Herbert Marcuse
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691134130
- eISBN:
- 9781400846467
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691134130.003.0031
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter evaluates the status and prospects of trade unions and works councils in Nazi Germany. The report details that the German trade-union movement has developed in a different direction from ...
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This chapter evaluates the status and prospects of trade unions and works councils in Nazi Germany. The report details that the German trade-union movement has developed in a different direction from American unionism. The German unions were affiliated with political parties: the Free Trade-Unions with the Social Democratic Party; the Christian-National Trade-Unions with the Center Party and the German National People's Party; and the German Trade Associations (Hirsch-Duncker) with the Democratic Party. The chapter first provides an overview of trade unionism in Germany prior to Adolf Hitler's ascension to power before discussing the spontaneous revival of trade unionism after the collapse of the Nazi regime. It then considers trade-union development in the Allied zones of occupation and in the Soviet zone of occupation, along with the revival of the works councils or shop stewards movement. It also addresses the question of the “political neutrality” of the trade-union movement.Less
This chapter evaluates the status and prospects of trade unions and works councils in Nazi Germany. The report details that the German trade-union movement has developed in a different direction from American unionism. The German unions were affiliated with political parties: the Free Trade-Unions with the Social Democratic Party; the Christian-National Trade-Unions with the Center Party and the German National People's Party; and the German Trade Associations (Hirsch-Duncker) with the Democratic Party. The chapter first provides an overview of trade unionism in Germany prior to Adolf Hitler's ascension to power before discussing the spontaneous revival of trade unionism after the collapse of the Nazi regime. It then considers trade-union development in the Allied zones of occupation and in the Soviet zone of occupation, along with the revival of the works councils or shop stewards movement. It also addresses the question of the “political neutrality” of the trade-union movement.
Laura Jockusch
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199764556
- eISBN:
- 9780199979578
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199764556.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Historiography
This chapter discusses several historical commissions in Germany, Austria, and Italy, three countries where between 1945 and 1949 large numbers of eastern European Jews temporarily lived in Displaced ...
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This chapter discusses several historical commissions in Germany, Austria, and Italy, three countries where between 1945 and 1949 large numbers of eastern European Jews temporarily lived in Displaced Persons (DP) camps under Allied occupation. Diverse in educational, social, and national backgrounds, most commission activists had endured the Holocaust in German-occupied eastern Europe. Unlike their counterparts in France and Poland, they did not primarily document the destruction of local Jewish communities but looked eastward to their countries of origin, which they had left either by wartime displacement or postwar escape. As they waited to establish new lives overseas, documenting the recent past provided a way to endow their involuntary sojourn in the DP camps with meaning. They regarded the historical material they gathered as preparation for emigration and Jewish life outside Europe, preferably in a sovereign Jewish state in Palestine/Israel, not as a path to integration into the societies outside their camps.Less
This chapter discusses several historical commissions in Germany, Austria, and Italy, three countries where between 1945 and 1949 large numbers of eastern European Jews temporarily lived in Displaced Persons (DP) camps under Allied occupation. Diverse in educational, social, and national backgrounds, most commission activists had endured the Holocaust in German-occupied eastern Europe. Unlike their counterparts in France and Poland, they did not primarily document the destruction of local Jewish communities but looked eastward to their countries of origin, which they had left either by wartime displacement or postwar escape. As they waited to establish new lives overseas, documenting the recent past provided a way to endow their involuntary sojourn in the DP camps with meaning. They regarded the historical material they gathered as preparation for emigration and Jewish life outside Europe, preferably in a sovereign Jewish state in Palestine/Israel, not as a path to integration into the societies outside their camps.
Hiroshi Oda
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199232185
- eISBN:
- 9780191705335
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232185.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Comparative Law
This chapter focuses on the history of modern Japanese law. It discusses the three stages wherein foreign law was received. The first stage was in the 7th and 8th centuries, when Japan imported the ...
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This chapter focuses on the history of modern Japanese law. It discusses the three stages wherein foreign law was received. The first stage was in the 7th and 8th centuries, when Japan imported the Chinese political and legal system. The second stage occurred between the overthrow of the Tokugawa Shogunate in the mid-19th century and the early 20th century, when the industrialization of Japan was accomplished. The third stage began after the Second World War and continued during the period of the Allied occupation.Less
This chapter focuses on the history of modern Japanese law. It discusses the three stages wherein foreign law was received. The first stage was in the 7th and 8th centuries, when Japan imported the Chinese political and legal system. The second stage occurred between the overthrow of the Tokugawa Shogunate in the mid-19th century and the early 20th century, when the industrialization of Japan was accomplished. The third stage began after the Second World War and continued during the period of the Allied occupation.
Klaus Hentschel
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199205660
- eISBN:
- 9780191709388
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199205660.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
This book identifies and discusses the puzzlingly uniform behaviour and mentality of German physicists in the immediate aftermath of World War II. During the first half-decade of the Allied ...
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This book identifies and discusses the puzzlingly uniform behaviour and mentality of German physicists in the immediate aftermath of World War II. During the first half-decade of the Allied occupation of post war Germany, former deep internal rifts within the physics community were obliterated by concerted resistance against externally imposed denazification, nor did the personal ethics of each individual upset this sense of solidarity. The causes and motivations behind this curious social phenomenon are explored, using tools from the history of mentality. A variety of historical sources are closely analyzed, including a representative serial publication, correspondence, and contemporary observations by visiting emigré scientists. The main chapters focus on individual features of this mental aftermath.Less
This book identifies and discusses the puzzlingly uniform behaviour and mentality of German physicists in the immediate aftermath of World War II. During the first half-decade of the Allied occupation of post war Germany, former deep internal rifts within the physics community were obliterated by concerted resistance against externally imposed denazification, nor did the personal ethics of each individual upset this sense of solidarity. The causes and motivations behind this curious social phenomenon are explored, using tools from the history of mentality. A variety of historical sources are closely analyzed, including a representative serial publication, correspondence, and contemporary observations by visiting emigré scientists. The main chapters focus on individual features of this mental aftermath.
Nicholas J. Schlosser (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252039690
- eISBN:
- 9780252097782
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252039690.003.0002
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Radio
This chapter focuses on the founding of RIAS and how stations in East and West Berlin reported on the Berlin Blockade and Airlift. It shows how RIAS's formative years, from 1946 to 1949, were ...
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This chapter focuses on the founding of RIAS and how stations in East and West Berlin reported on the Berlin Blockade and Airlift. It shows how RIAS's formative years, from 1946 to 1949, were turbulent ones. Constant tensions existed both within and without the station with regard to what its purpose and responsibility as a radio broadcaster actually were. Personnel problems led to internal discord, rivalries, and frequent staff turnover. The rapidly deteriorating political situation in Berlin, as Allied cooperation collapsed and German political parties quickly aligned themselves with the rival superpowers, both fed and compounded these pressures. From the very beginning the inherent contradictions between objective news and propaganda came to shape the type of station RIAS became and the type of news and programming it broadcasted.Less
This chapter focuses on the founding of RIAS and how stations in East and West Berlin reported on the Berlin Blockade and Airlift. It shows how RIAS's formative years, from 1946 to 1949, were turbulent ones. Constant tensions existed both within and without the station with regard to what its purpose and responsibility as a radio broadcaster actually were. Personnel problems led to internal discord, rivalries, and frequent staff turnover. The rapidly deteriorating political situation in Berlin, as Allied cooperation collapsed and German political parties quickly aligned themselves with the rival superpowers, both fed and compounded these pressures. From the very beginning the inherent contradictions between objective news and propaganda came to shape the type of station RIAS became and the type of news and programming it broadcasted.
Dayna L. Barnes
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781501703089
- eISBN:
- 9781501707841
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501703089.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
The Allied occupation of Japan is remembered as the “good occupation.” An American-led coalition successfully turned a militaristic enemy into a stable and democratic ally. Of course, the story was ...
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The Allied occupation of Japan is remembered as the “good occupation.” An American-led coalition successfully turned a militaristic enemy into a stable and democratic ally. Of course, the story was more complicated, but the occupation did forge one of the most enduring relationships in the postwar world. Recent events, from the occupations of Iraq and Afghanistan to protests over American bases in Japan to increasingly aggressive territorial disputes between Asian nations over islands in the Pacific, have brought attention back to the subject of the occupation of Japan. This book exposes the wartime origins of occupation policy and broader plans for postwar Japan. It considers the role of presidents, bureaucrats, think tanks, the media, and Congress in policymaking. Members of these elite groups came together in an informal policy network that shaped planning. Rather than relying solely on government reports and records to understand policymaking, the book also uses letters, memoirs, diaries, and manuscripts written by policymakers to trace the rise and spread of ideas across the policy network. The book contributes a new facet to the substantial literature on the occupation, serves as a case study in foreign policy analysis, and tells a surprising new story about World War II.Less
The Allied occupation of Japan is remembered as the “good occupation.” An American-led coalition successfully turned a militaristic enemy into a stable and democratic ally. Of course, the story was more complicated, but the occupation did forge one of the most enduring relationships in the postwar world. Recent events, from the occupations of Iraq and Afghanistan to protests over American bases in Japan to increasingly aggressive territorial disputes between Asian nations over islands in the Pacific, have brought attention back to the subject of the occupation of Japan. This book exposes the wartime origins of occupation policy and broader plans for postwar Japan. It considers the role of presidents, bureaucrats, think tanks, the media, and Congress in policymaking. Members of these elite groups came together in an informal policy network that shaped planning. Rather than relying solely on government reports and records to understand policymaking, the book also uses letters, memoirs, diaries, and manuscripts written by policymakers to trace the rise and spread of ideas across the policy network. The book contributes a new facet to the substantial literature on the occupation, serves as a case study in foreign policy analysis, and tells a surprising new story about World War II.
Hiroshi Masuda
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801449390
- eISBN:
- 9780801466199
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801449390.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Military History
On August 30, 1945, MacArthur landed safely in Japan and from Atsugi Airfield headed for his accommodation at the Hotel New Grand in Yokohama. The U.S. Army had requisitioned the Yokohama Customs ...
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On August 30, 1945, MacArthur landed safely in Japan and from Atsugi Airfield headed for his accommodation at the Hotel New Grand in Yokohama. The U.S. Army had requisitioned the Yokohama Customs Building near the hotel and this became the Headquarters of the U.S. Army forces in the Pacific (GHQ/AFPAC). The 3rd U.S. Pacific Fleet under Admiral William F. Halsey and the USS Missouri with 258 ships had entered Tokyo Bay, carefully avoiding mines and other obstacles as well as Japanese fishing boats. On September 2, the formal ceremony of surrender was conducted on board the Missouri in Tokyo Bay. This chapter discusses the surrender of Japan and the beginning of the Allied occupation; the establishment of the General Headquarters of the supreme commander of the Allied Powers (GHQ/SCAP) and the departure of Lieutenant General Richard Sutherland; the disarmament of the Japanese military and the arrest of war criminals; the meeting between MacArthur and Emperor Hirohito; and disease and food shortages in Japan.Less
On August 30, 1945, MacArthur landed safely in Japan and from Atsugi Airfield headed for his accommodation at the Hotel New Grand in Yokohama. The U.S. Army had requisitioned the Yokohama Customs Building near the hotel and this became the Headquarters of the U.S. Army forces in the Pacific (GHQ/AFPAC). The 3rd U.S. Pacific Fleet under Admiral William F. Halsey and the USS Missouri with 258 ships had entered Tokyo Bay, carefully avoiding mines and other obstacles as well as Japanese fishing boats. On September 2, the formal ceremony of surrender was conducted on board the Missouri in Tokyo Bay. This chapter discusses the surrender of Japan and the beginning of the Allied occupation; the establishment of the General Headquarters of the supreme commander of the Allied Powers (GHQ/SCAP) and the departure of Lieutenant General Richard Sutherland; the disarmament of the Japanese military and the arrest of war criminals; the meeting between MacArthur and Emperor Hirohito; and disease and food shortages in Japan.
Simon Partner
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520217928
- eISBN:
- 9780520923171
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520217928.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
This chapter focuses on the significant new developments after the war—developments that were the product of a catastrophic defeat attributable in part to the failure of Japanese technology. It ...
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This chapter focuses on the significant new developments after the war—developments that were the product of a catastrophic defeat attributable in part to the failure of Japanese technology. It explores the visions that established business leaders, bureaucrats, and entrepreneurs, as well as ordinary Japanese people, developed during the formative years of the Allied Occupation of Japan (1945–1952). The chapter explains that during these early postwar years, Japanese businessmen and others began quite consciously to search for the keys to the immense prosperity of the United States—a prosperity which was all the more tantalizing given its contrast with life in a Japan prostrate from defeat. It notes that although these visions were diverse and often contested, key protagonists in this story focused on a few common themes which were to unlock, for them, the gates to prosperity.Less
This chapter focuses on the significant new developments after the war—developments that were the product of a catastrophic defeat attributable in part to the failure of Japanese technology. It explores the visions that established business leaders, bureaucrats, and entrepreneurs, as well as ordinary Japanese people, developed during the formative years of the Allied Occupation of Japan (1945–1952). The chapter explains that during these early postwar years, Japanese businessmen and others began quite consciously to search for the keys to the immense prosperity of the United States—a prosperity which was all the more tantalizing given its contrast with life in a Japan prostrate from defeat. It notes that although these visions were diverse and often contested, key protagonists in this story focused on a few common themes which were to unlock, for them, the gates to prosperity.
Ian Jared Miller
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780520271869
- eISBN:
- 9780520952102
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520271869.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
While the wartime zoo was hammered into a ritual altar intended to generate consent and spur personal sacrifice, the postwar zoo was rebuilt under the US-led Allied Occupation of Japan (1945–1952) ...
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While the wartime zoo was hammered into a ritual altar intended to generate consent and spur personal sacrifice, the postwar zoo was rebuilt under the US-led Allied Occupation of Japan (1945–1952) into a conservative paradise, a theme park focused on the figures of the uncorrupted child and the blameless animal. Animals and children were reframed together as part of the difficult process of “de-imperialization”—the deconstruction of empire—and national reconsolidation. The institution sought to marshal kids both as actors and audience after 1945, not only working for children, but also working through them. In the process, the zoological garden was reconstructed with American funds and repopulated by American animals. Illuminated against the backdrop of a bombed-out capital, the occupation-era zoo sought to reinforce the new order of things in the guise of staging its escape.Less
While the wartime zoo was hammered into a ritual altar intended to generate consent and spur personal sacrifice, the postwar zoo was rebuilt under the US-led Allied Occupation of Japan (1945–1952) into a conservative paradise, a theme park focused on the figures of the uncorrupted child and the blameless animal. Animals and children were reframed together as part of the difficult process of “de-imperialization”—the deconstruction of empire—and national reconsolidation. The institution sought to marshal kids both as actors and audience after 1945, not only working for children, but also working through them. In the process, the zoological garden was reconstructed with American funds and repopulated by American animals. Illuminated against the backdrop of a bombed-out capital, the occupation-era zoo sought to reinforce the new order of things in the guise of staging its escape.
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804776912
- eISBN:
- 9780804783460
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804776912.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Sex work in Japan has been highly shaped and even formalized for 300 years. A coalition based on the rights of sex workers might have been far more efficient in fighting exploitative proprietors and ...
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Sex work in Japan has been highly shaped and even formalized for 300 years. A coalition based on the rights of sex workers might have been far more efficient in fighting exploitative proprietors and decreasing the incidence of venereal disease (VD). In Japan, sex workers were not the only ones who could find profit and opportunity during the Allied Occupation. The proprietors have managed a law that put streetwalkers out of business and solidified their control over the industry. The Prostitution Prevention Law has protected the interests of male proprietors and permitted sex work to continue in base areas and exempted clients from the risk of prosecution. Sex workers under the Occupation were unambiguously authorized, with control over their fortunes, their families, and their fates. In general, the history of Japan under occupation demonstrates that it is all too easy to treat the most vulnerable people as symbols.Less
Sex work in Japan has been highly shaped and even formalized for 300 years. A coalition based on the rights of sex workers might have been far more efficient in fighting exploitative proprietors and decreasing the incidence of venereal disease (VD). In Japan, sex workers were not the only ones who could find profit and opportunity during the Allied Occupation. The proprietors have managed a law that put streetwalkers out of business and solidified their control over the industry. The Prostitution Prevention Law has protected the interests of male proprietors and permitted sex work to continue in base areas and exempted clients from the risk of prosecution. Sex workers under the Occupation were unambiguously authorized, with control over their fortunes, their families, and their fates. In general, the history of Japan under occupation demonstrates that it is all too easy to treat the most vulnerable people as symbols.
Helen Hardacre
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- December 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190621711
- eISBN:
- 9780190621742
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190621711.003.0015
- Subject:
- Religion, World Religions
The Allied Occupation of Japan aligned Shinto with religion, ended its public funding, and squelched its claim to public status. The Occupation singled out Shinto as responsible for prewar militarism ...
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The Allied Occupation of Japan aligned Shinto with religion, ended its public funding, and squelched its claim to public status. The Occupation singled out Shinto as responsible for prewar militarism and ultra-nationalism. Censorship prevented Shinto from answering this charge. The post-Occupation politicization of the Association of Shinto Shrines is a major topic. The Association became a prominent patron of the Liberal Democratic Party’s most right-leaning faction. It continues to mourn Shinto’s loss of public status and to greater respect for Japan’s “indigenous tradition.” Meanwhile, significant legal verdicts opened new scope for Shinto ceremonial paid for with public funds, also creating obstacles for dissenters.Less
The Allied Occupation of Japan aligned Shinto with religion, ended its public funding, and squelched its claim to public status. The Occupation singled out Shinto as responsible for prewar militarism and ultra-nationalism. Censorship prevented Shinto from answering this charge. The post-Occupation politicization of the Association of Shinto Shrines is a major topic. The Association became a prominent patron of the Liberal Democratic Party’s most right-leaning faction. It continues to mourn Shinto’s loss of public status and to greater respect for Japan’s “indigenous tradition.” Meanwhile, significant legal verdicts opened new scope for Shinto ceremonial paid for with public funds, also creating obstacles for dissenters.
Patricia G. Steinhoff
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780816679683
- eISBN:
- 9781452948515
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816679683.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Movements and Social Change
This chapter discusses Japanese student activism during the Allied Occupation (1945–52) in Japan. During this period, Japanese students who joined military service returned to their campuses and ...
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This chapter discusses Japanese student activism during the Allied Occupation (1945–52) in Japan. During this period, Japanese students who joined military service returned to their campuses and joined student activists to demand the removal of wartime school administrators and the restoration of faculty who had been expelled during the war. Three critical policies of the Occupation fundamentally reshaped the postwar environment for student activism: the legalization of the Left; the far-reaching civil liberties protections of the new constitution; and the restructuring of the education system. The development of student activism in postwar Japan in the context of an emerging democracy and developmentalism fundamentally shaped the forms and nature of student activism.Less
This chapter discusses Japanese student activism during the Allied Occupation (1945–52) in Japan. During this period, Japanese students who joined military service returned to their campuses and joined student activists to demand the removal of wartime school administrators and the restoration of faculty who had been expelled during the war. Three critical policies of the Occupation fundamentally reshaped the postwar environment for student activism: the legalization of the Left; the far-reaching civil liberties protections of the new constitution; and the restructuring of the education system. The development of student activism in postwar Japan in the context of an emerging democracy and developmentalism fundamentally shaped the forms and nature of student activism.
Ruth Gay
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300092714
- eISBN:
- 9780300133127
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300092714.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This book tells the little-known story of why a quarter-million Jews, survivors of death camps and forced labor, sought refuge in Germany after World War II. Those who had ventured to return to ...
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This book tells the little-known story of why a quarter-million Jews, survivors of death camps and forced labor, sought refuge in Germany after World War II. Those who had ventured to return to Poland after liberation soon found that their homeland had become a new killing ground, where some 1,500 Jews were murdered in pogroms between 1945 and 1947. Facing death at home, and with Palestine and the rest of the world largely closed to them, they looked for a place to be safe and found it in the shelter of the Allied Occupation Forces in Germany. By 1950 a little community of 20,000 Jews remained in Germany: 8,000 native German Jews and 12,000 from Eastern Europe. The author examines their contrasting lives in the two postwar Germanies. After the fall of Communism, the Jewish community was suddenly overwhelmed by tens of thousands of former Soviet Jews. Now there are some 100,000 Jews in Germany. The old, somewhat nostalgic life of the first postwar decades is being swept aside by radical forces from the Lubavitcher at one end to Reform and feminism at the other. What started in 1945 as a “remnant” community has become a dynamic new center of Jewish life.Less
This book tells the little-known story of why a quarter-million Jews, survivors of death camps and forced labor, sought refuge in Germany after World War II. Those who had ventured to return to Poland after liberation soon found that their homeland had become a new killing ground, where some 1,500 Jews were murdered in pogroms between 1945 and 1947. Facing death at home, and with Palestine and the rest of the world largely closed to them, they looked for a place to be safe and found it in the shelter of the Allied Occupation Forces in Germany. By 1950 a little community of 20,000 Jews remained in Germany: 8,000 native German Jews and 12,000 from Eastern Europe. The author examines their contrasting lives in the two postwar Germanies. After the fall of Communism, the Jewish community was suddenly overwhelmed by tens of thousands of former Soviet Jews. Now there are some 100,000 Jews in Germany. The old, somewhat nostalgic life of the first postwar decades is being swept aside by radical forces from the Lubavitcher at one end to Reform and feminism at the other. What started in 1945 as a “remnant” community has become a dynamic new center of Jewish life.
Dayna L. Barnes
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781501703089
- eISBN:
- 9781501707841
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501703089.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the Allied occupation of Japan. Between 1939 and 1945, American policymakers decided to reorient rather than punish postwar Japan. They hoped to ...
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This introductory chapter provides an overview of the Allied occupation of Japan. Between 1939 and 1945, American policymakers decided to reorient rather than punish postwar Japan. They hoped to transform the current enemy into a “responsible” international actor through a short American-led military occupation. The political, religious, and even linguistic makeup of an ancient and deeply patriotic nation would be changed; Imperial Japan's colonial possessions would be liberated or redistributed. American intervention was expected to remake Japan into a pacifist economic power supportive of a postwar American order. However, President Franklin Roosevelt, congressmen, popular media figures, and high-level officials all opposed the plan at different points.Less
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the Allied occupation of Japan. Between 1939 and 1945, American policymakers decided to reorient rather than punish postwar Japan. They hoped to transform the current enemy into a “responsible” international actor through a short American-led military occupation. The political, religious, and even linguistic makeup of an ancient and deeply patriotic nation would be changed; Imperial Japan's colonial possessions would be liberated or redistributed. American intervention was expected to remake Japan into a pacifist economic power supportive of a postwar American order. However, President Franklin Roosevelt, congressmen, popular media figures, and high-level officials all opposed the plan at different points.
George Faithful
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199363469
- eISBN:
- 9780199363483
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199363469.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Leaders of the Confessing Church found themselves in prominent positions in German society under Allied occupation. With the help of Karl Barth, a few of them issued statements affirming Germans’ ...
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Leaders of the Confessing Church found themselves in prominent positions in German society under Allied occupation. With the help of Karl Barth, a few of them issued statements affirming Germans’ collective guilt for the Third Reich. The 1945 Stuttgart Declaration of Guilt (Stuttgarter Schulderklärung), also known as the Stuttgart Confession, placed Germans in a “solidarity of guilt” but remained vague as to what that guilt entailed. The 1947 Darmstadt Statement (Darmstädter Wort) provided greater clarity and specificity: the guilt was both political and social. Christians in general and Protestants in particular had done little to oppose Hitler, apart from rejecting governmental encroachment into church affairs. Neither document made direct reference to the Holocaust or to Nazi treatment of the Jews. Only a few of their signers, such as Martin Niemöller and Hans Asmussen, actually agreed with the documents; others acted under compulsion, forced by the occupying Allied powers.Less
Leaders of the Confessing Church found themselves in prominent positions in German society under Allied occupation. With the help of Karl Barth, a few of them issued statements affirming Germans’ collective guilt for the Third Reich. The 1945 Stuttgart Declaration of Guilt (Stuttgarter Schulderklärung), also known as the Stuttgart Confession, placed Germans in a “solidarity of guilt” but remained vague as to what that guilt entailed. The 1947 Darmstadt Statement (Darmstädter Wort) provided greater clarity and specificity: the guilt was both political and social. Christians in general and Protestants in particular had done little to oppose Hitler, apart from rejecting governmental encroachment into church affairs. Neither document made direct reference to the Holocaust or to Nazi treatment of the Jews. Only a few of their signers, such as Martin Niemöller and Hans Asmussen, actually agreed with the documents; others acted under compulsion, forced by the occupying Allied powers.
