1944, and then contrasts it with the Italian occupations in the Balkans. It shows that the Italian occupation of the strip of land including Menton in the summer of 1940 bore some similarities with Germany’s occupation of Alsace-Lorraine. It also highlights the differences between the German and Italian occupation policies both in terms of breadth and enforcement. Finally, it argues that the worst enemy of Italian Army commanders in southeastern France was the low morale of their troops, stemming from the growing sense that the tide of war had irremediably turned against the Axis side by the fall of 1942.Less
This conclusion evaluates the nature of Italy’s military occupation of France during World War II. It compares the occupation of Menton with the German occupations in Alsace-Lorraine and the Italian invasion of the French Riviera in November 1942 with the German occupation of the region from September 1943 to August 1944, and then contrasts it with the Italian occupations in the Balkans. It shows that the Italian occupation of the strip of land including Menton in the summer of 1940 bore some similarities with Germany’s occupation of Alsace-Lorraine. It also highlights the differences between the German and Italian occupation policies both in terms of breadth and enforcement. Finally, it argues that the worst enemy of Italian Army commanders in southeastern France was the low morale of their troops, stemming from the growing sense that the tide of war had irremediably turned against the Axis side by the fall of 1942.
Volker Prott
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198777847
- eISBN:
- 9780191823312
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198777847.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Political History
The introduction lays out the central themes of the study: national self-determination, the role of expertise in peace planning and policymaking, ethnic violence, and borders. It briefly describes ...
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The introduction lays out the central themes of the study: national self-determination, the role of expertise in peace planning and policymaking, ethnic violence, and borders. It briefly describes the methodology and presents the two case studies, the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France in 1918–19 and the Greek–Turkish conflict between 1919 and 1923. The introduction then places the study in the wider context of the most recent literature, demonstrating the originality and novel character of the multi-level approach that interconnects international politics with the in situ processes within a comparative framework. The introduction also posits the central argument of the book: policymakers and local agitators alike were tempted to reduce the concept of national self-determination to ethnic identity, thereby undermining the credibility of Wilson’s principle and transforming it to a tool of aggressive revisionism.Less
The introduction lays out the central themes of the study: national self-determination, the role of expertise in peace planning and policymaking, ethnic violence, and borders. It briefly describes the methodology and presents the two case studies, the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France in 1918–19 and the Greek–Turkish conflict between 1919 and 1923. The introduction then places the study in the wider context of the most recent literature, demonstrating the originality and novel character of the multi-level approach that interconnects international politics with the in situ processes within a comparative framework. The introduction also posits the central argument of the book: policymakers and local agitators alike were tempted to reduce the concept of national self-determination to ethnic identity, thereby undermining the credibility of Wilson’s principle and transforming it to a tool of aggressive revisionism.
Volker Prott
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198777847
- eISBN:
- 9780191823312
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198777847.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Political History
This chapter investigates French preparations and justifications for the reintegration of Alsace-Lorraine into the French state after the First World War. The chapter reveals how the issue of a ...
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This chapter investigates French preparations and justifications for the reintegration of Alsace-Lorraine into the French state after the First World War. The chapter reveals how the issue of a plebiscite for Alsace-Lorraine divided the French experts, particularly in the light of initial American insistence on popular consultation and President Wilson’s vague allusions to ‘righting the wrong’ in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine. The chapter further demonstrates that the experts failed to produce a common ‘magic formula’ that would reconcile the French aim of a ‘pure and simple’ return of the region with calls for self-determination. This conceptual shortcoming prepared the ground for the violent resolution of the issue in local practice, when the region was placed under French rule at the end of the hostilities in November 1918.Less
This chapter investigates French preparations and justifications for the reintegration of Alsace-Lorraine into the French state after the First World War. The chapter reveals how the issue of a plebiscite for Alsace-Lorraine divided the French experts, particularly in the light of initial American insistence on popular consultation and President Wilson’s vague allusions to ‘righting the wrong’ in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine. The chapter further demonstrates that the experts failed to produce a common ‘magic formula’ that would reconcile the French aim of a ‘pure and simple’ return of the region with calls for self-determination. This conceptual shortcoming prepared the ground for the violent resolution of the issue in local practice, when the region was placed under French rule at the end of the hostilities in November 1918.
Volker Prott
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198777847
- eISBN:
- 9780191823312
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198777847.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Political History
This chapter examines the return of Alsace-Lorraine to French rule between November 1918 and June 1919. It shows that the experts’ previous failure to justify the reunion of the region with France in ...
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This chapter examines the return of Alsace-Lorraine to French rule between November 1918 and June 1919. It shows that the experts’ previous failure to justify the reunion of the region with France in terms of national self-determination triggered radical policies of national disambiguation. Driven less by any premeditated policy than by local claims for mass expulsion of German ‘immigrants’, the French administration expelled roughly one third of the local population of German origin. Nevertheless, the chapter argues that expulsions were balanced by economic and political concerns and that actual ethnic violence remained limited to a few cases. The chapter also situates the case of Alsace-Lorraine in the wider international context, discussing the largely unsuccessful efforts of British and German diplomats as well as American foreign correspondents to resurrect the ‘question’ of Alsace-Lorraine at the international level.Less
This chapter examines the return of Alsace-Lorraine to French rule between November 1918 and June 1919. It shows that the experts’ previous failure to justify the reunion of the region with France in terms of national self-determination triggered radical policies of national disambiguation. Driven less by any premeditated policy than by local claims for mass expulsion of German ‘immigrants’, the French administration expelled roughly one third of the local population of German origin. Nevertheless, the chapter argues that expulsions were balanced by economic and political concerns and that actual ethnic violence remained limited to a few cases. The chapter also situates the case of Alsace-Lorraine in the wider international context, discussing the largely unsuccessful efforts of British and German diplomats as well as American foreign correspondents to resurrect the ‘question’ of Alsace-Lorraine at the international level.
Norman Ingram
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- March 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198827993
- eISBN:
- 9780191866685
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198827993.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Political History
The years immediately following the signature of the Locarno treaties in October 1925 are usually seen as an era of détente in European, particularly Franco-German, politics. There seemed to be a ...
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The years immediately following the signature of the Locarno treaties in October 1925 are usually seen as an era of détente in European, particularly Franco-German, politics. There seemed to be a lull in the Ligue’s fixation on the problem of war origins, but it was only an appearance. Other issues briefly took centre stage, but even they were discussed in terms redolent of concerns from the Great War. Some members of the minority began to publish in a new journal, Evolution. An event of signal importance was the publication of a book by René Gerin and Raymond Poincaré on war responsibilities. There was huge debate over the Pierre Renouvin/Camille Bloch thesis which sought to limit the importance of Article 231. On the eve of the Nazi seizure of power, the Ligue devoted its 1932 Congress to the controversy over the peace treaties of 1919. It was too little, too late.Less
The years immediately following the signature of the Locarno treaties in October 1925 are usually seen as an era of détente in European, particularly Franco-German, politics. There seemed to be a lull in the Ligue’s fixation on the problem of war origins, but it was only an appearance. Other issues briefly took centre stage, but even they were discussed in terms redolent of concerns from the Great War. Some members of the minority began to publish in a new journal, Evolution. An event of signal importance was the publication of a book by René Gerin and Raymond Poincaré on war responsibilities. There was huge debate over the Pierre Renouvin/Camille Bloch thesis which sought to limit the importance of Article 231. On the eve of the Nazi seizure of power, the Ligue devoted its 1932 Congress to the controversy over the peace treaties of 1919. It was too little, too late.
Matthew P. Fitzpatrick
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- April 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198725787
- eISBN:
- 9780191792786
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198725787.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Military History
After the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine, the potential for a French attempt to recover the territories saw the German government earmark particular French residents as a threat to the security of the ...
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After the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine, the potential for a French attempt to recover the territories saw the German government earmark particular French residents as a threat to the security of the region. With the latitude offered by the so-called ‘Dictator Paragraph’ and Alsace-Lorraine’s status as a territory external to the constitution, successive governors of Alsace-Lorraine expelled large numbers of non-citizens. This caused considerable outcry during a period in which a war scare had been prompted by the rise of the ultra-nationalist Boulangist movement in France. Nonetheless, with governors in the region answerable only to a largely disinterested Kaiser, the pressure placed upon them by Berlin to expel the French from Alsace-Lorraine en masse was successfully resisted.Less
After the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine, the potential for a French attempt to recover the territories saw the German government earmark particular French residents as a threat to the security of the region. With the latitude offered by the so-called ‘Dictator Paragraph’ and Alsace-Lorraine’s status as a territory external to the constitution, successive governors of Alsace-Lorraine expelled large numbers of non-citizens. This caused considerable outcry during a period in which a war scare had been prompted by the rise of the ultra-nationalist Boulangist movement in France. Nonetheless, with governors in the region answerable only to a largely disinterested Kaiser, the pressure placed upon them by Berlin to expel the French from Alsace-Lorraine en masse was successfully resisted.
