Neville Wylie
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199547593
- eISBN:
- 9780191720581
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547593.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The final chapter examines the various strategies adopted by the Allied authorities in 1945 to influence German behaviour towards Allied POWs. Face‐to‐face meetings with the Swiss authorities in ...
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The final chapter examines the various strategies adopted by the Allied authorities in 1945 to influence German behaviour towards Allied POWs. Face‐to‐face meetings with the Swiss authorities in November 1944 strengthened British understanding of the conditions existing inside Germany and provided an insight into the minds of their enemies. The mass evacuation of Allied POWs from camps in Poland and eastern Germany in early 1945 nevertheless confounded Allied expectations and increased the danger of their men falling victim to disease and starvation. News of Hitler's violent reaction to the bombing of Dresden in early February likewise heightened concern about the possibility of revenge attacks against Allied airmen and other prisoners. The chapter shows how, though options were necessarily limited, the Allies were able to shore up the POW regime at this critical juncture, and were ultimately successful in persuading German officials to abide by excepted standards in their treatment of Allied prisoners.Less
The final chapter examines the various strategies adopted by the Allied authorities in 1945 to influence German behaviour towards Allied POWs. Face‐to‐face meetings with the Swiss authorities in November 1944 strengthened British understanding of the conditions existing inside Germany and provided an insight into the minds of their enemies. The mass evacuation of Allied POWs from camps in Poland and eastern Germany in early 1945 nevertheless confounded Allied expectations and increased the danger of their men falling victim to disease and starvation. News of Hitler's violent reaction to the bombing of Dresden in early February likewise heightened concern about the possibility of revenge attacks against Allied airmen and other prisoners. The chapter shows how, though options were necessarily limited, the Allies were able to shore up the POW regime at this critical juncture, and were ultimately successful in persuading German officials to abide by excepted standards in their treatment of Allied prisoners.
Gregor Thum
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691140247
- eISBN:
- 9781400839964
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691140247.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter talks about the impending Polish takeover of the German territories. On August 2, 1945, the Allies decided to remove from the German Reich all territories east of the Oder and Lusatian ...
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This chapter talks about the impending Polish takeover of the German territories. On August 2, 1945, the Allies decided to remove from the German Reich all territories east of the Oder and Lusatian Neisse rivers and place them under Polish administration, with the exception of northern East Prussia, which was to be ceded to the Soviet Union. By this point in time a Polish mayor was already in office in Breslau and the population exchange was in full swing. However, before the Allies had reached an agreement about the precise location of the new German–Polish border, and while experts in the London Foreign Office and the Washington State Department were still reviewing the economic and logistical consequences of the various border proposals, the Soviet government and the Soviet-installed Polish regime had resolved the border issue on their own.Less
This chapter talks about the impending Polish takeover of the German territories. On August 2, 1945, the Allies decided to remove from the German Reich all territories east of the Oder and Lusatian Neisse rivers and place them under Polish administration, with the exception of northern East Prussia, which was to be ceded to the Soviet Union. By this point in time a Polish mayor was already in office in Breslau and the population exchange was in full swing. However, before the Allies had reached an agreement about the precise location of the new German–Polish border, and while experts in the London Foreign Office and the Washington State Department were still reviewing the economic and logistical consequences of the various border proposals, the Soviet government and the Soviet-installed Polish regime had resolved the border issue on their own.
ANDREW CRAWLEY
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199212651
- eISBN:
- 9780191707315
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199212651.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter discusses the sense of affinity that the United States felt with rulers whose authority derived from popular consent and helped bring Somoza's government to an end. This was not simply ...
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This chapter discusses the sense of affinity that the United States felt with rulers whose authority derived from popular consent and helped bring Somoza's government to an end. This was not simply an end result; it was the State Department's specific intention. The changed global outlook, as the Allies continued their successes against the Axis, coincided with shifting political conditions throughout Central America. Those circumstances were prompting a gradual reorientation of good neighbourism towards pre-war patterns just as the internal opposition in Nicaragua began to cohere, and as the external opposition began to emerge as an armed resistance.Less
This chapter discusses the sense of affinity that the United States felt with rulers whose authority derived from popular consent and helped bring Somoza's government to an end. This was not simply an end result; it was the State Department's specific intention. The changed global outlook, as the Allies continued their successes against the Axis, coincided with shifting political conditions throughout Central America. Those circumstances were prompting a gradual reorientation of good neighbourism towards pre-war patterns just as the internal opposition in Nicaragua began to cohere, and as the external opposition began to emerge as an armed resistance.
Herbert Marcuse
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691134130
- eISBN:
- 9781400846467
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691134130.003.0017
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter proposes the dissolution of the Nazi Party and its affiliated organizations. The reports suggests When the Allies march into Nazi Germany, they will probably find the regime in a state ...
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This chapter proposes the dissolution of the Nazi Party and its affiliated organizations. The reports suggests When the Allies march into Nazi Germany, they will probably find the regime in a state of disintegration. Some of the agencies and institutions of Nazism may still be functioning, but the key positions of political control and terror will have been abandoned. The occupying authorities are committed not only to safeguarding the security of the Allied forces and to maintaining public law and order, but also to the destruction of Nazism. Nazism can be eliminated only through an internal political movement in Germany. The first step in this undertaking would be the dissolution of the National Socialist Party as well as its affiliate and controlled organizations, and the removal and apprehension of all officials who participated in the formulation of policy or had considerable responsibility in carrying it out.Less
This chapter proposes the dissolution of the Nazi Party and its affiliated organizations. The reports suggests When the Allies march into Nazi Germany, they will probably find the regime in a state of disintegration. Some of the agencies and institutions of Nazism may still be functioning, but the key positions of political control and terror will have been abandoned. The occupying authorities are committed not only to safeguarding the security of the Allied forces and to maintaining public law and order, but also to the destruction of Nazism. Nazism can be eliminated only through an internal political movement in Germany. The first step in this undertaking would be the dissolution of the National Socialist Party as well as its affiliate and controlled organizations, and the removal and apprehension of all officials who participated in the formulation of policy or had considerable responsibility in carrying it out.
Ira A. Hunt
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813126470
- eISBN:
- 9780813135656
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813126470.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Military History
The aggressive actions of the RVNAF and the 9th Division in the Delta and U.S. forces and Allies elsewhere in South Vietnam forced the Communist leaders to abort their Winter–Spring Offensive. Yet, ...
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The aggressive actions of the RVNAF and the 9th Division in the Delta and U.S. forces and Allies elsewhere in South Vietnam forced the Communist leaders to abort their Winter–Spring Offensive. Yet, the dispersed and elusive Viet Cong and NVA units that remained in the Upper Delta still had a limited capability to attack population centers and military installations if they were permitted to concentrate forces. After the beating they took in the February 1968 Tet Offensive, the Viet Cong were able to mass and attack Saigon again in May. Even after the Mini-Tet losses, they attempted another highpoint in Long An in August and September. To prevent yet another Communist attempt at a highpoint and to permit the GVN pacification program to progress, it was necessary for the division to continue to aggressively locate and destroy enemy local and main force units.Less
The aggressive actions of the RVNAF and the 9th Division in the Delta and U.S. forces and Allies elsewhere in South Vietnam forced the Communist leaders to abort their Winter–Spring Offensive. Yet, the dispersed and elusive Viet Cong and NVA units that remained in the Upper Delta still had a limited capability to attack population centers and military installations if they were permitted to concentrate forces. After the beating they took in the February 1968 Tet Offensive, the Viet Cong were able to mass and attack Saigon again in May. Even after the Mini-Tet losses, they attempted another highpoint in Long An in August and September. To prevent yet another Communist attempt at a highpoint and to permit the GVN pacification program to progress, it was necessary for the division to continue to aggressively locate and destroy enemy local and main force units.
Anne Deighton
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198278986
- eISBN:
- 9780191684272
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198278986.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Germany's unconditional surrender to the Allies on May 8, 1945 ended the war in Europe. By the end of 1947, however, the Allies were engaged in the elusive and intractable conflict known as the Cold ...
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Germany's unconditional surrender to the Allies on May 8, 1945 ended the war in Europe. By the end of 1947, however, the Allies were engaged in the elusive and intractable conflict known as the Cold War, a conflict that has dominated contemporary international relations as well as the historiography of the postwar years. This book examines Britain's part in the process that was to lead to the division of Germany after the war, outlining British foreign policy towards Germany as manifested in the Council of Foreign Ministers in the years 1945–1947. The policies of the United States, France, and the Soviet Union towards Germany are discussed in the context of their influence on British perceptions and policy. The central focus is on British perceptions, priorities, strategies, and behaviour during the period of transition from hot to cold war in Europe.Less
Germany's unconditional surrender to the Allies on May 8, 1945 ended the war in Europe. By the end of 1947, however, the Allies were engaged in the elusive and intractable conflict known as the Cold War, a conflict that has dominated contemporary international relations as well as the historiography of the postwar years. This book examines Britain's part in the process that was to lead to the division of Germany after the war, outlining British foreign policy towards Germany as manifested in the Council of Foreign Ministers in the years 1945–1947. The policies of the United States, France, and the Soviet Union towards Germany are discussed in the context of their influence on British perceptions and policy. The central focus is on British perceptions, priorities, strategies, and behaviour during the period of transition from hot to cold war in Europe.
CHRISTOPH BLUTH
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198280040
- eISBN:
- 9780191684340
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198280040.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter focuses on the discussion of the Nuclear Planning Group (NPG). This group was founded after the fall of the ‘hardware solution’ represented by the Multilateral Force (MLF) and the ...
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This chapter focuses on the discussion of the Nuclear Planning Group (NPG). This group was founded after the fall of the ‘hardware solution’ represented by the Multilateral Force (MLF) and the purpose of this group is to enable participation of the European Allies to share in strategic planning. NPG provided an important framework for British–German co-operation within NATO. Aside from NPG, ‘Eurogroup’ was established to create the foundation for a European defence structure. Despite the efforts of Eurogroup, it was not able to reach its goal as the centre for the organization of European defence co-operation due to the non-participation of France. The co-operation between Britain and Germany in 1960s was close on defence matters in the NPG and the Eurogroup.Less
This chapter focuses on the discussion of the Nuclear Planning Group (NPG). This group was founded after the fall of the ‘hardware solution’ represented by the Multilateral Force (MLF) and the purpose of this group is to enable participation of the European Allies to share in strategic planning. NPG provided an important framework for British–German co-operation within NATO. Aside from NPG, ‘Eurogroup’ was established to create the foundation for a European defence structure. Despite the efforts of Eurogroup, it was not able to reach its goal as the centre for the organization of European defence co-operation due to the non-participation of France. The co-operation between Britain and Germany in 1960s was close on defence matters in the NPG and the Eurogroup.
G. Kurt Piehler and Sidney Pash (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823231201
- eISBN:
- 9780823240791
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fso/9780823231201.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This book brings together a collection of chapters offering a fresh examination of American participation in World War II, including a long overdue reconsideration of such seminal ...
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This book brings together a collection of chapters offering a fresh examination of American participation in World War II, including a long overdue reconsideration of such seminal topics as the forces leading the United States to enter World War II, the role of the American military in the Allied victory, and war-time planning for the postwar world. The book also tackles new inquiries into life on the home front and America's commemoration of one of the most controversial and climatic events of the war—the dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima. The chapters cover crucial moments such as: Franklin D. Roosevelt's pivotal, if at times indecisive, role in leading the United States; the miscalculation of Japanese intentions by American diplomats and the failure of deterrence in preventing war in the Pacific; the experiences and contributions of conscientious objectors to American society in this time of total war; the decision of the United States to fight with an ineffective battle tank at the expense of American lives; the Coast Guard's contribution to the D-Day Landing; and how elite foreign policy organizations prior to V-J Day sought to influence American occupation policies regarding Japan.Less
This book brings together a collection of chapters offering a fresh examination of American participation in World War II, including a long overdue reconsideration of such seminal topics as the forces leading the United States to enter World War II, the role of the American military in the Allied victory, and war-time planning for the postwar world. The book also tackles new inquiries into life on the home front and America's commemoration of one of the most controversial and climatic events of the war—the dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima. The chapters cover crucial moments such as: Franklin D. Roosevelt's pivotal, if at times indecisive, role in leading the United States; the miscalculation of Japanese intentions by American diplomats and the failure of deterrence in preventing war in the Pacific; the experiences and contributions of conscientious objectors to American society in this time of total war; the decision of the United States to fight with an ineffective battle tank at the expense of American lives; the Coast Guard's contribution to the D-Day Landing; and how elite foreign policy organizations prior to V-J Day sought to influence American occupation policies regarding Japan.
Marcus Faulkner and Christopher M. Bell (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781949668001
- eISBN:
- 9781949668018
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9781949668001.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest campaign of the Second World War. This volume highlights the scale and complexity of this bitterly contested campaign, one that encompassed far more than ...
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The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest campaign of the Second World War. This volume highlights the scale and complexity of this bitterly contested campaign, one that encompassed far more than just attacks by German U-boats on Allied shipping. The team of leading scholars assembled here situate the German assault on seaborne trade within the wider Allied war effort and provide a new understanding of its place within the Second World War. Individual chapters offer original perspectives on a range of neglected or previously-overlooked subjects: how Allied grand strategy shaped the war at sea; the choices and tensions facing Churchill and other Allied leaders over the allocation of scarce resources between theaters; how the battle spread beyond the Atlantic Ocean in both military and economic terms; the management of Britain's merchant shipping repair yards; the defense of British coastal waters against German surface raiders; the contribution of air power to trade defense; anti-submarine escort training; the role of special intelligence; and the war against the U-boats in the Arctic and Pacific Oceans.Less
The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest campaign of the Second World War. This volume highlights the scale and complexity of this bitterly contested campaign, one that encompassed far more than just attacks by German U-boats on Allied shipping. The team of leading scholars assembled here situate the German assault on seaborne trade within the wider Allied war effort and provide a new understanding of its place within the Second World War. Individual chapters offer original perspectives on a range of neglected or previously-overlooked subjects: how Allied grand strategy shaped the war at sea; the choices and tensions facing Churchill and other Allied leaders over the allocation of scarce resources between theaters; how the battle spread beyond the Atlantic Ocean in both military and economic terms; the management of Britain's merchant shipping repair yards; the defense of British coastal waters against German surface raiders; the contribution of air power to trade defense; anti-submarine escort training; the role of special intelligence; and the war against the U-boats in the Arctic and Pacific Oceans.
Veronica Makowsky
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195078664
- eISBN:
- 9780199855117
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195078664.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, Drama
In her plays, some of Glaspell’s women on “the outside” have female friends or supporters, like the group of women at the end of Woman’s Honor or the budding alliance between Allie Mayo and Mrs. ...
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In her plays, some of Glaspell’s women on “the outside” have female friends or supporters, like the group of women at the end of Woman’s Honor or the budding alliance between Allie Mayo and Mrs. Patrick in The Outside. Glaspell would not produce another novel until Brook Evans in 1928, but this period was neither idle nor an idyll. Through great trials, particularly Cook’s untimely demise in 1924, she came to terms with her personal and working relationship with Cook. The progress of her spiritual and geographical pilgrimage can be viewed in four works of different lengths and genres: a short essay for the New Republic, “Dwellers on Parnassos” (1923); a memoir of Cook that Glaspell wrote as a preface to her compilation of his poems, “Last Days in Greece” in Greek Coins (1925); a short story, “The Faithless Shepherd” (1926); and a Cook biography, The Road to the Temple (1927).Less
In her plays, some of Glaspell’s women on “the outside” have female friends or supporters, like the group of women at the end of Woman’s Honor or the budding alliance between Allie Mayo and Mrs. Patrick in The Outside. Glaspell would not produce another novel until Brook Evans in 1928, but this period was neither idle nor an idyll. Through great trials, particularly Cook’s untimely demise in 1924, she came to terms with her personal and working relationship with Cook. The progress of her spiritual and geographical pilgrimage can be viewed in four works of different lengths and genres: a short essay for the New Republic, “Dwellers on Parnassos” (1923); a memoir of Cook that Glaspell wrote as a preface to her compilation of his poems, “Last Days in Greece” in Greek Coins (1925); a short story, “The Faithless Shepherd” (1926); and a Cook biography, The Road to the Temple (1927).
Maximillian E. Novak
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199261543
- eISBN:
- 9780191698743
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199261543.003.0047
- Subject:
- Literature, 18th-century Literature
Daniel Defoe seems to have set out at the beginning of 1712 by boldly, perhaps foolishly, trying to pursue an independent line. Jonathan Swift’s Conduct of the Allies had appeared at the end of ...
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Daniel Defoe seems to have set out at the beginning of 1712 by boldly, perhaps foolishly, trying to pursue an independent line. Jonathan Swift’s Conduct of the Allies had appeared at the end of November 1711 and was a tremendous success. Swift captured a xenophobic sense of indignation against Britain’s allies, particularly against the Dutch. Of the Barrier Treaty of 1709, created to discourage the Dutch from making a separate peace, little was said. Instead, Holland was portrayed as the nation that insisted on trading with France during the war and refused to provide an equal number of troops. Similarly, Britain was seen as conquering various parts of Europe for Austria while the Emperor enriched himself. Swift even insinuated that the treaty with the Dutch had ‘put it out of the Power of our own Legislature to change our Succession’. He clarified this statement by adding some lines about the possibility of tyranny in the future, but for Defoe, the suggestion must have smelled of Jacobitism and duplicity.Less
Daniel Defoe seems to have set out at the beginning of 1712 by boldly, perhaps foolishly, trying to pursue an independent line. Jonathan Swift’s Conduct of the Allies had appeared at the end of November 1711 and was a tremendous success. Swift captured a xenophobic sense of indignation against Britain’s allies, particularly against the Dutch. Of the Barrier Treaty of 1709, created to discourage the Dutch from making a separate peace, little was said. Instead, Holland was portrayed as the nation that insisted on trading with France during the war and refused to provide an equal number of troops. Similarly, Britain was seen as conquering various parts of Europe for Austria while the Emperor enriched himself. Swift even insinuated that the treaty with the Dutch had ‘put it out of the Power of our own Legislature to change our Succession’. He clarified this statement by adding some lines about the possibility of tyranny in the future, but for Defoe, the suggestion must have smelled of Jacobitism and duplicity.
Noah Benezra Strote
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780300219050
- eISBN:
- 9780300228045
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300219050.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Not long after the horrors of World War II and the Holocaust, Germans rebuilt their shattered country and emerged as one of the leading nations of the Western liberal world. This book analyzes this ...
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Not long after the horrors of World War II and the Holocaust, Germans rebuilt their shattered country and emerged as one of the leading nations of the Western liberal world. This book analyzes this remarkable turnaround and challenges the widely held perception that the Western Allies—particularly the United States—were responsible for Germany's transformation. Instead, the book shows how common opposition to Adolf Hitler united the fractious groups that had once vied for supremacy under the Weimar Republic, Germany's first democracy (1918–1933). The book's character-driven narrative follows ten Germans of rival worldviews who experienced the breakdown of Weimar society, lived under the Nazi dictatorship, and together assumed founding roles in the democratic reconstruction. While many have imagined postwar Germany as the product of foreign-led democratization, this study highlights the crucial role of indigenous ideas and institutions that stretched back decades before Hitler. Foregrounding the resolution of key conflicts that crippled the country's first democracy, the book presents a new model for understanding the origins of today's Federal Republic.Less
Not long after the horrors of World War II and the Holocaust, Germans rebuilt their shattered country and emerged as one of the leading nations of the Western liberal world. This book analyzes this remarkable turnaround and challenges the widely held perception that the Western Allies—particularly the United States—were responsible for Germany's transformation. Instead, the book shows how common opposition to Adolf Hitler united the fractious groups that had once vied for supremacy under the Weimar Republic, Germany's first democracy (1918–1933). The book's character-driven narrative follows ten Germans of rival worldviews who experienced the breakdown of Weimar society, lived under the Nazi dictatorship, and together assumed founding roles in the democratic reconstruction. While many have imagined postwar Germany as the product of foreign-led democratization, this study highlights the crucial role of indigenous ideas and institutions that stretched back decades before Hitler. Foregrounding the resolution of key conflicts that crippled the country's first democracy, the book presents a new model for understanding the origins of today's Federal Republic.
Wayne Sandholtz
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195337235
- eISBN:
- 9780199868391
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195337235.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter begins with a brief overview of the organization and extent of Nazi plundering during World War II. It then moves to an account of how the Allies perceived and applied anti-plundering ...
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This chapter begins with a brief overview of the organization and extent of Nazi plundering during World War II. It then moves to an account of how the Allies perceived and applied anti-plundering norms. The Allied program of restitution reaffirmed international rules against the seizure of cultural properties during wartime. The debates that surrounded (primarily) American and British efforts to undo the Nazi confiscations offer a view of normative evolution as it occurred in the rush of events.Less
This chapter begins with a brief overview of the organization and extent of Nazi plundering during World War II. It then moves to an account of how the Allies perceived and applied anti-plundering norms. The Allied program of restitution reaffirmed international rules against the seizure of cultural properties during wartime. The debates that surrounded (primarily) American and British efforts to undo the Nazi confiscations offer a view of normative evolution as it occurred in the rush of events.
Wayne Sandholtz
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195337235
- eISBN:
- 9780199868391
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195337235.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter is a continuation of the cycle of norm change that began with Nazi looting during World War II. In response to the shocking intensity of German art looting during World War II, the ...
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This chapter is a continuation of the cycle of norm change that began with Nazi looting during World War II. In response to the shocking intensity of German art looting during World War II, the Allies sought to strengthen international rules against art plunder. Their efforts found expression in the Nuremberg prosecutions and in the 1954 Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict. The Nuremberg Tribunal held Nazi leaders accountable for crimes against cultural heritage. The 1954 Hague Convention was the capstone of postwar efforts to solidify international antiplunder norms.Less
This chapter is a continuation of the cycle of norm change that began with Nazi looting during World War II. In response to the shocking intensity of German art looting during World War II, the Allies sought to strengthen international rules against art plunder. Their efforts found expression in the Nuremberg prosecutions and in the 1954 Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict. The Nuremberg Tribunal held Nazi leaders accountable for crimes against cultural heritage. The 1954 Hague Convention was the capstone of postwar efforts to solidify international antiplunder norms.
Barbara Brooks Tomblin
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823231201
- eISBN:
- 9780823240791
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fso/9780823231201.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter delivers a captivating narrative that takes readers from the choppy and cold waters of the French coast to the shores of North Africa, to Sicily, and to the ...
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This chapter delivers a captivating narrative that takes readers from the choppy and cold waters of the French coast to the shores of North Africa, to Sicily, and to the deadly beaches of Salerno, and then back again to Normandy on June 6, 1944. It demonstrates that the U.S. Navy's successes on June 6 were largely the result of putting into practice the lessons learned from previous amphibious assaults launched in the Mediterranean during 1942 and 1943. In part, because none of the major Mediterranean landings included pre-invasion bombardments of the landing zones, Allied planners recognized the need to wear down German defenses at Normandy with a pre-landing shelling, even at the sacrifice of surprise. The landings in North Africa and Italy not only highlighted the need for close-in fire support for the troops assaulting the beaches, but also revealed the effectiveness of air spot gunfire support and the need for more effective minesweeping operations. Amphibious operations prior to June 6, 1944, also uncovered the need for better defenses against German U-boat, E-boat, and air attacks. Even by the time of the Normandy landings, war planners failed to recognize, despite a wealth of information, the inherent limitations that Allied warships and landing craft would have in silencing enemy shore batteries. This oversight contributed much to the bloodshed on June 6.Less
This chapter delivers a captivating narrative that takes readers from the choppy and cold waters of the French coast to the shores of North Africa, to Sicily, and to the deadly beaches of Salerno, and then back again to Normandy on June 6, 1944. It demonstrates that the U.S. Navy's successes on June 6 were largely the result of putting into practice the lessons learned from previous amphibious assaults launched in the Mediterranean during 1942 and 1943. In part, because none of the major Mediterranean landings included pre-invasion bombardments of the landing zones, Allied planners recognized the need to wear down German defenses at Normandy with a pre-landing shelling, even at the sacrifice of surprise. The landings in North Africa and Italy not only highlighted the need for close-in fire support for the troops assaulting the beaches, but also revealed the effectiveness of air spot gunfire support and the need for more effective minesweeping operations. Amphibious operations prior to June 6, 1944, also uncovered the need for better defenses against German U-boat, E-boat, and air attacks. Even by the time of the Normandy landings, war planners failed to recognize, despite a wealth of information, the inherent limitations that Allied warships and landing craft would have in silencing enemy shore batteries. This oversight contributed much to the bloodshed on June 6.
Klemens von Klemperer
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205517
- eISBN:
- 9780191676659
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205517.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Military History
Historians have for a long time been attempting to identify and look into the several different factors that may have aided in bringing down Hitler’s Germany. Aside from strategic planning, ...
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Historians have for a long time been attempting to identify and look into the several different factors that may have aided in bringing down Hitler’s Germany. Aside from strategic planning, diplomacy, carrying out military operations, intelligence, the Allies’ economic and industrial strength, and Hitler’s possible miscalculations, this book gives attention to one very significant factor — Germany’s internal resistance to Nazism. In line with the European Resistance movement, commonly known as Résistance, that aimed to achieve freedom among European countries from occupation while advocating human rights and national integrity, this book will attempt to examine the German Resistance of the Widerstand, and how this greatly contributed to the struggle against Nazi oppression. In providing such a history, though, it is vital for the historian to look into the various aspects of the resistance that may have manifested not only in those within Germany but also those Germans in exile.Less
Historians have for a long time been attempting to identify and look into the several different factors that may have aided in bringing down Hitler’s Germany. Aside from strategic planning, diplomacy, carrying out military operations, intelligence, the Allies’ economic and industrial strength, and Hitler’s possible miscalculations, this book gives attention to one very significant factor — Germany’s internal resistance to Nazism. In line with the European Resistance movement, commonly known as Résistance, that aimed to achieve freedom among European countries from occupation while advocating human rights and national integrity, this book will attempt to examine the German Resistance of the Widerstand, and how this greatly contributed to the struggle against Nazi oppression. In providing such a history, though, it is vital for the historian to look into the various aspects of the resistance that may have manifested not only in those within Germany but also those Germans in exile.
Klemens von Klemperer
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205517
- eISBN:
- 9780191676659
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205517.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Military History
While the determination and the efforts of the German Resistance in achieving a ‘greater world’ did not bring about proportional results, the German Resistance could be perceived to possess ...
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While the determination and the efforts of the German Resistance in achieving a ‘greater world’ did not bring about proportional results, the German Resistance could be perceived to possess persistence in engaging with the ‘other side’ even before the terror of Nazi tyranny began. However, because they failed to recognize the ‘common struggle’, the ‘other Germany’ had to undergo a great deal of terror that only accentuated their failed endeavours. Much of the historical literature regarding the German Resistance’s attempts at establishing how failure of the resistance could be attributed to unsuccessful communications with the Allies. However, we have to realize that this is not merely because of the errors on either side, but this is mainly caused by conflicts of interest and the dissent towards the operation itself.Less
While the determination and the efforts of the German Resistance in achieving a ‘greater world’ did not bring about proportional results, the German Resistance could be perceived to possess persistence in engaging with the ‘other side’ even before the terror of Nazi tyranny began. However, because they failed to recognize the ‘common struggle’, the ‘other Germany’ had to undergo a great deal of terror that only accentuated their failed endeavours. Much of the historical literature regarding the German Resistance’s attempts at establishing how failure of the resistance could be attributed to unsuccessful communications with the Allies. However, we have to realize that this is not merely because of the errors on either side, but this is mainly caused by conflicts of interest and the dissent towards the operation itself.
Deborah Lavin
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198126164
- eISBN:
- 9780191671623
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198126164.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
For a time much of the responsibility for the Irish Branch fell to Curtis. His influence in Dublin grew as he negotiated directly with Liam Cosgrave and Kevin O'Higgins. Curtis perceived a new role ...
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For a time much of the responsibility for the Irish Branch fell to Curtis. His influence in Dublin grew as he negotiated directly with Liam Cosgrave and Kevin O'Higgins. Curtis perceived a new role for the Commonwealth — nothing less than keeping the peace of the world, with the Foreign Office giving form to its international identity as a whole by acting as the agent of the Imperial Conference. Curtis worked up a plan of his own for international action to stabilize world peace after the war, and had suggested a limited federal union among the Allies for mutual defence and security. He proposed to fit the Irish scheme into a wider plan, since the new federal union was designed to be sufficiently international.Less
For a time much of the responsibility for the Irish Branch fell to Curtis. His influence in Dublin grew as he negotiated directly with Liam Cosgrave and Kevin O'Higgins. Curtis perceived a new role for the Commonwealth — nothing less than keeping the peace of the world, with the Foreign Office giving form to its international identity as a whole by acting as the agent of the Imperial Conference. Curtis worked up a plan of his own for international action to stabilize world peace after the war, and had suggested a limited federal union among the Allies for mutual defence and security. He proposed to fit the Irish scheme into a wider plan, since the new federal union was designed to be sufficiently international.
Christian Leitz
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206453
- eISBN:
- 9780191677137
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206453.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Economic History
This chapter focuses on Germany's dependence on certain Spanish products, most notably wolfram, wool, and hides. It notes that the value of Germany's exports to Spain could not keep up with her ...
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This chapter focuses on Germany's dependence on certain Spanish products, most notably wolfram, wool, and hides. It notes that the value of Germany's exports to Spain could not keep up with her imports from the country, particularly when Allied pre-emptive buying pushed up prices of Spanish goods. It further notes that the significance of wolfram (or tungsten) for Germany's war effort—and, for the Allies, the importance of denying Germany access to wolfram—is explicable in terms of its multiplicity of uses. It explains that wolfram has the highest melting-point of all known metals, possesses a high tensile-strength, is heat resistant and is normally used in connection with other ferro-alloys to produce tool steel such as high-speed steel. It emphasizes its importance in the armaments industry for the production of gun barrels and artillery shells and Germany is the first nation in the Second World War to use wolfram in the production of ammunition.Less
This chapter focuses on Germany's dependence on certain Spanish products, most notably wolfram, wool, and hides. It notes that the value of Germany's exports to Spain could not keep up with her imports from the country, particularly when Allied pre-emptive buying pushed up prices of Spanish goods. It further notes that the significance of wolfram (or tungsten) for Germany's war effort—and, for the Allies, the importance of denying Germany access to wolfram—is explicable in terms of its multiplicity of uses. It explains that wolfram has the highest melting-point of all known metals, possesses a high tensile-strength, is heat resistant and is normally used in connection with other ferro-alloys to produce tool steel such as high-speed steel. It emphasizes its importance in the armaments industry for the production of gun barrels and artillery shells and Germany is the first nation in the Second World War to use wolfram in the production of ammunition.
Paul Julian Weindling
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198206910
- eISBN:
- 9780191677373
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206910.003.0020
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Armed with the discovery that the louse was the carrier of typhus, Nazi Germany's military hygienists set out to ameliorate the squalid conditions in the trenches on the Western Front during World ...
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Armed with the discovery that the louse was the carrier of typhus, Nazi Germany's military hygienists set out to ameliorate the squalid conditions in the trenches on the Western Front during World War I. They built up defences against incursions by rats, lice, and mosquitoes, and derided North African French troops as typhus carriers. The confrontation with alien species of disease carriers led to draconian delousing of civilians and racial stigmatization; in the Near East, German hygiene experts came to the threshold of genocide. The network of hygiene institutes was rapidly mobilized for strategic tasks. The shock of encountering typhus in Serbia forced the disease onto the Allies' medical agenda. But two elements were distinctive on the German side — the German interest in the use of poison gas for delousing and mounting racial prejudice against the Polish Jews. Typhus worsened as the military situation deterioriated, and medical animosity against the eastern Jews — derided as treacherous vermin — intensified. Epidemics provided a pretext for genocide.Less
Armed with the discovery that the louse was the carrier of typhus, Nazi Germany's military hygienists set out to ameliorate the squalid conditions in the trenches on the Western Front during World War I. They built up defences against incursions by rats, lice, and mosquitoes, and derided North African French troops as typhus carriers. The confrontation with alien species of disease carriers led to draconian delousing of civilians and racial stigmatization; in the Near East, German hygiene experts came to the threshold of genocide. The network of hygiene institutes was rapidly mobilized for strategic tasks. The shock of encountering typhus in Serbia forced the disease onto the Allies' medical agenda. But two elements were distinctive on the German side — the German interest in the use of poison gas for delousing and mounting racial prejudice against the Polish Jews. Typhus worsened as the military situation deterioriated, and medical animosity against the eastern Jews — derided as treacherous vermin — intensified. Epidemics provided a pretext for genocide.
