Search Results

Practical Applications of Neuroenology to the Pleasure of Wine Tasting

Gordon M. Shepherd

in Neuroenology: How the Brain Creates the Taste of Wine

This chapter provides a summary of the contents of the book through new studies, including consumers’ preferences in the alcohol content of wines; whether price impacts pleasure; and how experts in ... More

This chapter provides a summary of the contents of the book through new studies, including consumers’ preferences in the alcohol content of wines; whether price impacts pleasure; and how experts in wine have different taste experiences than others.Less

Economic evaluation in harm prevention: What are the special challenges?

Wendy J. Ungar

in Economic Evaluation in Child Health

This chapter is divided into three parts. The first part commences with a review of economic evaluations in child protection, including preventive and treatment interventions for physical abuse, ... More

This chapter is divided into three parts. The first part commences with a review of economic evaluations in child protection, including preventive and treatment interventions for physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect. It then describes the need for methodological improvements in economic evaluation of child protection to include inter-generational effects and recognize unique aspects, such as circular causal pathways, impacts that extend beyond the individual, and cross portfolio impacts. Part 1 examines the internal and external validity of effectiveness evidence and quality of life effects in harm prevention and ends with a discussion of policy relevance. The second part is a detailed discussion of economic evaluation of US welfare reform initiatives aimed at protecting children from parental abuse and neglect. This part addresses the measurement of outcomes in child welfare program innovation, including changes in services, accelerated permanency, health and safety, and changes in children's health outcomes as measured by school performance and delinquency. Part 2 concludes with suggestions for facilitating the conduct of economic analysis of welfare reforms. The third part of this chapter focuses on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). After a brief review of screening, diagnosis and treatment for FASD, it summarizes current evidence regarding the economic burden and cost-effectiveness of FASD treatment and prevention.Less

Screening Substance Use/Abuse of Middle and High School Students

Lori K. Holleran and Soyon Jung

in The School Practitioner’s Concise Companion to Health and Well Being

Adolescent substance use has been a major concern in this country. According to the Monitoring the Future study conducted by the University of Michigan and supported by the National Institute on Drug ... More

Adolescent substance use has been a major concern in this country. According to the Monitoring the Future study conducted by the University of Michigan and supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, a high percentage of American youth has tried or currently use various illicit drugs, alcohol, and tobacco. Among the 8th, 10th, and 12th graders surveyed in 2003, for example, one third were using alcohol and one sixth smoked cigarettes. In addition, many adolescents use illegal drugs including marijuana, ecstasy, and LSD. Approximately 17% reported illicit drug use during the month prior to the survey and 37% reported that they had tried it at least once during their lifetime. This chapter discusses the substance use/abuse screening methods that school mental health professionals can easily utilize. It presents a summary table of screening tools developed particularly for the adolescent population. It discusses two screening instruments — Problem-Oriented Screening Instruments for Teenagers (POSIT) and Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index (RAPI) — which are considered most efficient at school settings. This information covers how to administer the instruments and how to interpret the results. Finally, a case example is provided to demonstrate the techniques described in the chapter.Less

Shipping and Trade, Cargo Trades

David M. Williams and Andrew P. White

in A Select Bibliography of British and Irish University Theses about Maritime History, 1792-1990

A bibliography of post-graduate theses concerning the Cargo Trade of Coal; Grain; Guano; Opium; Salt; Sugar; Tea; Timber; Tobacco; Wine and Spirits; Wool, and more.

Weighing up the Potential of Literary Consumption: Feeding on Scraps in Michel Houellebecq’s La Carte et le territoire/The Map and the Territory

Ruth Cruickshank

in Leftovers: Eating, Drinking and Re-thinking with Case Studies from Post-war French Fiction

Houellebecq’s La Carte et le territoire/The Map and the Territory (2010) provocatively problematizes the potential of art, literature and the French economy in the global marketplace. Meals and ... More

Houellebecq’s La Carte et le territoire/The Map and the Territory (2010) provocatively problematizes the potential of art, literature and the French economy in the global marketplace. Meals and drinks in bars, cafés, restaurants, luxury hotels and the home of a soon-to-be-murdered fictional Houellebecq are the premise for discussions of late capitalism, whilst unwittingly – along with the dislocated gastro-anomie embodied by supermarket shopping and excessive drinking – underscoring how lack imbues twenty-first-century relationships. Literary intertexts related to food and drink expose the problematics of the consumption of the writer in the twenty-first-century marketplace, yet artfully distance the writer from some very problematic discourses. Traces and remainders in leftover bits and pieces of charcuterie and questionable fusion food which pepper the novel magnify Houellebecq’s attempts to represent the world with scraps of more or less throwaway culture. These – deliberately or not – both evoke catastrophic excesses of late capitalism and the interpretative and transformative potential of representations of eating and drinking (although not ecocritical concerns about the planet). Although evoking global systems of exploitative violence fuelling the twenty-first century’s economics of excess, analyses of food and drink in the novel reveals a more positive conclusion: that writing can still create from remainders, whatever the market conditions.Less

Trends in adolescent substance use and their implications for understanding trends in mental health

Ann Hagell, Judith Aldridge, Petra Meier, Tim Millar, Jennifer Symonds, and Michael Donmall

in Changing Adolescence: Social Trends and Mental Health

One of the most obvious social changes over the second half of the 20th century was the increase in the proportion of young people using alcohol and different kinds of drugs. Recreational use of ... More

One of the most obvious social changes over the second half of the 20th century was the increase in the proportion of young people using alcohol and different kinds of drugs. Recreational use of illegal substances has increased and is now a conspicuous part of the social landscape. We know that using substances is associated with a range of poor outcomes. The UK has a high level of adolescent alcohol consumption and problem use. What are the implications? The literature is rarely focused on the more specifically developmental aspects of use in adolescence, and preliminary evidence suggests that indeed there may be links between the rising trends in both substance use and mental health outcomes.Less

Reflections and implications

Ann Hagell and Sharon Witherspoon

in Changing Adolescence: Social Trends and Mental Health

There is suggestive evidence that several domains of social change may 'matter' in regard to increases in emotional and behavioural symptoms of adolescents between the mid 1970s and the mid 2000s. ... More

There is suggestive evidence that several domains of social change may 'matter' in regard to increases in emotional and behavioural symptoms of adolescents between the mid 1970s and the mid 2000s. However, our review of the evidence base revealed far fewer 'change' data than we might have expected from the level of discussion around these topics, and some of the change goes in a different direction to what might be expected. In this chapter we discuss some of the wider implications of the work, both for our understanding and also for development of a subsequent research agenda in this area. The study of social history and the way in which social institutions shape adolescent experiences both need to be more fundamental to social science in this area, if we are to understand how changing times lead to changing adolescence.Less

The Morality of Drunkenness in Chinese Literature of the Third Century CE

Nicholas Morrow Williams

in Scribes of Gastronomy: Representations of Food and Drink in Imperial Chinese Literature

This chapter examines the shifting associations of alcohol with ethical and political order in gastronomic literature from around the third century CE. By analysing in details the writings of Ruan ... More

This chapter examines the shifting associations of alcohol with ethical and political order in gastronomic literature from around the third century CE. By analysing in details the writings of Ruan Ji, Liu Ling, Yu Chan, Tao Qian, and others, it endeavours to show a unique appreciation for both the physical enjoyment and symbolic meaning of alcohol.Less

Energy for the Future: Brazilian Law and Policy

Yanko Marcius de Alencar Xavier

in Beyond The Carbon Economy: Energy Law in Transition

During the 1970s and 1980s, the tensions in the political scene in the Middle East gave rise to the first significant increase of crude oil prices in the international market. Brazil was strongly ... More

During the 1970s and 1980s, the tensions in the political scene in the Middle East gave rise to the first significant increase of crude oil prices in the international market. Brazil was strongly dependent on foreign oil, which emphasised the effects caused by the first international oil shock on the national economy. The country implemented two types of measures: incentives to a larger participation of hydroelectricity in the primary sector and incentives to research and development of energy alternatives to substitute oil products. During the same period, the country embarked on an important experience in the use of biomass as energy resource on a large scale with the National Alcohol Program. This chapter explores the introduction of biomass in the Brazilian energy matrix from a legal and institutional perspective. After a short survey of the policies and legislation on oil and natural gas, it analyses the existing legal instruments in Brazil to promote the use of biomass as an alternative energy source and whether these instruments effectively contribute to advance renewable energy.Less

Comparative Analysis, Tools, and Questions

Kathleen Araújo

in Low Carbon Energy Transitions: Turning Points in National Policy and Innovation

This chapter returns to the overarching questions of this book, namely, how can national energy transitions be explained, to what extent do patterns of change align ... More

This chapter returns to the overarching questions of this book, namely, how can national energy transitions be explained, to what extent do patterns of change align and differ in the transitions of this study, and how does policy play a role, particularly with innovations that emerged amid the transitions. To broadly answer, the four cases are comparatively examined here. The conceptual tools from Chapter 3 are also elaborated based on the findings. Implications of the results are discussed, and will serve as a basis for further discussion in Chapter 9 on how to think about energy transitions as a planner, decision-maker, and researcher. Among the more significant findings are the following. Greater energy substitution (in relative terms) occurred initially within the countries that extended or repurposed existing energy systems versus the country (i.e., Denmark) that developed a new energy system from a nearly non-existent one. Cost improvements were evident in all cases; however, a number of caveats are worth noting. Among the energy technologies and their services that were studied, only Icelandic geothermal-based heating was competitive in its home market in the 1970s; nonetheless, the remaining energy technologies that were studied later became cost competitive. As the national industries of this book became globally recognized, increases in the quality of living within the given countries also occurred, as gauged by the Human Development Index (HDI). With respect to timescales, substantial energy transitions were evident in all cases within a period of 15 years or less. In terms of technology complexity, this attribute was not a confounding barrier to change. Finally, government was instrumental to change, but not always the driver. There are countless ways to compare national energy transitions. This section illustrates ways of doing so, first by describing broadly observed, socio-technical patterns with the tool typologies outlined in Chapter 3. A discussion of tool refinement follows. The section then turns to more systematically assess key, qualitative and quantitative dimensions of the four transition cases. Less

Diagnosis of Psychiatric Disorders

Sharon M. Batista and Harold W. Goforth

in Handbook of AIDS Psychiatry

As we enter the third decade of the AIDS pandemic, persons with AIDS are living longer and healthier lives as a result of appropriate medical care and advances in ... More

As we enter the third decade of the AIDS pandemic, persons with AIDS are living longer and healthier lives as a result of appropriate medical care and advances in antiretroviral therapy. In the United States and throughout the world, however, some men, women, and children with AIDS are unable to benefit from this medical progress because of inadequate access to care. A multiplicity of barriers involving economic, social, political, and psychiatric factors contribute to this lack of access. For this and other reasons, psychiatric factors take on new relevance and meaning in this stage of the pandemic (Cohen, 2008). Psychiatric disorders and distress play a significant role in the transmission of, exposure to, and infection with HIV. They are thus relevant to HIV prevention, clinical care, and adherence to treatment throughout every aspect of illness from the initial risk behavior to death. Psychiatric disorders can result in considerable suffering, from diagnosis to end-stage illness. Persons with HIV and AIDS may have no psychiatric diagnosis at all or any diagnosis described in psychiatric nomenclature (Cohen and Alfonso, 2004; Cohen, 2008). In this chapter, we provide guidelines for the diagnosis of those psychiatric disorders that are most likely to complicate and perpetuate the HIV pandemic and pose diagnostic dilemmas for clinicians. Although we introduce aspects of treatment of each disorder, please see Chapters 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 for detailed descriptions of psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacological treatment approaches to AIDS psychiatry. Consideration of a broad differential diagnosis is paramount in evaluating behavioral disorders in persons with HIV, especially when investigating medical and neuropsychiatric etiological factors related to HIV illness and its treatment. Since few persons with HIV have access to psychiatrists or other mental health clinicians, and even fewer have access to an AIDS psychiatrist, a summary of suggested key questions is provided here to aid HIV clinicians in detecting the underlying psychiatric diagnoses most frequently encountered in persons with HIV and AIDS. While these questions are by no means a substitute for comprehensive psychiatric evaluation (described in detail in Chapter 2 of this handbook), they can inform clinicians of the need for further assessment, emergency intervention, or referral to a psychiatrist. Less

Overview of Psychiatric Symptoms and Syndromes

Peter V. Rabins and Phillip R. Slavney

in Title Pages

This chapter provides an overview of psychiatric symptoms and syndromes that can be seen with neurologic diseases. Our goal is not to discuss every ... More

This chapter provides an overview of psychiatric symptoms and syndromes that can be seen with neurologic diseases. Our goal is not to discuss every psychiatric disorder that might occur but to focus on those that are the most common. Important characteristics of this condition include: • Intermittently sad mood • Identifiable precipitant • Absence of major depression Just as grief is a normal response to loss, demoralization is a normal response to adversity. When bad things happen, our spirits fall. Because adversity is common with neurologic diseases, so is demoralization. Thus, patients may become demoralized when they learn they have a neurologic disease (eg, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease), when they experience the symptoms of such a disease (eg, blindness, aphasia, pain), or when they develop the side effects of treatment for the disease (eg, weight gain from prednisone, dyskinesias from levodopa). Demoralization is not linked to any particular group of neurologic diseases, but it tends to be more common in those that are chronic, progressive, painful, debilitating, or disfiguring. Demoralized patients are almost always sad, but they may also be frustrated, irritable, pessimistic, or anxious. These unpleasant emotions are directly related to the patient’s situation and diminish as that situation improves. Someone who is demoralized by pain cheers up when the pain is relieved. Even when patients are demoralized by circumstances that cannot be reversed, their mood often improves when they discover that they are not powerless in the face of adversity. In this way, patients who become demoralized when they are told that they have a terminal illness may feel better as they start to focus on what they can do with the time left to them, and patients who become demoralized by the onset of a paraplegia may brighten as they begin to make progress in rehabilitation. This direct relationship between the patient’s mood and his or her situation helps distinguish the sadness of demoralization from that of major depression, because in the latter condition the patient’s mood remains low despite improving circumstances. Other features of a demoralized state also help differentiate demoralization from major depression. Less

Alcohol Consumption, Transgression, and Death

Christa Shusko

in Dying to Eat: Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Food, Death, and the Afterlife

Christa Shusko’s chapter focuses on how alcohol-drinking rituals mimic the drinking of blood (really a “blood” punch) in male fraternity groups. Shusko’s chapter examines how the living face death ... More

Christa Shusko’s chapter focuses on how alcohol-drinking rituals mimic the drinking of blood (really a “blood” punch) in male fraternity groups. Shusko’s chapter examines how the living face death and form community through food, albeit through male bonding rituals of consuming alcohol and reenacting illicit and horrific acts. Shusko contends that alcohol acts as both conduit and medium through which the living come to terms with both death and the macabre. Unlike Graham, who argues that the absence of alcohol reinforces Protestant, and particularly Baptist identity, Shusko points to the use of alcohol as a cohesive agent that brings the community together.Less

A Preliminary Remark: Water and Friends

Peter Atkins

in Title Pages

Water is the most miraculous of fluids. As well as being ubiquitous on Earth and essential for life as we know it, it has remarkable properties which at ... More

Water is the most miraculous of fluids. As well as being ubiquitous on Earth and essential for life as we know it, it has remarkable properties which at first sight don’t seem to be consistent with its almost laughably simple chemical composition. Each molecule of water consists of a single oxygen atom (O) and two hydrogen atoms (H); its chemical formula is therefore, as just about everyone already knows, H2O. Here is one odd but hugely important anomalous property. A water molecule is only slightly heavier than a methane molecule (CH4; C denotes a carbon atom) and an ammonia molecule (NH3, N denotes a nitrogen atom). However, whereas methane and ammonia are gases, water is a liquid at room temperature. Water is also nearly unique in so far as its solid form, ice, is less dense than its liquid form, so ice floats on water. Icebergs float in water; methanebergs and ammoniabergs would both sink in their respective liquids in an extraterrestrial alien world, rendering their Titanics but not their Nautiluses safer than ours. Another very important property is that water is an excellent solvent, being able to dissolve gases and many solids. One consequence of this ability is that water is a common medium for chemical reactions. Once substances are dissolved in it, their molecules can move reasonably freely, meet other dissolved substances, and react with them. As a result, water will figure large in this book and this preliminary comment is important for understanding what is to come. You need to get to know the H2O molecule intimately, for from it spring all the properties that make water so miraculous and, more prosaically, so useful. The molecule also figures frequently in the illustrations, usually looking like 1, where the red sphere denotes an O atom and the pale grey spheres represent H atoms. Actual molecules are not coloured and are not made up of discrete spheres; maybe 2 is a better depiction, but it is less informative. I shall use the latter representation only when I want to draw your attention to the way that electrons spread over the atoms and bind them together. Less

Alcohol and the Effectiveness of Alcohol Controls

Geoff Pearson

in An ethnography of English football fans: Cans, cops and carnivals

This chapter identities the central importance of alcohol (usually beer) consumption to the carnival fan groups. It considers drug use but does not consider this to be a key driving force for ... More

This chapter identities the central importance of alcohol (usually beer) consumption to the carnival fan groups. It considers drug use but does not consider this to be a key driving force for football fan behaviour in the way that alcohol is. It investigates the link between social alcohol consumption and disorder and looks at how the authorities have tried to restrict access to alcohol at and around matches. It looks at the impact of the Sporting Events (Control of Alcohol) Act 1985, early kick-off times and alcohol prohibitions on transport to matches and in city centres during European away matches. It concludes that for carnival fans such restrictions do not reduce alcohol consumption on match-days but may result in an increased risk of public disorder as a result of the ways in which fan groups resist them.Less

‘Binge’ drinking devils and moral marginality: young people’s calculated hedonism in the Canterbury night-time economy

Robert McPherson

in Youth Marginality in Britain: Contemporary Studies of Austerity

Robert McPherson presents data from an ethnographic study focused upon young people within the Canterbury night-time economy. He gained access and subsequent immersion into groups of different groups ... More

Robert McPherson presents data from an ethnographic study focused upon young people within the Canterbury night-time economy. He gained access and subsequent immersion into groups of different groups of marginalised young people’s leisure practices. He critically examines the media construction as of ‘binge’ alcohol consumption, and how negative media representations produced what he describes as a discriminatory moral marginality impacting on young people in the UK. His data suggest that young people intentionally manage their levels of intoxication to counter moral marginality, which incorporate aspects of risk, agency and resistance.Less

Discipline, Community, and Conformity

John M. Chenoweth

in Simplicity, Equality, and Slavery: An Archaeology of Quakerism in the British Virgin Islands, 1740-1780

Every group has standards of action which are enforced through various social mechanisms. Quakerism’s greatest punishment was “disownment” or the expelling of a member from the group, but this was ... More

Every group has standards of action which are enforced through various social mechanisms. Quakerism’s greatest punishment was “disownment” or the expelling of a member from the group, but this was the result of a sometimes long process of “treating” with errant members. While this structure was common, the particular crimes which occasioned such procedures and the way they were prosecuted were very much local. Alcohol and tobacco are frequently understood as “sinful” in historical archaeological works but chapter 6 complicates this picture, exploring the roles of these substances in the British Virgin Islands (BVI). The chapter also considers the way the “discipline” was and was not applied in the BVI, and continues to trace a series of fault lines within the BVI Quaker community arising from disagreements over priorities and perspectives. The written record is evaluated here, and it is argued that it must be seen as the product of only part of this community which is, in part, countered by archaeological evidence.Less