Christine M. DeLucia
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780300201178
- eISBN:
- 9780300231120
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300201178.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Native American Studies
This book reassesses the nature and meanings of King Philip’s War (1675-1678), a major Indigenous resistance movement and colonial conflict that pervasively reshaped the American Northeast and has ...
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This book reassesses the nature and meanings of King Philip’s War (1675-1678), a major Indigenous resistance movement and colonial conflict that pervasively reshaped the American Northeast and has reverberated among regional communities for centuries. It focuses on specific places that have been meaningful to Native American (Algonquian) peoples over long spans of time, as well as to colonial New England residents more recently, and how the waging and remembrance of violence at these locales has affected communities’ senses of past, place, and collective purpose. Its case studies reinterpret intercultural interactions and settler colonialism in early America, the importance of place and environment in the production of history, and the myriad ways in which memory has been mobilized to shape the present and future. It emphasizes that American history continues to be contested, in highly local and sometimes hard-to-perceive ways that require careful interdisciplinary methods to access, as well as in more prominent arenas.Less
This book reassesses the nature and meanings of King Philip’s War (1675-1678), a major Indigenous resistance movement and colonial conflict that pervasively reshaped the American Northeast and has reverberated among regional communities for centuries. It focuses on specific places that have been meaningful to Native American (Algonquian) peoples over long spans of time, as well as to colonial New England residents more recently, and how the waging and remembrance of violence at these locales has affected communities’ senses of past, place, and collective purpose. Its case studies reinterpret intercultural interactions and settler colonialism in early America, the importance of place and environment in the production of history, and the myriad ways in which memory has been mobilized to shape the present and future. It emphasizes that American history continues to be contested, in highly local and sometimes hard-to-perceive ways that require careful interdisciplinary methods to access, as well as in more prominent arenas.
Adrian Chastain Weimer
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199743117
- eISBN:
- 9780199918744
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199743117.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
Chapter 6 asks how, in the context of King Philip's (or Metacom's) War, martyrdom rhetoric contributed to the reformulation of colonial and Native American identities. Colonists saw Algonquian ...
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Chapter 6 asks how, in the context of King Philip's (or Metacom's) War, martyrdom rhetoric contributed to the reformulation of colonial and Native American identities. Colonists saw Algonquian offenses as yet another of the Antichrist's attacks on the saints. New Englanders became less and less interested in distinguishing between friendly and enemy Indians, eventually exiling the remaining Praying Indian communities to Deer Island, where they almost starved. Remarkably, the Massachusetts magistrate for Indian affairs, Daniel Gookin, attempted to defend Praying Indians from harassment and violence by incorporating their stories of suffering into the broader history of Christian martyrdom.Less
Chapter 6 asks how, in the context of King Philip's (or Metacom's) War, martyrdom rhetoric contributed to the reformulation of colonial and Native American identities. Colonists saw Algonquian offenses as yet another of the Antichrist's attacks on the saints. New Englanders became less and less interested in distinguishing between friendly and enemy Indians, eventually exiling the remaining Praying Indian communities to Deer Island, where they almost starved. Remarkably, the Massachusetts magistrate for Indian affairs, Daniel Gookin, attempted to defend Praying Indians from harassment and violence by incorporating their stories of suffering into the broader history of Christian martyrdom.
Martin D. Gallivan
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780813062860
- eISBN:
- 9780813051819
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813062860.001.0001
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
The Powhatan Landscape traces the Native past in the Chesapeake from the Algonquian arrival circa A.D. 200 through the rise and fall of the Powhatan chiefdom. Martin D. Gallivan argues that the ...
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The Powhatan Landscape traces the Native past in the Chesapeake from the Algonquian arrival circa A.D. 200 through the rise and fall of the Powhatan chiefdom. Martin D. Gallivan argues that the current fixation with the English at Jamestown in 1607 has concealed the deeper history of Tsenacomacoh (sehn-uh-kuh-MAH-kah), the Algonquian term for Tidewater Virginia. Drawing from maps, place names, ethnohistory and, above all, archaeology, Gallivan shifts the frame of reference from English accounts of the seventeenth century toward a longer narrative of Virginia Algonquians’ construction of places, communities, and connections in between. Riverine settlements occupied for centuries oriented the ways Algonquian people dwelled in the Chesapeake estuary, initially around fishing grounds and collective burials visited seasonally, and later within horticultural towns occupied year-round. Ritualized spaces, including trench enclosures within the Powhatan center place of Werowocomoco (WAYR-uh-wah-KOH-muh-koh), gathered people for events that anchored the annual cycle. Despite the violent disruptions of the colonial era, Native people returned to Werowocomoco and to other riverine towns after 1607 for pilgrimages that commemorated the enduring power of place. For today’s American Indian communities in the Chesapeake, the rethought and reinterpreted landscape represents a powerful basis from which to contest narratives and policies that have denied their existence. This book seeks to add to these conversations by offering other reference points in a deeper history of landscape.Less
The Powhatan Landscape traces the Native past in the Chesapeake from the Algonquian arrival circa A.D. 200 through the rise and fall of the Powhatan chiefdom. Martin D. Gallivan argues that the current fixation with the English at Jamestown in 1607 has concealed the deeper history of Tsenacomacoh (sehn-uh-kuh-MAH-kah), the Algonquian term for Tidewater Virginia. Drawing from maps, place names, ethnohistory and, above all, archaeology, Gallivan shifts the frame of reference from English accounts of the seventeenth century toward a longer narrative of Virginia Algonquians’ construction of places, communities, and connections in between. Riverine settlements occupied for centuries oriented the ways Algonquian people dwelled in the Chesapeake estuary, initially around fishing grounds and collective burials visited seasonally, and later within horticultural towns occupied year-round. Ritualized spaces, including trench enclosures within the Powhatan center place of Werowocomoco (WAYR-uh-wah-KOH-muh-koh), gathered people for events that anchored the annual cycle. Despite the violent disruptions of the colonial era, Native people returned to Werowocomoco and to other riverine towns after 1607 for pilgrimages that commemorated the enduring power of place. For today’s American Indian communities in the Chesapeake, the rethought and reinterpreted landscape represents a powerful basis from which to contest narratives and policies that have denied their existence. This book seeks to add to these conversations by offering other reference points in a deeper history of landscape.
Martin D. Gallivan, Christopher J. Shephard, and Jessica A. Jenkins
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781683400462
- eISBN:
- 9781683400684
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9781683400462.003.0010
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
This chapter proposes a Powhatan theory of power and suggests links to the archaeology and ethnohistory of towns in the lower Chesapeake. Early colonial-era sources highlight a recurring process ...
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This chapter proposes a Powhatan theory of power and suggests links to the archaeology and ethnohistory of towns in the lower Chesapeake. Early colonial-era sources highlight a recurring process whereby powerful outside forces, materials, and people were socialized within the Powhatan settlements known as Kings’ Houses. We suggest that a key Algonquian concept for understanding this process is manitou—the vital spiritual force manifest in dangerously potent people, animals, objects, and places. Within the Kings’ Houses of the colonial-era, Powhatan leaders harnessed manitou by orchestrating ritual, trade, and the built environment. Archaeological evidence of feasting, ditches, and palisades points toward similar practices associated with the construction of boundaries—ditches and palisades—within prominent settlements, starting in the thirteenth century AD. By transforming the objects and people that transgressed these boundaries, religious practitioners and political leaders exercised a “tactical power” grounded in Kings’ Houses and animated by manitou.Less
This chapter proposes a Powhatan theory of power and suggests links to the archaeology and ethnohistory of towns in the lower Chesapeake. Early colonial-era sources highlight a recurring process whereby powerful outside forces, materials, and people were socialized within the Powhatan settlements known as Kings’ Houses. We suggest that a key Algonquian concept for understanding this process is manitou—the vital spiritual force manifest in dangerously potent people, animals, objects, and places. Within the Kings’ Houses of the colonial-era, Powhatan leaders harnessed manitou by orchestrating ritual, trade, and the built environment. Archaeological evidence of feasting, ditches, and palisades points toward similar practices associated with the construction of boundaries—ditches and palisades—within prominent settlements, starting in the thirteenth century AD. By transforming the objects and people that transgressed these boundaries, religious practitioners and political leaders exercised a “tactical power” grounded in Kings’ Houses and animated by manitou.
Carrie Gillon and Nicole Rosen
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198795339
- eISBN:
- 9780191836596
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198795339.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Language Families, Syntax and Morphology
Michif is an endangered language spoken by approximately a few hundred Métis people, mostly located in Manitoba and Saskatchewan, Canada. Michif is usually categorized as a mixed language (Bakker ...
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Michif is an endangered language spoken by approximately a few hundred Métis people, mostly located in Manitoba and Saskatchewan, Canada. Michif is usually categorized as a mixed language (Bakker 1997; Thomason 2003), due to the inability to trace it back to a single language family, with the majority of verbal elements coming from Plains Cree (Algonquian) and the majority of nominal elements coming from French (Indo-European). This book investigates Bakker’s (1997) often cited claim that the morphology of each source language is not reduced, with the language combining full French noun phrase grammar and Plains Cree verbal grammar. The book focuses on the syntax and semantics of the French-source noun phrase. While Michif has features that are obviously due to heavy contact with French (two mass/count systems, two plural markers, two gender systems), the Michif noun phrase mainly behaves like an Algonquian noun phrase. Even some of the French morphosyntax that it borrowed is used to Algonquianize non-Algonquian borrowings: the French-derived articles are only required on non-Algonquian nouns, and are used to make non-Algonquian borrowings visible to the Algonquian syntax. Michif is thus shown to be best characterized as an Algonquian language, with heavy French borrowing. With such a quintessentially ‘mixed’ language shown to essentially not mix grammars, the usefulness of this category for analysing synchronic patterns is questioned, much in the same way that scholars such as DeGraff (2000, 2003, 2005) and Mufwene (1986, 2001, 2008, 2015) question the usefulness of the creole language classification.Less
Michif is an endangered language spoken by approximately a few hundred Métis people, mostly located in Manitoba and Saskatchewan, Canada. Michif is usually categorized as a mixed language (Bakker 1997; Thomason 2003), due to the inability to trace it back to a single language family, with the majority of verbal elements coming from Plains Cree (Algonquian) and the majority of nominal elements coming from French (Indo-European). This book investigates Bakker’s (1997) often cited claim that the morphology of each source language is not reduced, with the language combining full French noun phrase grammar and Plains Cree verbal grammar. The book focuses on the syntax and semantics of the French-source noun phrase. While Michif has features that are obviously due to heavy contact with French (two mass/count systems, two plural markers, two gender systems), the Michif noun phrase mainly behaves like an Algonquian noun phrase. Even some of the French morphosyntax that it borrowed is used to Algonquianize non-Algonquian borrowings: the French-derived articles are only required on non-Algonquian nouns, and are used to make non-Algonquian borrowings visible to the Algonquian syntax. Michif is thus shown to be best characterized as an Algonquian language, with heavy French borrowing. With such a quintessentially ‘mixed’ language shown to essentially not mix grammars, the usefulness of this category for analysing synchronic patterns is questioned, much in the same way that scholars such as DeGraff (2000, 2003, 2005) and Mufwene (1986, 2001, 2008, 2015) question the usefulness of the creole language classification.
Clare Cook
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- April 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199654536
- eISBN:
- 9780191747939
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199654536.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology, Semantics and Pragmatics
Plains Cree, an Algonquian language of western Canada, has two entirely distinct verbal inflectional paradigms: independent and conjunct. This book provides the first systematic investigation ...
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Plains Cree, an Algonquian language of western Canada, has two entirely distinct verbal inflectional paradigms: independent and conjunct. This book provides the first systematic investigation comparing these two verb types. It argues that the independent order denotes an indexical clause type with familiar deictic properties, while the conjunct order is an anaphoric clause type whose reference is determined by rules of anaphoric dependence. On the syntactic side, indexical clauses are shown to be restricted to a subset of matrix environments, and to exclude proforms that have clause‐external antecedents or induce cross‐clausal dependencies. Anaphoric clauses have an elsewhere distribution: they occur in both matrix and dependent contexts, and freely host and participate in cross‐clausal dependencies. The semantic discussion focusses primarily on the context in which a proposition is evaluated: it shows that indexical clauses have absolute tense and a speaker origo, consistent with deixis on a speech act. Anaphoric clauses, by contrast, use anaphoric dependencies to establish the evaluation context. Along the way, Plains Cree data is compared to English's matrix/subordinate system, to Amele's clause‐chaining system, and to Romance subjunctive clauses. In addition, a first micro‐typology of pronominal marking and initial change in Algonquian languages is provided.Less
Plains Cree, an Algonquian language of western Canada, has two entirely distinct verbal inflectional paradigms: independent and conjunct. This book provides the first systematic investigation comparing these two verb types. It argues that the independent order denotes an indexical clause type with familiar deictic properties, while the conjunct order is an anaphoric clause type whose reference is determined by rules of anaphoric dependence. On the syntactic side, indexical clauses are shown to be restricted to a subset of matrix environments, and to exclude proforms that have clause‐external antecedents or induce cross‐clausal dependencies. Anaphoric clauses have an elsewhere distribution: they occur in both matrix and dependent contexts, and freely host and participate in cross‐clausal dependencies. The semantic discussion focusses primarily on the context in which a proposition is evaluated: it shows that indexical clauses have absolute tense and a speaker origo, consistent with deixis on a speech act. Anaphoric clauses, by contrast, use anaphoric dependencies to establish the evaluation context. Along the way, Plains Cree data is compared to English's matrix/subordinate system, to Amele's clause‐chaining system, and to Romance subjunctive clauses. In addition, a first micro‐typology of pronominal marking and initial change in Algonquian languages is provided.
Kristina Bross
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- August 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190665135
- eISBN:
- 9780190665166
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190665135.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century, Historiography
Future History analyzes English and American writings that imagine England on a global stage well before England became an empire or the United States became a global power. Through close readings, ...
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Future History analyzes English and American writings that imagine England on a global stage well before England became an empire or the United States became a global power. Through close readings, historical contextualization, application of archival theory, and careful speculation, the book traces the ways that English and American writers imagined the East Indies and the West Indies as interconnected. The book argues that the earliest expressions of an American or English worldview were born colonial, conceived at the margins of a rising empire, not in its metropolis, and that a wider variety of agents than we have previously understood—Algonquian converts, “reformed” Catholics, enslaved women in the spice trade, Protestant dissidents, West Indian maroons—helped shape that worldview. In order to recover these voices and experiences, so often overwritten or ignored, the book combines more traditional methodologies of literary analysis and historicization with an interrogation of the structures of the archives in which early writings have been preserved. The chapters taken together describe a particular global (East Indies–West Indies) literary history, while the codas, taken as a separate sequence, demonstrate how a “slant” view on literary history that is asynchronous and at times anachronistic affords a new and more inclusive view of the worlding of the English imagination in the seventeenth century.Less
Future History analyzes English and American writings that imagine England on a global stage well before England became an empire or the United States became a global power. Through close readings, historical contextualization, application of archival theory, and careful speculation, the book traces the ways that English and American writers imagined the East Indies and the West Indies as interconnected. The book argues that the earliest expressions of an American or English worldview were born colonial, conceived at the margins of a rising empire, not in its metropolis, and that a wider variety of agents than we have previously understood—Algonquian converts, “reformed” Catholics, enslaved women in the spice trade, Protestant dissidents, West Indian maroons—helped shape that worldview. In order to recover these voices and experiences, so often overwritten or ignored, the book combines more traditional methodologies of literary analysis and historicization with an interrogation of the structures of the archives in which early writings have been preserved. The chapters taken together describe a particular global (East Indies–West Indies) literary history, while the codas, taken as a separate sequence, demonstrate how a “slant” view on literary history that is asynchronous and at times anachronistic affords a new and more inclusive view of the worlding of the English imagination in the seventeenth century.
Heather Miyano Kopelson
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479805006
- eISBN:
- 9781479814268
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479805006.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter examines the contours and characteristics of Algonquian communities in southern New England and how they developed bodily performance in response to English colonists' demands on their ...
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This chapter examines the contours and characteristics of Algonquian communities in southern New England and how they developed bodily performance in response to English colonists' demands on their lands. It considers how Saconets and other Algonquian tribes in the region that English puritans would dub New England performed their own notions of the communal body, inscribing the land with their presence. It also analyzes the “laborious bodily service” and other feasting rituals to shed light on the actions and experiences of seventeenth-century Algonquians in a time of accelerated change. Finally, it discusses the importance of nickómmo and other feasts and dances for Algonquian as a means of accessing the power of other-than-human persons as well as coping in times of crisis.Less
This chapter examines the contours and characteristics of Algonquian communities in southern New England and how they developed bodily performance in response to English colonists' demands on their lands. It considers how Saconets and other Algonquian tribes in the region that English puritans would dub New England performed their own notions of the communal body, inscribing the land with their presence. It also analyzes the “laborious bodily service” and other feasting rituals to shed light on the actions and experiences of seventeenth-century Algonquians in a time of accelerated change. Finally, it discusses the importance of nickómmo and other feasts and dances for Algonquian as a means of accessing the power of other-than-human persons as well as coping in times of crisis.
Martina Wiltschko
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226363523
- eISBN:
- 9780226363660
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226363660.003.0006
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics
This chapter emphasizes the diversity in the licensing environments of the subjunctive and concludes that the subjunctive is not a natural class in terms of one modality, or one type of subjunctive ...
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This chapter emphasizes the diversity in the licensing environments of the subjunctive and concludes that the subjunctive is not a natural class in terms of one modality, or one type of subjunctive crosslinguistically. The author argues that it is not possible to define the subjunctive as a category on the basis of a predictable, uniform interpretation or form. Wiltschko points out that the fact that the subjunctive is not a universally uniform category indicates that it might be more promising to a develop a formal typology for categories that is not based on their substantive content or traditional categorical distinctions. In the case of subjunctive, Wiltschko suggests that what unifies the subjunctive across languages is that they contrast with the independent assertive clause-type represented by the [+coin] (coincidence) feature. This feature may be valued through different strategies across languages.Less
This chapter emphasizes the diversity in the licensing environments of the subjunctive and concludes that the subjunctive is not a natural class in terms of one modality, or one type of subjunctive crosslinguistically. The author argues that it is not possible to define the subjunctive as a category on the basis of a predictable, uniform interpretation or form. Wiltschko points out that the fact that the subjunctive is not a universally uniform category indicates that it might be more promising to a develop a formal typology for categories that is not based on their substantive content or traditional categorical distinctions. In the case of subjunctive, Wiltschko suggests that what unifies the subjunctive across languages is that they contrast with the independent assertive clause-type represented by the [+coin] (coincidence) feature. This feature may be valued through different strategies across languages.
Eric Mathieu
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199654277
- eISBN:
- 9780191746048
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199654277.003.0010
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Semantics and Pragmatics, Syntax and Morphology
While it is common in the literature to find claims that Algonquian languages do not have a grammatical mass/count distinction (because many nouns, and according to some authors, all nouns can be ...
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While it is common in the literature to find claims that Algonquian languages do not have a grammatical mass/count distinction (because many nouns, and according to some authors, all nouns can be pluralized), the chapter argues in this paper that on the contrary Algonquian languages, and in particular Ojibwe, has such a distinction as part of its grammar. The pluralization of mass nouns is an illusion in that what is being pluralized is a noun that has been singulativized. The chapter shows that Ojibwe has remnants of a gender shift system (much clearer morphologically in Mesqualike (Fox) and that gender shift marks the singulative. That Algonquian languages are singulative languages is a brand new claim that makes many interesting predictions. Theoretically, the chapter integrates singulative systems into Borer's (2005) theory of division and argue that these languages provide another strategy to perform division on nouns that are still undivided.Less
While it is common in the literature to find claims that Algonquian languages do not have a grammatical mass/count distinction (because many nouns, and according to some authors, all nouns can be pluralized), the chapter argues in this paper that on the contrary Algonquian languages, and in particular Ojibwe, has such a distinction as part of its grammar. The pluralization of mass nouns is an illusion in that what is being pluralized is a noun that has been singulativized. The chapter shows that Ojibwe has remnants of a gender shift system (much clearer morphologically in Mesqualike (Fox) and that gender shift marks the singulative. That Algonquian languages are singulative languages is a brand new claim that makes many interesting predictions. Theoretically, the chapter integrates singulative systems into Borer's (2005) theory of division and argue that these languages provide another strategy to perform division on nouns that are still undivided.
Karen L. Marrero
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781479874545
- eISBN:
- 9781479876419
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9781479874545.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter explores how French and Native American women in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries challenged European gender norms. Women from New France families that engaged extensively in ...
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This chapter explores how French and Native American women in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries challenged European gender norms. Women from New France families that engaged extensively in trade with Native American nations mimicked the expanded economic and political power of Iroquoian and Algonquian women and used the French legal system to empower themselves. Karen L. Marrero shows how Native American women defied French imperial efforts to control their bodies and mobility, participated in trade and political negotiations, and at times challenged the French state militarily.Less
This chapter explores how French and Native American women in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries challenged European gender norms. Women from New France families that engaged extensively in trade with Native American nations mimicked the expanded economic and political power of Iroquoian and Algonquian women and used the French legal system to empower themselves. Karen L. Marrero shows how Native American women defied French imperial efforts to control their bodies and mobility, participated in trade and political negotiations, and at times challenged the French state militarily.
Coll Thrush
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780300206302
- eISBN:
- 9780300224863
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300206302.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter examines how London had to learn to be colonial. From the very first moments of sustained encounter in the late sixteenth century, places like Ossomocomuck and London were entangled ...
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This chapter examines how London had to learn to be colonial. From the very first moments of sustained encounter in the late sixteenth century, places like Ossomocomuck and London were entangled through the creation of knowledge. Even before explorers stepped ashore in “Virginia,” they were propelled there by an unprecedented urban crisis that threatened the stability of London society. This urban context shaped how English explorers and colonists saw the territories and people they encountered and how they attempted—often unsuccessfully—to organize themselves and others in these unfamiliar places. Meanwhile, the experiences of Indigenous travelers to London, and in particular those originating in the homelands of the eastern Algonquian peoples suggest that parallel Indigenous processes of exploration were taking place.Less
This chapter examines how London had to learn to be colonial. From the very first moments of sustained encounter in the late sixteenth century, places like Ossomocomuck and London were entangled through the creation of knowledge. Even before explorers stepped ashore in “Virginia,” they were propelled there by an unprecedented urban crisis that threatened the stability of London society. This urban context shaped how English explorers and colonists saw the territories and people they encountered and how they attempted—often unsuccessfully—to organize themselves and others in these unfamiliar places. Meanwhile, the experiences of Indigenous travelers to London, and in particular those originating in the homelands of the eastern Algonquian peoples suggest that parallel Indigenous processes of exploration were taking place.
Coll Thrush
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780300206302
- eISBN:
- 9780300224863
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300206302.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter explores how the the combination of animal domestication and widespread urbanization across Europe, Asia, and Africa had led to the development of epidemic diseases against which ...
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This chapter explores how the the combination of animal domestication and widespread urbanization across Europe, Asia, and Africa had led to the development of epidemic diseases against which Indigenous peoples in the Americas and elsewhere had little or no natural resistance. It was this urban reality that had likely cost the lives of the Algonquian people who disappeared into the city and that had prevented four of the five Inuit from making it home. Meanwhile, in London, for all the improvements of the Enlightenment—new understandings of disease, inoculation, and advances in urban design—disease remained one of the most intractable and threatening of urban realities. What scholars have called ecological imperialism, the means by which biology facilitated Europe's imperial and colonial incursions, had its roots in the city.Less
This chapter explores how the the combination of animal domestication and widespread urbanization across Europe, Asia, and Africa had led to the development of epidemic diseases against which Indigenous peoples in the Americas and elsewhere had little or no natural resistance. It was this urban reality that had likely cost the lives of the Algonquian people who disappeared into the city and that had prevented four of the five Inuit from making it home. Meanwhile, in London, for all the improvements of the Enlightenment—new understandings of disease, inoculation, and advances in urban design—disease remained one of the most intractable and threatening of urban realities. What scholars have called ecological imperialism, the means by which biology facilitated Europe's imperial and colonial incursions, had its roots in the city.
Martin Brückner
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807834695
- eISBN:
- 9781469600802
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807838723_bruckner.12
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter focuses on the descendants of the Algonquian peoples who once inhabited the region of New York Harbor. The descendants have recalled that the first Dutch colonists asked for as much land ...
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This chapter focuses on the descendants of the Algonquian peoples who once inhabited the region of New York Harbor. The descendants have recalled that the first Dutch colonists asked for as much land as the hide of a bullock could cover, then claimed as much land as that hide, cut into strips, could encircle. The author believes, however, that this fantastical story preserves the memory of an actual event. Moreover, the story threads the history of the founding of New Amsterdam together with those of other, far-flung maritime colonial outposts, and offers a window onto the cultural history of early modern European imperialism. This episode with the bullock's hide is the culmination of a longer historical tradition about “The Arrival of the Whites.” The first written version of this tradition is in an 1801 letter from the Moravian missionary John Heckewelder to the historian Samuel Miller.Less
This chapter focuses on the descendants of the Algonquian peoples who once inhabited the region of New York Harbor. The descendants have recalled that the first Dutch colonists asked for as much land as the hide of a bullock could cover, then claimed as much land as that hide, cut into strips, could encircle. The author believes, however, that this fantastical story preserves the memory of an actual event. Moreover, the story threads the history of the founding of New Amsterdam together with those of other, far-flung maritime colonial outposts, and offers a window onto the cultural history of early modern European imperialism. This episode with the bullock's hide is the culmination of a longer historical tradition about “The Arrival of the Whites.” The first written version of this tradition is in an 1801 letter from the Moravian missionary John Heckewelder to the historian Samuel Miller.
Ruth Kramer
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199679935
- eISBN:
- 9780191760129
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199679935.003.0006
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology, Theoretical Linguistics
This chapter continues to investigate the cross-linguistic predictions of the morphosyntactic analysis of gender developed in Chapter 3. Chapter 3 proposed that Amharic contains a n that has an ...
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This chapter continues to investigate the cross-linguistic predictions of the morphosyntactic analysis of gender developed in Chapter 3. Chapter 3 proposed that Amharic contains a n that has an uninterpretable feminine gender feature, in order to explain feminine arbitrary gender; in contrast, masculine arbitrary gender is assigned by morphological default in the context of a n that lacks gender features. This chapter provides further examples of two-gender languages that contain uninterpretable gender features, including Spanish (Romance), which is like Amharic in that it has an uninterpretable feminine feature. In contrast, Maa (Nilo-Saharan) has a n with an uninterpretable masculine feature. The scope of the chapter also extends to animacy-based gender systems; it is suggested that Algonquian languages like Fox have a gender system that includes a n with an uninterpretable animacy feature. One interesting consequence of these proposals is that the animacy feature must be privative.Less
This chapter continues to investigate the cross-linguistic predictions of the morphosyntactic analysis of gender developed in Chapter 3. Chapter 3 proposed that Amharic contains a n that has an uninterpretable feminine gender feature, in order to explain feminine arbitrary gender; in contrast, masculine arbitrary gender is assigned by morphological default in the context of a n that lacks gender features. This chapter provides further examples of two-gender languages that contain uninterpretable gender features, including Spanish (Romance), which is like Amharic in that it has an uninterpretable feminine feature. In contrast, Maa (Nilo-Saharan) has a n with an uninterpretable masculine feature. The scope of the chapter also extends to animacy-based gender systems; it is suggested that Algonquian languages like Fox have a gender system that includes a n with an uninterpretable animacy feature. One interesting consequence of these proposals is that the animacy feature must be privative.
Brett Rushforth
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807835586
- eISBN:
- 9781469601359
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807838174_rushforth.7
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
Using archaeology, ritual, and linguistics to supplement the observations of captives and other colonists, this chapter attempts to trace the contours of indigenous slavery among the central ...
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Using archaeology, ritual, and linguistics to supplement the observations of captives and other colonists, this chapter attempts to trace the contours of indigenous slavery among the central Algonquian and Siouan peoples of the Pays d'en Haut. These sources can show patterns of enslavement, domestication, and forced integration by which enemy outsiders were made into subordinate domestics. Linguistic records such as the translated pages of Algonquian phrases reveal how Indians explained the place of slavery in their own societies. Indians of the Pays d'en Haut, for example, expressed their relationship to slaves through metaphors of domestication and mastery, comparing captives to dogs and other domesticated animals.Less
Using archaeology, ritual, and linguistics to supplement the observations of captives and other colonists, this chapter attempts to trace the contours of indigenous slavery among the central Algonquian and Siouan peoples of the Pays d'en Haut. These sources can show patterns of enslavement, domestication, and forced integration by which enemy outsiders were made into subordinate domestics. Linguistic records such as the translated pages of Algonquian phrases reveal how Indians explained the place of slavery in their own societies. Indians of the Pays d'en Haut, for example, expressed their relationship to slaves through metaphors of domestication and mastery, comparing captives to dogs and other domesticated animals.
Carrie Gillon and Nicole Rosen
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198795339
- eISBN:
- 9780191836596
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198795339.003.0002
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Language Families, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter investigates the mass/count distinction in Michif. In many languages, mass and count nouns are distinguished via the (in)ability to occur with plural marking, the (in)ability to occur ...
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This chapter investigates the mass/count distinction in Michif. In many languages, mass and count nouns are distinguished via the (in)ability to occur with plural marking, the (in)ability to occur with numerals without a measure phrase, and the (in)ability to occur with certain quantifiers (Jespersen 1909; Chierchia 1998). However, these diagnostics do not apply to all languages. For example, in Inuttut (Labrador Inuktitut), none of those diagnostics distinguishes between mass and count nouns, but there are other diagnostics that do (Gillon 2012). This chapter shows that Michif displays a split: in one part of the grammar, the three diagnostics distinguish between mass and count nouns, and in another part, the diagnostics do not. This shows that Michif disambiguates between French-derived vocabulary and Algonquian-derived vocabulary, which complicates the notion that the Michif DP is French (Bakker 1997).Less
This chapter investigates the mass/count distinction in Michif. In many languages, mass and count nouns are distinguished via the (in)ability to occur with plural marking, the (in)ability to occur with numerals without a measure phrase, and the (in)ability to occur with certain quantifiers (Jespersen 1909; Chierchia 1998). However, these diagnostics do not apply to all languages. For example, in Inuttut (Labrador Inuktitut), none of those diagnostics distinguishes between mass and count nouns, but there are other diagnostics that do (Gillon 2012). This chapter shows that Michif displays a split: in one part of the grammar, the three diagnostics distinguish between mass and count nouns, and in another part, the diagnostics do not. This shows that Michif disambiguates between French-derived vocabulary and Algonquian-derived vocabulary, which complicates the notion that the Michif DP is French (Bakker 1997).
Carrie Gillon and Nicole Rosen
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198795339
- eISBN:
- 9780191836596
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198795339.003.0003
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Language Families, Syntax and Morphology
Michif has two different morphological exponents of plurality: the French-derived article lii and the Cree-derived suffix -a/-ak. This chapter investigates the syntax and the semantics of both plural ...
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Michif has two different morphological exponents of plurality: the French-derived article lii and the Cree-derived suffix -a/-ak. This chapter investigates the syntax and the semantics of both plural markers, and shows that the two plurals cannot occupy the same position (as they can co-occur) and that lii occupies Num while -a/-ak occupies Div. The plural article lii is a ‘counting plural’ (following Mathieu 2013, 2014) and the plural suffix -a/-ak is a ‘dividing plural’ (following Borer 2005; Borer and Ouwayda 2010). The suffix -a/-ak can only occur on Algonquian-derived nouns, not French nouns, and it always creates count nouns. This analysis entails that multiple positions for ‘true’ plurality must be available to languages (contra Borer and Ouwayda 2010). This analysis also has implications for the semantics of Algonquian-derived nouns vs French-derived nouns, the development of Michif and—potentially—the semantics of plurality in Plains Cree.Less
Michif has two different morphological exponents of plurality: the French-derived article lii and the Cree-derived suffix -a/-ak. This chapter investigates the syntax and the semantics of both plural markers, and shows that the two plurals cannot occupy the same position (as they can co-occur) and that lii occupies Num while -a/-ak occupies Div. The plural article lii is a ‘counting plural’ (following Mathieu 2013, 2014) and the plural suffix -a/-ak is a ‘dividing plural’ (following Borer 2005; Borer and Ouwayda 2010). The suffix -a/-ak can only occur on Algonquian-derived nouns, not French nouns, and it always creates count nouns. This analysis entails that multiple positions for ‘true’ plurality must be available to languages (contra Borer and Ouwayda 2010). This analysis also has implications for the semantics of Algonquian-derived nouns vs French-derived nouns, the development of Michif and—potentially—the semantics of plurality in Plains Cree.
Carrie Gillon and Nicole Rosen
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198795339
- eISBN:
- 9780191836596
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198795339.003.0004
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Language Families, Syntax and Morphology
On the surface, and according to the literature, Michif makes use of two different gender systems: the French sex-based system contrasting masculine and feminine gender, and the Algonquian ...
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On the surface, and according to the literature, Michif makes use of two different gender systems: the French sex-based system contrasting masculine and feminine gender, and the Algonquian animacy-based system contrasting animate with inanimate gender (see Bakker 1997; Papen 2002; Strader 2015). This chapter explores the morphosyntax and semantics of the two gender systems, focusing on their productivity. This chapter shows that while the Algonquian-type animacy-based distinctions remain productive and active throughout the Michif grammar, the Romance sex-based distinctions are now relevant mostly semantically, and are only minimally grammatically active. The chapter argues that this asymmetry in patterning suggests that there is also an asymmetry in the contribution of each language to the Michif grammar, with Plains Cree being the stronger influence.Less
On the surface, and according to the literature, Michif makes use of two different gender systems: the French sex-based system contrasting masculine and feminine gender, and the Algonquian animacy-based system contrasting animate with inanimate gender (see Bakker 1997; Papen 2002; Strader 2015). This chapter explores the morphosyntax and semantics of the two gender systems, focusing on their productivity. This chapter shows that while the Algonquian-type animacy-based distinctions remain productive and active throughout the Michif grammar, the Romance sex-based distinctions are now relevant mostly semantically, and are only minimally grammatically active. The chapter argues that this asymmetry in patterning suggests that there is also an asymmetry in the contribution of each language to the Michif grammar, with Plains Cree being the stronger influence.
Carrie Gillon and Nicole Rosen
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198795339
- eISBN:
- 9780191836596
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198795339.003.0005
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Language Families, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter focuses on the article system in Michif. Articles are particularly problematic for the French DP/Plains Cree VP split posited for Michif (Bakker 1997). Despite being French-derived, the ...
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This chapter focuses on the article system in Michif. Articles are particularly problematic for the French DP/Plains Cree VP split posited for Michif (Bakker 1997). Despite being French-derived, the Michif articles do not behave like their French counterparts. Michif definite articles occupy a lower position within the DP than French definite articles do, and Michif lacks definiteness, despite having borrowed both the definite and indefinite articles. Even more problematically, the singular definite articles are used to Algonquianize non-Algonquian vocabulary—both within the DP and the VP. Thus, a piece of French morphosyntax has been appropriated to create structures that can be interpreted within Algonquian syntax, providing more evidence that ultimately the Michif DP is Algonquian, rather than French.Less
This chapter focuses on the article system in Michif. Articles are particularly problematic for the French DP/Plains Cree VP split posited for Michif (Bakker 1997). Despite being French-derived, the Michif articles do not behave like their French counterparts. Michif definite articles occupy a lower position within the DP than French definite articles do, and Michif lacks definiteness, despite having borrowed both the definite and indefinite articles. Even more problematically, the singular definite articles are used to Algonquianize non-Algonquian vocabulary—both within the DP and the VP. Thus, a piece of French morphosyntax has been appropriated to create structures that can be interpreted within Algonquian syntax, providing more evidence that ultimately the Michif DP is Algonquian, rather than French.
