NEVILLE WYLIE
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198206903
- eISBN:
- 9780191717338
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206903.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, European Modern History
Switzerland's success in deterring a German attack after 1940 writs large in popular depictions of Switzerland's wartime history, and played a decisive part in helping to elevate neutrality as the ...
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Switzerland's success in deterring a German attack after 1940 writs large in popular depictions of Switzerland's wartime history, and played a decisive part in helping to elevate neutrality as the country's core foreign policy maxim during the cold war. This chapter shows that although British military observers were impressed by Swiss defences, Switzerland rarely featured in British strategic deliberations, nor was it deemed sufficiently important to justify releasing military and strategic resources for Swiss use through the blockade. Moreover, the defence of the Alpine railway tunnels, upon which Swiss deterrent strategy relied, ultimately worked to Britain's disadvantage as it guaranteed the Axis unfettered access to Swiss transit facilities. The chapter examines Britain's lacklustre diplomatic and military efforts to reduce Axis transit traffic across Switzerland.Less
Switzerland's success in deterring a German attack after 1940 writs large in popular depictions of Switzerland's wartime history, and played a decisive part in helping to elevate neutrality as the country's core foreign policy maxim during the cold war. This chapter shows that although British military observers were impressed by Swiss defences, Switzerland rarely featured in British strategic deliberations, nor was it deemed sufficiently important to justify releasing military and strategic resources for Swiss use through the blockade. Moreover, the defence of the Alpine railway tunnels, upon which Swiss deterrent strategy relied, ultimately worked to Britain's disadvantage as it guaranteed the Axis unfettered access to Swiss transit facilities. The chapter examines Britain's lacklustre diplomatic and military efforts to reduce Axis transit traffic across Switzerland.
Paul C. Gutjahr
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199740420
- eISBN:
- 9780199894703
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199740420.003.0019
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Chapter Nineteen traces Hodge’s final months in Europe, including the six months he spends in Berlin which he considers the highpoint of his trip. In Berlin he meets and befriends Ernst Hengstenberg ...
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Chapter Nineteen traces Hodge’s final months in Europe, including the six months he spends in Berlin which he considers the highpoint of his trip. In Berlin he meets and befriends Ernst Hengstenberg and Johann Neander, and attends the lectures of Alexander Von Humboldt. He partakes of many “Awakening” evening sessions with friends. He then travels home via France, England and Scotland.Less
Chapter Nineteen traces Hodge’s final months in Europe, including the six months he spends in Berlin which he considers the highpoint of his trip. In Berlin he meets and befriends Ernst Hengstenberg and Johann Neander, and attends the lectures of Alexander Von Humboldt. He partakes of many “Awakening” evening sessions with friends. He then travels home via France, England and Scotland.
Caroline Schaumann
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780300231946
- eISBN:
- 9780300252828
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300231946.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Social History
European forays to mountain summits began in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries with the search for plants and minerals and the study of geology and glaciers. Yet scientists were soon ...
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European forays to mountain summits began in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries with the search for plants and minerals and the study of geology and glaciers. Yet scientists were soon captivated by the enterprise of climbing itself, enthralled with the views and the prospect of “conquering” alpine summits. Inspired by Romantic notions of nature, early mountaineers idealized their endeavors as sublime experiences, all the while deliberately measuring what they saw. As increased leisure time and advances in infrastructure and equipment opened up once formidable mountain regions to those seeking adventure and sport, new models of masculinity emerged that were fraught with tensions. This book examines how written and artistic depictions of nineteenth-century exploration and mountaineering in the Andes, the Alps, and the Sierra Nevada shaped cultural understandings of nature and wilderness in the Anthropocene.Less
European forays to mountain summits began in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries with the search for plants and minerals and the study of geology and glaciers. Yet scientists were soon captivated by the enterprise of climbing itself, enthralled with the views and the prospect of “conquering” alpine summits. Inspired by Romantic notions of nature, early mountaineers idealized their endeavors as sublime experiences, all the while deliberately measuring what they saw. As increased leisure time and advances in infrastructure and equipment opened up once formidable mountain regions to those seeking adventure and sport, new models of masculinity emerged that were fraught with tensions. This book examines how written and artistic depictions of nineteenth-century exploration and mountaineering in the Andes, the Alps, and the Sierra Nevada shaped cultural understandings of nature and wilderness in the Anthropocene.
Tait Keller
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469625034
- eISBN:
- 9781469625058
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469625034.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book explores the paradox that Europe’s seemingly peaceful “playgrounds” were battlegrounds where competing visions of Germany and Austria clashed. Using newly available archival materials from ...
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This book explores the paradox that Europe’s seemingly peaceful “playgrounds” were battlegrounds where competing visions of Germany and Austria clashed. Using newly available archival materials from state and private collections throughout Germany, Austria, as well as Switzerland, and Italy, Apostles of the Alps shows how recreational pursuits in the Eastern Alps, Alpinism, placed distant mountains at the heart of German nationhood questions. The book explores how Alpinism changed the borderlands both physically and discursively and analyzes what these Alpine intersections meant for Germans and Austrians. The Alps staged the struggles that fundamentally shaped Germany and Austria, and yet the mountains get overlooked as places of meaningful historical change. Apostles of the Alps takes an original approach that incorporates environmental, social, and cultural history and situates tourism and environmental change on borderlands as central to nation building projects. Unlike other studies, this book emphasizes Austria’s pivotal place in Germany’s troubled modernization. The emotionally charged relationship that Germans and Austrians shared with the Alps reveals the importance of the periphery for both states. Their mountaineering clubs opened the Alpine frontier to the masses in hopes of bonding patriotic loyalties to a landscape that united Germany and Austria. But tourists carried their prejudices with them to mountains, politicizing the Alps. Now pressures that had formed the contours of the modern state—political fights, social conflicts, culture wars, and environmental crusades—shaped the peaks. These borderlands did not reflect the struggles occurring at the center; they were the center of nationhood struggles.Less
This book explores the paradox that Europe’s seemingly peaceful “playgrounds” were battlegrounds where competing visions of Germany and Austria clashed. Using newly available archival materials from state and private collections throughout Germany, Austria, as well as Switzerland, and Italy, Apostles of the Alps shows how recreational pursuits in the Eastern Alps, Alpinism, placed distant mountains at the heart of German nationhood questions. The book explores how Alpinism changed the borderlands both physically and discursively and analyzes what these Alpine intersections meant for Germans and Austrians. The Alps staged the struggles that fundamentally shaped Germany and Austria, and yet the mountains get overlooked as places of meaningful historical change. Apostles of the Alps takes an original approach that incorporates environmental, social, and cultural history and situates tourism and environmental change on borderlands as central to nation building projects. Unlike other studies, this book emphasizes Austria’s pivotal place in Germany’s troubled modernization. The emotionally charged relationship that Germans and Austrians shared with the Alps reveals the importance of the periphery for both states. Their mountaineering clubs opened the Alpine frontier to the masses in hopes of bonding patriotic loyalties to a landscape that united Germany and Austria. But tourists carried their prejudices with them to mountains, politicizing the Alps. Now pressures that had formed the contours of the modern state—political fights, social conflicts, culture wars, and environmental crusades—shaped the peaks. These borderlands did not reflect the struggles occurring at the center; they were the center of nationhood struggles.
Andrew Denning
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780520284272
- eISBN:
- 9780520959897
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520284272.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book argues that from the moment that skiers took to the Alps of central Europe, around 1880, the interaction between skiers and the Alps proved transformative: the Alps modernized skiing, and ...
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This book argues that from the moment that skiers took to the Alps of central Europe, around 1880, the interaction between skiers and the Alps proved transformative: the Alps modernized skiing, and skiing modernized the Alps. The unique terrain of the Alps demanded that skiers alter their equipment and their practice of the sport. In the process, skiers elaborated an ideology called “Alpine modernism” that synthesized the Romantic devotion to nature with the modernist celebration of speed, technology, and spectacle. As a result, Alpine skiing was uniquely attuned to the twentieth-century age of mass culture, and the sport of skiing both formed and reflected that era’s democratization, commercialization, and obsession with leisure. Alpine modernism was so enticing–and skiing was so lucrative–that businesses and governments transformed the Alps to appeal to skiers. Alpine skiing became the basis for a burgeoning leisure economy, and tourism interests developed a transportation and accommodation infrastructure across the Alps to render the tourism industry profitable and reliable. This economic modernization affected the environment in important ways while, paradoxically, undermining the sport’s Romantic appeal. Before they came into contact, both skiing and the Alps were backward and peripheral; as a result of their interaction in the twentieth century, each became at once modern in both material and ideological terms and also central to European concerns–to the delight and chagrin of Alpine skiers.Less
This book argues that from the moment that skiers took to the Alps of central Europe, around 1880, the interaction between skiers and the Alps proved transformative: the Alps modernized skiing, and skiing modernized the Alps. The unique terrain of the Alps demanded that skiers alter their equipment and their practice of the sport. In the process, skiers elaborated an ideology called “Alpine modernism” that synthesized the Romantic devotion to nature with the modernist celebration of speed, technology, and spectacle. As a result, Alpine skiing was uniquely attuned to the twentieth-century age of mass culture, and the sport of skiing both formed and reflected that era’s democratization, commercialization, and obsession with leisure. Alpine modernism was so enticing–and skiing was so lucrative–that businesses and governments transformed the Alps to appeal to skiers. Alpine skiing became the basis for a burgeoning leisure economy, and tourism interests developed a transportation and accommodation infrastructure across the Alps to render the tourism industry profitable and reliable. This economic modernization affected the environment in important ways while, paradoxically, undermining the sport’s Romantic appeal. Before they came into contact, both skiing and the Alps were backward and peripheral; as a result of their interaction in the twentieth century, each became at once modern in both material and ideological terms and also central to European concerns–to the delight and chagrin of Alpine skiers.
Tait Keller
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469625034
- eISBN:
- 9781469625058
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469625034.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The conclusion follows the developments in the Eastern Alps during and after the Second World War and discusses how mountaineering illustrated the dichotomy of individuality and collective identity ...
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The conclusion follows the developments in the Eastern Alps during and after the Second World War and discusses how mountaineering illustrated the dichotomy of individuality and collective identity that informed views of nature and nationhood in Germany and Austria. The Alps had become a repository for the hopes, fears, and longings held by many Germans and Austrians. Alpinism’s evolving meaning reflected the various notions of nationhood that converged on the peaks at different times. While post-war tourism helped decouple the mountains from a nationalistic past, Alpine tourism’s quandary of consumption versus conservation remained unresolved. International cooperation among states along the Alpine Arc attempted to address the dilemmas of tourism. Just as Europe moved towards an ever closer union, so too did national parks in the Alps. In 1991, the Alpine countries and the European Union ratified the Convention on the Protection of the Alps that coordinated management efforts and linked the reserves into a single network. Yet if the attraction of the Alps is as alluring as ever in the new millennium, their ambiguities are still equally confounding, particularly concerning the relationship between tourism and nationhood on the Alpine frontier.Less
The conclusion follows the developments in the Eastern Alps during and after the Second World War and discusses how mountaineering illustrated the dichotomy of individuality and collective identity that informed views of nature and nationhood in Germany and Austria. The Alps had become a repository for the hopes, fears, and longings held by many Germans and Austrians. Alpinism’s evolving meaning reflected the various notions of nationhood that converged on the peaks at different times. While post-war tourism helped decouple the mountains from a nationalistic past, Alpine tourism’s quandary of consumption versus conservation remained unresolved. International cooperation among states along the Alpine Arc attempted to address the dilemmas of tourism. Just as Europe moved towards an ever closer union, so too did national parks in the Alps. In 1991, the Alpine countries and the European Union ratified the Convention on the Protection of the Alps that coordinated management efforts and linked the reserves into a single network. Yet if the attraction of the Alps is as alluring as ever in the new millennium, their ambiguities are still equally confounding, particularly concerning the relationship between tourism and nationhood on the Alpine frontier.
Barbara R. Stein
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520227262
- eISBN:
- 9780520926387
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520227262.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter studies the time when the women conducted surveys of two regions in the Pacific Northwest: the Trinity Alps in northern California and Vancouver Island in British Columbia. It notes that ...
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This chapter studies the time when the women conducted surveys of two regions in the Pacific Northwest: the Trinity Alps in northern California and Vancouver Island in British Columbia. It notes that this occurred before they bought the land in Grizzly Island. The discussion examines each expedition separately, and takes note of the specimens that they were able to recover from these sites. It shows that these specimens not only increased the holdings of the museum, but also provided important material for Grinnell and his staff to interpret and study. The specimens found in the expedition to the Trinity Mountains formed the basis for Kellogg's 1916 publication, the “Report upon mammals and birds found in portions of Trinity, Siskiyou and Shasta counties, with description of a new Dipodomys.” The chapter ends with a note that Alexander and Kellogg returned to the Trinity Mountains one last time, in the summer of 1948.Less
This chapter studies the time when the women conducted surveys of two regions in the Pacific Northwest: the Trinity Alps in northern California and Vancouver Island in British Columbia. It notes that this occurred before they bought the land in Grizzly Island. The discussion examines each expedition separately, and takes note of the specimens that they were able to recover from these sites. It shows that these specimens not only increased the holdings of the museum, but also provided important material for Grinnell and his staff to interpret and study. The specimens found in the expedition to the Trinity Mountains formed the basis for Kellogg's 1916 publication, the “Report upon mammals and birds found in portions of Trinity, Siskiyou and Shasta counties, with description of a new Dipodomys.” The chapter ends with a note that Alexander and Kellogg returned to the Trinity Mountains one last time, in the summer of 1948.
Giryung Park
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781496826268
- eISBN:
- 9781496826299
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781496826268.003.0012
- Subject:
- Literature, Film, Media, and Cultural Studies
This essay focuses on the TV animation Heidi, Girl of the Alps (1974). Made in Japan, it is the most famous international adaptation of the original novel Heidi by the Swiss writer Johanna Spyri. The ...
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This essay focuses on the TV animation Heidi, Girl of the Alps (1974). Made in Japan, it is the most famous international adaptation of the original novel Heidi by the Swiss writer Johanna Spyri. The novel has been translated into many languages and adapted into various media forms—including as a movie, play, animation feature film, television series, cartoon, and picture book. The author surveys the different characteristics and adaptations of the Japan-produced TV animation and its original book publication and argues that progressively, the animated version and its spirited contents have elevated the visual image of Heidi and its original publication. Through studying the audiences in Japan and Korea, the essay speculates on the “spiritual role of the media” in transcending cultural boundaries and discusses the resulting cultural energy that inspires audiences to seek the “spiritual” in connection with their attraction to the animated story.Less
This essay focuses on the TV animation Heidi, Girl of the Alps (1974). Made in Japan, it is the most famous international adaptation of the original novel Heidi by the Swiss writer Johanna Spyri. The novel has been translated into many languages and adapted into various media forms—including as a movie, play, animation feature film, television series, cartoon, and picture book. The author surveys the different characteristics and adaptations of the Japan-produced TV animation and its original book publication and argues that progressively, the animated version and its spirited contents have elevated the visual image of Heidi and its original publication. Through studying the audiences in Japan and Korea, the essay speculates on the “spiritual role of the media” in transcending cultural boundaries and discusses the resulting cultural energy that inspires audiences to seek the “spiritual” in connection with their attraction to the animated story.
James K. Agee
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520251250
- eISBN:
- 9780520933798
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520251250.003.0012
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This chapter focuses on the myths and mysterious creatures of the Klamath Mountains. It describes a local legend about a turquoise dragon and an expedition to the Trinity Alps to find a giant dragon. ...
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This chapter focuses on the myths and mysterious creatures of the Klamath Mountains. It describes a local legend about a turquoise dragon and an expedition to the Trinity Alps to find a giant dragon. The Klamaths are also the center of the Bigfoot myth, and reported sightings have increased from the last two years of the 1950s and after 2000. The chapter also discusses the murder at Chanchelullia Gulch and the part played by the western hound's tongue (Cynoglossum grande ) in one of the most sensational crime stories of the 1950s in California.Less
This chapter focuses on the myths and mysterious creatures of the Klamath Mountains. It describes a local legend about a turquoise dragon and an expedition to the Trinity Alps to find a giant dragon. The Klamaths are also the center of the Bigfoot myth, and reported sightings have increased from the last two years of the 1950s and after 2000. The chapter also discusses the murder at Chanchelullia Gulch and the part played by the western hound's tongue (Cynoglossum grande ) in one of the most sensational crime stories of the 1950s in California.
James K. Agee
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520251250
- eISBN:
- 9780520933798
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520251250.003.0017
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Steward's Fork was the initial name of Stuart Fork, a fork of the Trinity River that ends about five miles upstream of Trinity Lake and about two miles up from the Trinity Alps Resort. Like the many ...
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Steward's Fork was the initial name of Stuart Fork, a fork of the Trinity River that ends about five miles upstream of Trinity Lake and about two miles up from the Trinity Alps Resort. Like the many forks of a river, this book represents the steward's fork as different pathways toward sustainable future for these landscapes. It focuses on the Klamath Mountains and emphasizes that the stewardship of their ecosystems requires special attention. The book proposes the involvement of individuals and communities in the protection and management of natural resources, and the need to make intelligent decisions for the sustainable future of the Klamath Mountains.Less
Steward's Fork was the initial name of Stuart Fork, a fork of the Trinity River that ends about five miles upstream of Trinity Lake and about two miles up from the Trinity Alps Resort. Like the many forks of a river, this book represents the steward's fork as different pathways toward sustainable future for these landscapes. It focuses on the Klamath Mountains and emphasizes that the stewardship of their ecosystems requires special attention. The book proposes the involvement of individuals and communities in the protection and management of natural resources, and the need to make intelligent decisions for the sustainable future of the Klamath Mountains.
Ilaria Scaglia
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198848325
- eISBN:
- 9780191882869
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198848325.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History, European Modern History
By examining a broad range of individuals and institutions engaged in international cooperation in the Alps in the 1920s and 1930s, this book explains how internationalists constructed and used ...
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By examining a broad range of individuals and institutions engaged in international cooperation in the Alps in the 1920s and 1930s, this book explains how internationalists constructed and used emotions to attain their goals. It undertakes a journey through the most diverse terrains and venues, from the international art exhibitions and congresses organized by the Union Internationale des Associations d’Alpinisme (also known as UIAA, or the International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation), to the summer camps and schools run by transnational bodies such as the League for Open-Air Education, to the international sanatoria for students, workers, and soldiers healing from tuberculosis in the Swiss village of Leysin. Along the way, this study encounters a broad spectrum of state and non-state actors involved a variety of cross-border endeavors, from large-scale infrastructure projects akin to the tunnel under the Mont Cenis, to the League of Nations and its propaganda efforts, to the plethora of smaller international organizations emulating the League’s work in fields as diverse as leisure, health, and education. Through this metaphorical travel, this book thus argues that starting from the nineteenth century and accelerating in the interwar years emotions became a fundamental feature of internationalism, shaped its development, and constitute an essential dimension of international history to this day.Less
By examining a broad range of individuals and institutions engaged in international cooperation in the Alps in the 1920s and 1930s, this book explains how internationalists constructed and used emotions to attain their goals. It undertakes a journey through the most diverse terrains and venues, from the international art exhibitions and congresses organized by the Union Internationale des Associations d’Alpinisme (also known as UIAA, or the International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation), to the summer camps and schools run by transnational bodies such as the League for Open-Air Education, to the international sanatoria for students, workers, and soldiers healing from tuberculosis in the Swiss village of Leysin. Along the way, this study encounters a broad spectrum of state and non-state actors involved a variety of cross-border endeavors, from large-scale infrastructure projects akin to the tunnel under the Mont Cenis, to the League of Nations and its propaganda efforts, to the plethora of smaller international organizations emulating the League’s work in fields as diverse as leisure, health, and education. Through this metaphorical travel, this book thus argues that starting from the nineteenth century and accelerating in the interwar years emotions became a fundamental feature of internationalism, shaped its development, and constitute an essential dimension of international history to this day.
Susan Zuccotti
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300122947
- eISBN:
- 9780300134551
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300122947.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
On September 8, 1943, U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower announced that Marshal Pietro Badoglio, who had replaced Benito Mussolini as Prime Minister of Italy, had agreed to an armistice with the ...
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On September 8, 1943, U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower announced that Marshal Pietro Badoglio, who had replaced Benito Mussolini as Prime Minister of Italy, had agreed to an armistice with the Allies. Prior to the announcement, Axis army commanders had already agreed that the Italians would relinquish much of their occupation zone north and west of Nice to the Germans. Italian officials were reluctant to leave the Jews at the mercy of the Germans and discussed measures to protect them. Anticipating that Germany might eventually seize Italian-occupied France, an escape route was planned for Jewish immigrants and refugees that would take them out of Saint-Martin-Vésubie to Italy by crossing the Alps. This chapter looks at their exodus after September 8, 1943 and describes the experiences of Jews who survived the odyssey.Less
On September 8, 1943, U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower announced that Marshal Pietro Badoglio, who had replaced Benito Mussolini as Prime Minister of Italy, had agreed to an armistice with the Allies. Prior to the announcement, Axis army commanders had already agreed that the Italians would relinquish much of their occupation zone north and west of Nice to the Germans. Italian officials were reluctant to leave the Jews at the mercy of the Germans and discussed measures to protect them. Anticipating that Germany might eventually seize Italian-occupied France, an escape route was planned for Jewish immigrants and refugees that would take them out of Saint-Martin-Vésubie to Italy by crossing the Alps. This chapter looks at their exodus after September 8, 1943 and describes the experiences of Jews who survived the odyssey.
Michael S. Reidy
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226109503
- eISBN:
- 9780226109640
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226109640.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
A disproportionately large percentage of the most prominent evolutionary naturalists, and almost every member of the X-Club, traveled and climbed in the Swiss Alps. John Tyndall and Leslie Stephen, ...
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A disproportionately large percentage of the most prominent evolutionary naturalists, and almost every member of the X-Club, traveled and climbed in the Swiss Alps. John Tyndall and Leslie Stephen, in particular, were simultaneously the most vocal of the evolutionary naturalists and the two most accomplished alpinists of their age. The height of their climbing came in the early 1860s, the same years in which they formulated their agnosticism. This paper will examine their journals and letters to uncover the role that mountaineering played as they formulated and defended a naturalistic framework. The questions the mountains forced them to ask, whether through beauty or desolation, order or chaos (what William Clifford termed “cosmic emotion”) helped influence their common project of formulating an ethic based on nature rather than God.Less
A disproportionately large percentage of the most prominent evolutionary naturalists, and almost every member of the X-Club, traveled and climbed in the Swiss Alps. John Tyndall and Leslie Stephen, in particular, were simultaneously the most vocal of the evolutionary naturalists and the two most accomplished alpinists of their age. The height of their climbing came in the early 1860s, the same years in which they formulated their agnosticism. This paper will examine their journals and letters to uncover the role that mountaineering played as they formulated and defended a naturalistic framework. The questions the mountains forced them to ask, whether through beauty or desolation, order or chaos (what William Clifford termed “cosmic emotion”) helped influence their common project of formulating an ethic based on nature rather than God.
Ann Jefferson
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- January 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780691197876
- eISBN:
- 9780691201924
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691197876.003.0007
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter talks about Natalia Ilyinichna Tcherniak's enrollment as a law student at the Faculté de Droit. It explains Natalia's decision to choose law, associating it with the family atmosphere ...
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This chapter talks about Natalia Ilyinichna Tcherniak's enrollment as a law student at the Faculté de Droit. It explains Natalia's decision to choose law, associating it with the family atmosphere she was so keen to escape but had given her a powerful sense of natural justice and enjoyment to argument. It also points out how the acquisition of a law degree was not Nathalia's only aim at Faculté de Droit but as a path to independence as well. The chapter recounts Nathalia and her friend, Lena Liber's trip to La Bérarde, a centre for mountaineering in the Massif des écrins in the Rhône Alps. It mentions Raymond Sarraute who did not share Nathalia's passion for mountaineering but sent her a postcard from Winteregg in Switzerland, professing his respectful admiration for her extraordinary feats.Less
This chapter talks about Natalia Ilyinichna Tcherniak's enrollment as a law student at the Faculté de Droit. It explains Natalia's decision to choose law, associating it with the family atmosphere she was so keen to escape but had given her a powerful sense of natural justice and enjoyment to argument. It also points out how the acquisition of a law degree was not Nathalia's only aim at Faculté de Droit but as a path to independence as well. The chapter recounts Nathalia and her friend, Lena Liber's trip to La Bérarde, a centre for mountaineering in the Massif des écrins in the Rhône Alps. It mentions Raymond Sarraute who did not share Nathalia's passion for mountaineering but sent her a postcard from Winteregg in Switzerland, professing his respectful admiration for her extraordinary feats.
Laurence Fontaine and David Siddle
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780853238836
- eISBN:
- 9781846313578
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/UPO9781846313578.003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter, which explores the dynamics of pre-industrial economies in the Alps, examines probate inventories and dowry settlements, and family and business archives of the rural families in Savoy ...
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This chapter, which explores the dynamics of pre-industrial economies in the Alps, examines probate inventories and dowry settlements, and family and business archives of the rural families in Savoy and Dauphiné. First, it examines dowries and probate inventories as indicators of increasing wealth, and then describes the role of merchant families and kinship networks in the expansion of commercial activity in the mountain regions.Less
This chapter, which explores the dynamics of pre-industrial economies in the Alps, examines probate inventories and dowry settlements, and family and business archives of the rural families in Savoy and Dauphiné. First, it examines dowries and probate inventories as indicators of increasing wealth, and then describes the role of merchant families and kinship networks in the expansion of commercial activity in the mountain regions.
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226731285
- eISBN:
- 9780226731308
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226731308.003.0036
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
The explanatory problems raised by erratics and scratched bedrock remained at the heart of debates about geohistory as a whole, because they impinged crucially on the problems of reconstructing the ...
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The explanatory problems raised by erratics and scratched bedrock remained at the heart of debates about geohistory as a whole, because they impinged crucially on the problems of reconstructing the part of geohistory closest to the present world. This chapter describes how these problems came much closer to being resolved. The three rival explanations of erratic blocks and scratched bedrock surfaces—that they were traces of a “diluvial” mega-tsunami, or of submergence in a sea with drifting and melting icebergs, or of vast glaciers extending from a newly elevated mountain range—were joined in the later 1830s by a fourth and even more sensational possibility. Louis Jean Rodolphe Agassiz proposed that the whole earth—or, at least, the northern hemisphere as far south as north Africa—had been covered by a static sheet of ice during an “Ice Age,” before the sudden and geologically recent upheaval of the Alps; the latter had merely produced a tilted surface of ice, down which the erratics could slide from Alps to Jura. Only after this had a warming climate melted the static ice-sheet and turned its remnants into slowly retreating valley glaciers. Agassiz integrated this “glacial theory” into his larger picture of geohistory, by suggesting that the Ice Age had been just the most recent in a succession of catastrophic climatic crises in the history of life.Less
The explanatory problems raised by erratics and scratched bedrock remained at the heart of debates about geohistory as a whole, because they impinged crucially on the problems of reconstructing the part of geohistory closest to the present world. This chapter describes how these problems came much closer to being resolved. The three rival explanations of erratic blocks and scratched bedrock surfaces—that they were traces of a “diluvial” mega-tsunami, or of submergence in a sea with drifting and melting icebergs, or of vast glaciers extending from a newly elevated mountain range—were joined in the later 1830s by a fourth and even more sensational possibility. Louis Jean Rodolphe Agassiz proposed that the whole earth—or, at least, the northern hemisphere as far south as north Africa—had been covered by a static sheet of ice during an “Ice Age,” before the sudden and geologically recent upheaval of the Alps; the latter had merely produced a tilted surface of ice, down which the erratics could slide from Alps to Jura. Only after this had a warming climate melted the static ice-sheet and turned its remnants into slowly retreating valley glaciers. Agassiz integrated this “glacial theory” into his larger picture of geohistory, by suggesting that the Ice Age had been just the most recent in a succession of catastrophic climatic crises in the history of life.
Eduard Koster
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199277759
- eISBN:
- 9780191917639
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199277759.003.0021
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Physical Geography and Topography
From north to south in Germany there is a rough symmetry in the distribution of the major geological and landform units. Quaternary glacial and fluvioglacial deposits and landforms characterize the ...
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From north to south in Germany there is a rough symmetry in the distribution of the major geological and landform units. Quaternary glacial and fluvioglacial deposits and landforms characterize the Northern Lowlands and the Alpine Foreland in the south. Relief in both these areas is relatively flat, mostly of the order of a few tens of metres to 200 metres. The central part of the country, roughly between a line from Bonn–Dortmund–Hannover–Leipzig–Dresden in the north and the river Danube in the south, is dominated by uplands and basins, mainly consisting of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic rocks, exhibiting a relief of several hundred metres. This central region is bordered in the western and eastern part by fault block mountains and massifs consisting of Palaeozoic, partly crystalline rocks. These massifs attain heights of c.500–1,500 m. Based on a combination of morphotectonic evolution and landform associations, most authors distinguish five major landform regions: • The North German Lowlands as a part of the North European Lowlands, extending from the north-western tip of France, through Belgium and The Netherlands to the Polish–Russian border and beyond. The southern border of this region more or less coincides with the 100–200 m contour lines as well as with the maximum extension of the Fennoscandian ice sheets. The usual thickness of the glacial/fluvioglacial sediment sequence is between 100 and 300 m; the maximum thickness is almost 500 m. In contrast to Ahnert (1989b), the Lower Rhine graben and the Munster Embayment are included in this region by Semmel (1996) and Liedtke and Marcinek (2002). • The Central German Uplands. This region is characterized by a relief between 200 and 1,000 m, locally to 1,500 m, old Palaeozoic (Variscan) massifs, denudational landforms with planation surfaces, cuestas, hogbacks, basins, and deeply incised river valleys. Concerning the southern border of this region there also appears to be some difference of opinion. Semmel (1996) obviously includes the Saar-Nahe Upland and the Thüringer Wald, the Erzgebirge, the Bayerischer Wald, and Böhmer Wald. This is also the case with the geomorphic map in the Nationalatlas by Liedtke et al. (2003). Liedtke and Marcinek (2002), however, do not include the Saar-Nahe Upland nor the Bayerischer Wald and Böhmer Wald.
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From north to south in Germany there is a rough symmetry in the distribution of the major geological and landform units. Quaternary glacial and fluvioglacial deposits and landforms characterize the Northern Lowlands and the Alpine Foreland in the south. Relief in both these areas is relatively flat, mostly of the order of a few tens of metres to 200 metres. The central part of the country, roughly between a line from Bonn–Dortmund–Hannover–Leipzig–Dresden in the north and the river Danube in the south, is dominated by uplands and basins, mainly consisting of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic rocks, exhibiting a relief of several hundred metres. This central region is bordered in the western and eastern part by fault block mountains and massifs consisting of Palaeozoic, partly crystalline rocks. These massifs attain heights of c.500–1,500 m. Based on a combination of morphotectonic evolution and landform associations, most authors distinguish five major landform regions: • The North German Lowlands as a part of the North European Lowlands, extending from the north-western tip of France, through Belgium and The Netherlands to the Polish–Russian border and beyond. The southern border of this region more or less coincides with the 100–200 m contour lines as well as with the maximum extension of the Fennoscandian ice sheets. The usual thickness of the glacial/fluvioglacial sediment sequence is between 100 and 300 m; the maximum thickness is almost 500 m. In contrast to Ahnert (1989b), the Lower Rhine graben and the Munster Embayment are included in this region by Semmel (1996) and Liedtke and Marcinek (2002). • The Central German Uplands. This region is characterized by a relief between 200 and 1,000 m, locally to 1,500 m, old Palaeozoic (Variscan) massifs, denudational landforms with planation surfaces, cuestas, hogbacks, basins, and deeply incised river valleys. Concerning the southern border of this region there also appears to be some difference of opinion. Semmel (1996) obviously includes the Saar-Nahe Upland and the Thüringer Wald, the Erzgebirge, the Bayerischer Wald, and Böhmer Wald. This is also the case with the geomorphic map in the Nationalatlas by Liedtke et al. (2003). Liedtke and Marcinek (2002), however, do not include the Saar-Nahe Upland nor the Bayerischer Wald and Böhmer Wald.
Dexter Hoyos
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781904675464
- eISBN:
- 9781781385432
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781904675464.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Ancient History / Archaeology
This chapter describes how, succeeding Hasdrubal as leader in 221, Hannibal extended Carthaginian power to most of northern Spain. A clash with Saguntum, a small town under Rome's protection, led to ...
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This chapter describes how, succeeding Hasdrubal as leader in 221, Hannibal extended Carthaginian power to most of northern Spain. A clash with Saguntum, a small town under Rome's protection, led to war in 218 and his march from Spain across the Alps. With a heavily depleted army and despite most of his elephants perishing soon after, he defeated the Romans in three major battles down to 216: at the river Trebia, Lake Trasimene, and Cannae. But he also encountered the delaying tactics of Fabius Maximus the Delayer and almost came to grief. Despite his victories he decided against attacking the city of Rome itself, a decision he would regret.Less
This chapter describes how, succeeding Hasdrubal as leader in 221, Hannibal extended Carthaginian power to most of northern Spain. A clash with Saguntum, a small town under Rome's protection, led to war in 218 and his march from Spain across the Alps. With a heavily depleted army and despite most of his elephants perishing soon after, he defeated the Romans in three major battles down to 216: at the river Trebia, Lake Trasimene, and Cannae. But he also encountered the delaying tactics of Fabius Maximus the Delayer and almost came to grief. Despite his victories he decided against attacking the city of Rome itself, a decision he would regret.
M. E. Braddon
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781474439534
- eISBN:
- 9781474465106
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474439534.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
The Missing Witnessis set in the Swiss alps and features a romance plot aborted by a jealous villain and saved by the servant Genevieve, the ‘missing witness’ of the title. It offers a wonderful ...
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The Missing Witnessis set in the Swiss alps and features a romance plot aborted by a jealous villain and saved by the servant Genevieve, the ‘missing witness’ of the title. It offers a wonderful example of an extended sensation scene involving not one, but two hand-to-hand fight scenes on a treacherous mountain pass, the first ending with the hero seeming to plunge to his death and the second with an avalanche engulfing the heroine and the stage. Unfortunately the play was hastily withdrawn when the actor playing Gustave, Mr. J. F. Stephenson, misjudged his ‘sensation leap’ and broke his leg only three weeks after its opening at the Alexandra Theatre in Liverpool. Here we follow the printed edition of the text as published by John and Robert Maxwell, Braddon’s husband and stepson.Aided by these familial arrangements Braddon had become adept at managing and maintaining control over her published work, so there was no need for her to engage with another theatrical publisher.Less
The Missing Witnessis set in the Swiss alps and features a romance plot aborted by a jealous villain and saved by the servant Genevieve, the ‘missing witness’ of the title. It offers a wonderful example of an extended sensation scene involving not one, but two hand-to-hand fight scenes on a treacherous mountain pass, the first ending with the hero seeming to plunge to his death and the second with an avalanche engulfing the heroine and the stage. Unfortunately the play was hastily withdrawn when the actor playing Gustave, Mr. J. F. Stephenson, misjudged his ‘sensation leap’ and broke his leg only three weeks after its opening at the Alexandra Theatre in Liverpool. Here we follow the printed edition of the text as published by John and Robert Maxwell, Braddon’s husband and stepson.Aided by these familial arrangements Braddon had become adept at managing and maintaining control over her published work, so there was no need for her to engage with another theatrical publisher.
Patrice M. Dabrowski
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- May 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781501759673
- eISBN:
- 9781501759697
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501759673.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Russian and Former Soviet Union History
This chapter introduces the Carpathian Mountains which are Central and Eastern Europe's most prominent physical feature. It mentions how most studies tend to overlook the Carpathian Mountains ...
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This chapter introduces the Carpathian Mountains which are Central and Eastern Europe's most prominent physical feature. It mentions how most studies tend to overlook the Carpathian Mountains compared to the Alps and Pyrenees. The Poles discovered these mountain ranges and turned them into extremely popular vacation destinations, which is in various ways paradoxical following the repeated discovery of the Tatra Mountains which are in the Hutsul region of Eastern Carpathians. The chapter notes how the title is divided into three parts which tackle the Tatra Mountains, the land of the Hutsuls, and the Bieszczady Mountains.Less
This chapter introduces the Carpathian Mountains which are Central and Eastern Europe's most prominent physical feature. It mentions how most studies tend to overlook the Carpathian Mountains compared to the Alps and Pyrenees. The Poles discovered these mountain ranges and turned them into extremely popular vacation destinations, which is in various ways paradoxical following the repeated discovery of the Tatra Mountains which are in the Hutsul region of Eastern Carpathians. The chapter notes how the title is divided into three parts which tackle the Tatra Mountains, the land of the Hutsuls, and the Bieszczady Mountains.
