Jacqueline McGlade
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199269044
- eISBN:
- 9780191717123
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269044.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
This chapter examines the New Left argument that the Marshall Plan evolved out of the corporatist framework of American foreign economic policy-making set before the Second World War. It also ...
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This chapter examines the New Left argument that the Marshall Plan evolved out of the corporatist framework of American foreign economic policy-making set before the Second World War. It also challenges the notion that the economic goals and programmes of the Marshall Plan enhanced and remained compatible with the thrust of cold war strategic defence. As evidence to the contrary, this chapter focuses on one Marshall Aid programme, the US Productivity and Technical Assistance Programme (USTA&P), and its struggle to advance business reform overseas in the face of shifting cold war military objectives and European reactions.Less
This chapter examines the New Left argument that the Marshall Plan evolved out of the corporatist framework of American foreign economic policy-making set before the Second World War. It also challenges the notion that the economic goals and programmes of the Marshall Plan enhanced and remained compatible with the thrust of cold war strategic defence. As evidence to the contrary, this chapter focuses on one Marshall Aid programme, the US Productivity and Technical Assistance Programme (USTA&P), and its struggle to advance business reform overseas in the face of shifting cold war military objectives and European reactions.
Duccio Bigazzi
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199269044
- eISBN:
- 9780191717123
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269044.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
In 1945, the Italian industrial sector was well prepared to measure itself against the American model. In the engineering sector, direct contacts between technical experts on the two sides were ...
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In 1945, the Italian industrial sector was well prepared to measure itself against the American model. In the engineering sector, direct contacts between technical experts on the two sides were established around the turn of the century, and these had intensified during the First World War. During the Fascist period, the diffusion of American methods met with resistance from the traditionalist approach to technology and organization of most Italian industrialists, who preferred low wages and a strongly authoritarian form of paternalism. Nonetheless, the most innovative managers and entrepreneurs continued to look up to America as the most efficient technical and productive model.Less
In 1945, the Italian industrial sector was well prepared to measure itself against the American model. In the engineering sector, direct contacts between technical experts on the two sides were established around the turn of the century, and these had intensified during the First World War. During the Fascist period, the diffusion of American methods met with resistance from the traditionalist approach to technology and organization of most Italian industrialists, who preferred low wages and a strongly authoritarian form of paternalism. Nonetheless, the most innovative managers and entrepreneurs continued to look up to America as the most efficient technical and productive model.
Junichi Sakamoto
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199573349
- eISBN:
- 9780191721946
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199573349.003.0011
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Public Management, Pensions and Pension Management
A topic of long-standing discussion in Japan has been how to equitably merge the retirement plans for civil servants and private employees, which in the past have been managed separately. Recent ...
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A topic of long-standing discussion in Japan has been how to equitably merge the retirement plans for civil servants and private employees, which in the past have been managed separately. Recent legislation sought to unify social security pension schemes for all employees by extending the coverage of the Japanese Employees’ Pension Insurance Scheme, which covers private employees, to include civil servants as well. The author describes how Japanese social security pension schemes have evolved, the forces driving the merger of these plans, and what future prospects may be.Less
A topic of long-standing discussion in Japan has been how to equitably merge the retirement plans for civil servants and private employees, which in the past have been managed separately. Recent legislation sought to unify social security pension schemes for all employees by extending the coverage of the Japanese Employees’ Pension Insurance Scheme, which covers private employees, to include civil servants as well. The author describes how Japanese social security pension schemes have evolved, the forces driving the merger of these plans, and what future prospects may be.
Cybelle Fox
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691152233
- eISBN:
- 9781400842582
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691152233.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter focuses on the Social Security Act and the disparate treatment of blacks, Mexicans, and European immigrants in the administration of Social Security, Unemployment Insurance, Aid to ...
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This chapter focuses on the Social Security Act and the disparate treatment of blacks, Mexicans, and European immigrants in the administration of Social Security, Unemployment Insurance, Aid to Dependent Children, and Old Age Assistance. Though framed as legislation that would help the “average citizen,” scholars have shown that the Social Security Act in fact excluded the vast majority of blacks from the most generous social insurance programs, relegating them to meager, decentralized, and demeaning means-tested programs. European immigrants, by contrast, benefited from many of the provisions of the Social Security Act, and in at least some respects, they benefited more than even native-born whites. The net result of these policies was that blacks were disproportionately shunted into categorical assistance programs with low benefit levels, European immigrants were disproportionately covered under social insurance regardless of citizenship, and Mexicans were often shut out altogether.Less
This chapter focuses on the Social Security Act and the disparate treatment of blacks, Mexicans, and European immigrants in the administration of Social Security, Unemployment Insurance, Aid to Dependent Children, and Old Age Assistance. Though framed as legislation that would help the “average citizen,” scholars have shown that the Social Security Act in fact excluded the vast majority of blacks from the most generous social insurance programs, relegating them to meager, decentralized, and demeaning means-tested programs. European immigrants, by contrast, benefited from many of the provisions of the Social Security Act, and in at least some respects, they benefited more than even native-born whites. The net result of these policies was that blacks were disproportionately shunted into categorical assistance programs with low benefit levels, European immigrants were disproportionately covered under social insurance regardless of citizenship, and Mexicans were often shut out altogether.
Madeline Y. Hsu
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691164021
- eISBN:
- 9781400866373
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691164021.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
This chapter looks at the enactment of political agendas under the guise of humanitarian outreach through the operations of the CIA-funded Aid Refugee Chinese Intellectuals, Inc. (ARCI). This ...
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This chapter looks at the enactment of political agendas under the guise of humanitarian outreach through the operations of the CIA-funded Aid Refugee Chinese Intellectuals, Inc. (ARCI). This ostensibly nongovernmental agency targeted intellectual Chinese for assistance and migration, first to aid the Nationalists on Taiwan and then to the United States in fulfillment of the Refugee Relief Act of 1953. Despite the limits of U.S. assistance, the Department of State, through the Office of Refugee and Migration Affairs (ORM) and the U.S. Information Agency (USIA), sought to maximize the impact of such symbolic relief programs. Cold War propaganda proclaimed American friendship and concern for Chinese overseas while reassuring Americans domestically that applicants vetted not only for political views but also for prearranged employment.Less
This chapter looks at the enactment of political agendas under the guise of humanitarian outreach through the operations of the CIA-funded Aid Refugee Chinese Intellectuals, Inc. (ARCI). This ostensibly nongovernmental agency targeted intellectual Chinese for assistance and migration, first to aid the Nationalists on Taiwan and then to the United States in fulfillment of the Refugee Relief Act of 1953. Despite the limits of U.S. assistance, the Department of State, through the Office of Refugee and Migration Affairs (ORM) and the U.S. Information Agency (USIA), sought to maximize the impact of such symbolic relief programs. Cold War propaganda proclaimed American friendship and concern for Chinese overseas while reassuring Americans domestically that applicants vetted not only for political views but also for prearranged employment.
Jonathan Benthall
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781784993085
- eISBN:
- 9781526124005
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784993085.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Middle Eastern Cultural Anthropology
This book is the fruit of twenty years’ reflection on Islamic charities, both in practical terms and as a key to understand the crisis in contemporary Islam. On the one hand Islam is undervalued as a ...
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This book is the fruit of twenty years’ reflection on Islamic charities, both in practical terms and as a key to understand the crisis in contemporary Islam. On the one hand Islam is undervalued as a global moral and political force whose admirable qualities are exemplified in its strong tradition of charitable giving. On the other hand, it suffers from a crisis of authority that cannot be blamed entirely on the history of colonialism and stigmatization to which Muslims have undoubtedly been subjected – most recently, as a result of the “war on terror”.
The book consists of seventeen previously published chapters, with a general Introduction and new prefatory material for each chapter. The first nine chapters review the current situation of Islamic charities from many different viewpoints – theological, historical, diplomatic, legal, sociological and ethnographic – with first-hand data from the United States, Britain, Israel–Palestine, Mali and Indonesia. Chapters 10 to 17 expand the coverage to explore the potential for a twenty-first century “Islamic humanism” that would be devised by Muslims in the light of the human sciences and institutionalized throughout the Muslim world. This means addressing contentious topics such as religious toleration and the meaning of jihad.
The intended readership includes academics and students at all levels, professionals concerned with aid and development, and all who have an interest in the future of Islam.Less
This book is the fruit of twenty years’ reflection on Islamic charities, both in practical terms and as a key to understand the crisis in contemporary Islam. On the one hand Islam is undervalued as a global moral and political force whose admirable qualities are exemplified in its strong tradition of charitable giving. On the other hand, it suffers from a crisis of authority that cannot be blamed entirely on the history of colonialism and stigmatization to which Muslims have undoubtedly been subjected – most recently, as a result of the “war on terror”.
The book consists of seventeen previously published chapters, with a general Introduction and new prefatory material for each chapter. The first nine chapters review the current situation of Islamic charities from many different viewpoints – theological, historical, diplomatic, legal, sociological and ethnographic – with first-hand data from the United States, Britain, Israel–Palestine, Mali and Indonesia. Chapters 10 to 17 expand the coverage to explore the potential for a twenty-first century “Islamic humanism” that would be devised by Muslims in the light of the human sciences and institutionalized throughout the Muslim world. This means addressing contentious topics such as religious toleration and the meaning of jihad.
The intended readership includes academics and students at all levels, professionals concerned with aid and development, and all who have an interest in the future of Islam.
Robert B. Archibald and David H. Feldman
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199744503
- eISBN:
- 9780199866168
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199744503.003.0014
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
Despite ample evidence that changes in net tuition do affect the college going decisions of students, there is scant evidence that increases in federal need-based financial aid actually have ...
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Despite ample evidence that changes in net tuition do affect the college going decisions of students, there is scant evidence that increases in federal need-based financial aid actually have increased the college going rates of low-income students. This failure stems from the complexity of the system that determines eligibility for federal financial aid. Many have suggested simplifications of the system to make it more transparent. To stimulate discussion, this chapter suggests a more radical proposal, making federal financial aid an entitlement independent of income. This proposal is appealing because the most successful financial aid programs have been those with the simplest eligibility requirements. The chapter then compares and contrasts a dramatic simplification with the less radical proposals put forward by the Rethinking Student Aid Study Group and the National Association of Student Financial Aid Administrators. The chapter also discusses changes in federal student loan programs.Less
Despite ample evidence that changes in net tuition do affect the college going decisions of students, there is scant evidence that increases in federal need-based financial aid actually have increased the college going rates of low-income students. This failure stems from the complexity of the system that determines eligibility for federal financial aid. Many have suggested simplifications of the system to make it more transparent. To stimulate discussion, this chapter suggests a more radical proposal, making federal financial aid an entitlement independent of income. This proposal is appealing because the most successful financial aid programs have been those with the simplest eligibility requirements. The chapter then compares and contrasts a dramatic simplification with the less radical proposals put forward by the Rethinking Student Aid Study Group and the National Association of Student Financial Aid Administrators. The chapter also discusses changes in federal student loan programs.
Roland Vogt (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9789888083879
- eISBN:
- 9789882209077
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888083879.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
China's growing presence in Africa has been a cause for concern in European capitals. While China's expansion into Africa is driven by its demand for resources, diplomatic considerations, and a ...
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China's growing presence in Africa has been a cause for concern in European capitals. While China's expansion into Africa is driven by its demand for resources, diplomatic considerations, and a strategy to open up new export markets, European policy-makers are concerned about the modes of development and governance Beijing favours and the regimes it supports in Africa. Europe and China pursue diverging concepts of development cooperation. A diverse group of Chinese actors - ranging from government, state-owned enterprises, to development banks and private companies - have established themselves firmly in Africa and have successfully cultivated ties with numerous African governments. Europe is alarmed that is value-driven ('software') policies have been undermined by China's pragmatic and practical policies focusing on 'hardware' infrastructure, investment, and resource extraction.Less
China's growing presence in Africa has been a cause for concern in European capitals. While China's expansion into Africa is driven by its demand for resources, diplomatic considerations, and a strategy to open up new export markets, European policy-makers are concerned about the modes of development and governance Beijing favours and the regimes it supports in Africa. Europe and China pursue diverging concepts of development cooperation. A diverse group of Chinese actors - ranging from government, state-owned enterprises, to development banks and private companies - have established themselves firmly in Africa and have successfully cultivated ties with numerous African governments. Europe is alarmed that is value-driven ('software') policies have been undermined by China's pragmatic and practical policies focusing on 'hardware' infrastructure, investment, and resource extraction.
Elizabeth Hayes Turner
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195086881
- eISBN:
- 9780199854578
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195086881.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This chapter shows how the progressive women's communities emerged during the Progressive Era. Galveston supplied an environment conducive to middle and upper-class women's advancement from ...
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This chapter shows how the progressive women's communities emerged during the Progressive Era. Galveston supplied an environment conducive to middle and upper-class women's advancement from congregational life into community activism. It helped extend women's issues to public forums. Three progressive communities emerged: African American Women's Hospital Aid Society, the Women's Progressive Club, and the Negro Women Voters' League. They all had nurtured ameliorative and reforming sentiments. These associations were separated by race but their goals advanced women to positions of leadership. Thus, the first two decades became women's decades as they organized to protect the health, seek equal rights and opportunities for women and combat discrimination. It worked for a healthier, safer urban environment for the women.Less
This chapter shows how the progressive women's communities emerged during the Progressive Era. Galveston supplied an environment conducive to middle and upper-class women's advancement from congregational life into community activism. It helped extend women's issues to public forums. Three progressive communities emerged: African American Women's Hospital Aid Society, the Women's Progressive Club, and the Negro Women Voters' League. They all had nurtured ameliorative and reforming sentiments. These associations were separated by race but their goals advanced women to positions of leadership. Thus, the first two decades became women's decades as they organized to protect the health, seek equal rights and opportunities for women and combat discrimination. It worked for a healthier, safer urban environment for the women.
Fraser Raeburn
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781474459471
- eISBN:
- 9781474491365
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474459471.003.0007
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Scottish Studies
A distinctive feature of pro-Republican solidarity movements in Britain was the formation of local, regional and national ‘Spanish Aid Committees’, which brought together diverse groups in order to ...
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A distinctive feature of pro-Republican solidarity movements in Britain was the formation of local, regional and national ‘Spanish Aid Committees’, which brought together diverse groups in order to campaign and raise funds on behalf of Republican Spain. Their widespread success across Britain has been taken both as evidence of either the success of the Communist Party of Great Britain’s efforts to build progressive political coalitions in line with their aspirations for a ‘Popular Front’, or as representing their failure to do so, with such committees taking on a chiefly humanitarian rather than political outlook. By exploring regional case studies across Scotland, this chapter argues that while this communist strategy was more successful in Scotland than elsewhere, this success exposed the limitations of this model of activism, with the committee-based approach proving considerably less successful than previously assumed in key contexts such as Glasgow.Less
A distinctive feature of pro-Republican solidarity movements in Britain was the formation of local, regional and national ‘Spanish Aid Committees’, which brought together diverse groups in order to campaign and raise funds on behalf of Republican Spain. Their widespread success across Britain has been taken both as evidence of either the success of the Communist Party of Great Britain’s efforts to build progressive political coalitions in line with their aspirations for a ‘Popular Front’, or as representing their failure to do so, with such committees taking on a chiefly humanitarian rather than political outlook. By exploring regional case studies across Scotland, this chapter argues that while this communist strategy was more successful in Scotland than elsewhere, this success exposed the limitations of this model of activism, with the committee-based approach proving considerably less successful than previously assumed in key contexts such as Glasgow.
Jessica Elkind
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780813165837
- eISBN:
- 9780813167183
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813165837.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Political History
Aid Under Fire explores American nation building and modernization efforts in South Vietnam during the decade leading up to the full-scale ground war.Beginning in the mid-1950s, American nation ...
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Aid Under Fire explores American nation building and modernization efforts in South Vietnam during the decade leading up to the full-scale ground war.Beginning in the mid-1950s, American nation builders traveled to southern Vietnam, eager to help establish a permanent non-Communist state that would advance US interests in Asia.Ignoring the political concerns of the majority of the Vietnamese people, they supported the South Vietnamese government through a massive program of military, economic, and technical assistance.Based on American and Vietnamese archival sources, this book tells the story of how nation-building efforts were carried out and reveals in stark terms the limits on American power and influence in the period widely considered the apex of US supremacy in the world. This bookfocuses on the activities of the civilian aid workers who spearheaded US policies in South Vietnam.Confident in the transformative power of American models, these men and women were developmental enthusiasts who sought to reform Vietnamese institutions and garner support for the government in Saigon.However, like the government officials who recruited them, most aid workers lacked a basic knowledge and understanding of Vietnamese culture, history, and politics.As a result, they attempted to replicate political, economic, and military systems on the basis oftheir own experiences while displaying a willful blindness to the conditions and attitudes in Vietnam. By examining civilian aid workers’ role in implementing and shaping American modernization efforts in Vietnam, this book shows how nation building functioned—and ultimately failed—at the ground level.Less
Aid Under Fire explores American nation building and modernization efforts in South Vietnam during the decade leading up to the full-scale ground war.Beginning in the mid-1950s, American nation builders traveled to southern Vietnam, eager to help establish a permanent non-Communist state that would advance US interests in Asia.Ignoring the political concerns of the majority of the Vietnamese people, they supported the South Vietnamese government through a massive program of military, economic, and technical assistance.Based on American and Vietnamese archival sources, this book tells the story of how nation-building efforts were carried out and reveals in stark terms the limits on American power and influence in the period widely considered the apex of US supremacy in the world. This bookfocuses on the activities of the civilian aid workers who spearheaded US policies in South Vietnam.Confident in the transformative power of American models, these men and women were developmental enthusiasts who sought to reform Vietnamese institutions and garner support for the government in Saigon.However, like the government officials who recruited them, most aid workers lacked a basic knowledge and understanding of Vietnamese culture, history, and politics.As a result, they attempted to replicate political, economic, and military systems on the basis oftheir own experiences while displaying a willful blindness to the conditions and attitudes in Vietnam. By examining civilian aid workers’ role in implementing and shaping American modernization efforts in Vietnam, this book shows how nation building functioned—and ultimately failed—at the ground level.
Adams Adrian and So Jaabe
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198201915
- eISBN:
- 9780191675072
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201915.003.0012
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
An enquiry into the irrigated, rain-fed, and flood-recession farming done by men and women members of the Kunjani group in 1991 to 1992, and the grain crops harvested by all Kunjani households that ...
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An enquiry into the irrigated, rain-fed, and flood-recession farming done by men and women members of the Kunjani group in 1991 to 1992, and the grain crops harvested by all Kunjani households that same year, brought valuable information about current levels of food security and the part played by irrigated farming. This later became part of a study, produced with help from Christian Aid, which this book used to seek funding for rebuilding the farming groups' irrigation systems. The federation's report on support for women's market gardening noted that its future expansion depends on solving two problems: the poor quality of existing irrigation systems, which means unacceptably high risks and costs, and marketing difficulties. The literacy programme produced several Soninke-language publications: suras from the Koran, the first issue of a magazine called fanqanne, and a book on river fish and fishing, entirely made up of contributions by farming group members.Less
An enquiry into the irrigated, rain-fed, and flood-recession farming done by men and women members of the Kunjani group in 1991 to 1992, and the grain crops harvested by all Kunjani households that same year, brought valuable information about current levels of food security and the part played by irrigated farming. This later became part of a study, produced with help from Christian Aid, which this book used to seek funding for rebuilding the farming groups' irrigation systems. The federation's report on support for women's market gardening noted that its future expansion depends on solving two problems: the poor quality of existing irrigation systems, which means unacceptably high risks and costs, and marketing difficulties. The literacy programme produced several Soninke-language publications: suras from the Koran, the first issue of a magazine called fanqanne, and a book on river fish and fishing, entirely made up of contributions by farming group members.
Haley J. Swedlund
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781501712876
- eISBN:
- 9781501709784
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501712876.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
The Development Dance is about how donor countries and recipient governments negotiate the delivery of foreign aid. The book provides a conceptual framework for understanding donor-government ...
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The Development Dance is about how donor countries and recipient governments negotiate the delivery of foreign aid. The book provides a conceptual framework for understanding donor-government relations and a theory for explaining the sustainability of aid delivery mechanisms. Drawing on extensive in-country fieldwork in four sub-Saharan African countries, as well as an original survey of development practitioners in twenty countries, the book points to a fundamental problem in the delivery of aid: the policy compromises reached by donor agencies and recipient governments are rarely politically sustainable. Commitment problems constrain the policy compromises reached by donors and recipients. As a result, fads and fashions dominate development cooperation, and the delivery of foreign aid is not determined by effectiveness alone. If we want to know whether an aid delivery mechanism is likely to be sustained over the long term, we need to look at whether it induces credible commitments from both donor agencies and recipient governments.Less
The Development Dance is about how donor countries and recipient governments negotiate the delivery of foreign aid. The book provides a conceptual framework for understanding donor-government relations and a theory for explaining the sustainability of aid delivery mechanisms. Drawing on extensive in-country fieldwork in four sub-Saharan African countries, as well as an original survey of development practitioners in twenty countries, the book points to a fundamental problem in the delivery of aid: the policy compromises reached by donor agencies and recipient governments are rarely politically sustainable. Commitment problems constrain the policy compromises reached by donors and recipients. As a result, fads and fashions dominate development cooperation, and the delivery of foreign aid is not determined by effectiveness alone. If we want to know whether an aid delivery mechanism is likely to be sustained over the long term, we need to look at whether it induces credible commitments from both donor agencies and recipient governments.
John E. B. Myers
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195169355
- eISBN:
- 9780199893348
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195169355.003.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families, Crime and Justice
This chapter describes the era before organized child protection, which began in 1875. Prior to that date, many abused and neglected children went without protection, although there was never a time ...
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This chapter describes the era before organized child protection, which began in 1875. Prior to that date, many abused and neglected children went without protection, although there was never a time when children were completely bereft of help. Criminal law always punished brutal physical abuse and sexual assault. Early in American history, a clear distinction was not observed between child maltreatment and poverty. Local officials had authority to apprentice dependent children, some of whom were maltreated and others who were simply poor. America's first institution to care for large numbers of poor and maltreated children was the almshouses or poor house. Beginning in 1729, an alternative to the almshouse emerged, the orphanage. During the 19th century, orphanages grew in number and spread across the nation. Beginning in the middle of the 19th century, reformers argued that dependent children should not live in orphanages, but should live instead in foster homes.Less
This chapter describes the era before organized child protection, which began in 1875. Prior to that date, many abused and neglected children went without protection, although there was never a time when children were completely bereft of help. Criminal law always punished brutal physical abuse and sexual assault. Early in American history, a clear distinction was not observed between child maltreatment and poverty. Local officials had authority to apprentice dependent children, some of whom were maltreated and others who were simply poor. America's first institution to care for large numbers of poor and maltreated children was the almshouses or poor house. Beginning in 1729, an alternative to the almshouse emerged, the orphanage. During the 19th century, orphanages grew in number and spread across the nation. Beginning in the middle of the 19th century, reformers argued that dependent children should not live in orphanages, but should live instead in foster homes.
Jill Duerr Berrick
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195113754
- eISBN:
- 9780199893546
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195113754.003.0002
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families, Social Policy
This chapter discusses welfare. Topics covered include the development of welfare, welfare as intended versus welfare in practice, myths and realities about welfare. The chapter then discusses the ...
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This chapter discusses welfare. Topics covered include the development of welfare, welfare as intended versus welfare in practice, myths and realities about welfare. The chapter then discusses the controversial issue of whether welfare is a problem. It argues that perhaps the real problem is not in our perceptions of who does and does not receive welfare or how long people should benefit from public assistance. Instead, people should be more concerned about the fact that welfare is synonymous with poverty and that living in poverty is what needs to be addressed.Less
This chapter discusses welfare. Topics covered include the development of welfare, welfare as intended versus welfare in practice, myths and realities about welfare. The chapter then discusses the controversial issue of whether welfare is a problem. It argues that perhaps the real problem is not in our perceptions of who does and does not receive welfare or how long people should benefit from public assistance. Instead, people should be more concerned about the fact that welfare is synonymous with poverty and that living in poverty is what needs to be addressed.
Jill Duerr Berrick
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195113754
- eISBN:
- 9780199893546
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195113754.003.0004
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families, Social Policy
This chapter tells the story of Sandy, a 24-year-old single mother of a five-year old. She is still recuperating from her time on AFDC, and her financial reserves are low. Sandy used AFDC for about ...
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This chapter tells the story of Sandy, a 24-year-old single mother of a five-year old. She is still recuperating from her time on AFDC, and her financial reserves are low. Sandy used AFDC for about two and a half years, from the time her daughter was a couple of months old until she turned three. Like many AFDC recipients, Sandy started using AFDC as a teenage mother, shortly after the birth of her daughter.Less
This chapter tells the story of Sandy, a 24-year-old single mother of a five-year old. She is still recuperating from her time on AFDC, and her financial reserves are low. Sandy used AFDC for about two and a half years, from the time her daughter was a couple of months old until she turned three. Like many AFDC recipients, Sandy started using AFDC as a teenage mother, shortly after the birth of her daughter.
Mariya Y. Omelicheva
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780813160689
- eISBN:
- 9780813161006
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813160689.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Discussed in this chapter are US and EU views on democracy and international democratization, as well as normative and instrumental beliefs about the benefits and intrinsic merits of democracy as a ...
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Discussed in this chapter are US and EU views on democracy and international democratization, as well as normative and instrumental beliefs about the benefits and intrinsic merits of democracy as a political system that underlie the US and EU frames. Despite the growing strategic importance of Central Asia for both the US and EU, the official discourses of American and European administrations have framed democracy assistance as a necessary, if not inevitable, element of foreign policy. Western-sponsored foundations and NGOs pursued a range of liberalization and democracy-enhancement projects in Central Asia that were similar to those introduced in other former Soviet territories. The IMF and World Bank also became heavily involved in advising all the Central Asian governments on the macro-level reforms required for rapid economic liberalization. This chapter names democracy, good governance, and the rule of law as the focus of US and EU engagement with the region. There are, however, important differences in terms of views on democracy and expectations in Central Asia that must be supported to facilitate these countries' democratic transformation, conveyed through the language of discourse.Less
Discussed in this chapter are US and EU views on democracy and international democratization, as well as normative and instrumental beliefs about the benefits and intrinsic merits of democracy as a political system that underlie the US and EU frames. Despite the growing strategic importance of Central Asia for both the US and EU, the official discourses of American and European administrations have framed democracy assistance as a necessary, if not inevitable, element of foreign policy. Western-sponsored foundations and NGOs pursued a range of liberalization and democracy-enhancement projects in Central Asia that were similar to those introduced in other former Soviet territories. The IMF and World Bank also became heavily involved in advising all the Central Asian governments on the macro-level reforms required for rapid economic liberalization. This chapter names democracy, good governance, and the rule of law as the focus of US and EU engagement with the region. There are, however, important differences in terms of views on democracy and expectations in Central Asia that must be supported to facilitate these countries' democratic transformation, conveyed through the language of discourse.
Grunwald Henning
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199609048
- eISBN:
- 9780191744280
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199609048.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Political History
The chapter is a history of the Communist Party legal organization, which funded, administered, and publicized tens of thousands of political trials. Despite their professions of ideological ...
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The chapter is a history of the Communist Party legal organization, which funded, administered, and publicized tens of thousands of political trials. Despite their professions of ideological discipline, harnessing the often volatile, headstrong and individualistic party lawyers to a coherent political strategy proved tricky. The Communist Party pioneered the standardization of legal aid and the propagandistic exploitation of trials by ingeniously combining both in one in-house law office. The highly innovative KPD party legal organization grew rapidly and enjoyed a high visibility both within the party and outside it. Matching lawyers and cases, it used legal aid to monitor trials and disseminate the party's message, discipline defendants, and build up selected cases into high-profile publicity campaigns. The celebrated trial and rehabilitation campaign of Max Hölz, the ‘Communist Robin Hood’, is the main case study.Less
The chapter is a history of the Communist Party legal organization, which funded, administered, and publicized tens of thousands of political trials. Despite their professions of ideological discipline, harnessing the often volatile, headstrong and individualistic party lawyers to a coherent political strategy proved tricky. The Communist Party pioneered the standardization of legal aid and the propagandistic exploitation of trials by ingeniously combining both in one in-house law office. The highly innovative KPD party legal organization grew rapidly and enjoyed a high visibility both within the party and outside it. Matching lawyers and cases, it used legal aid to monitor trials and disseminate the party's message, discipline defendants, and build up selected cases into high-profile publicity campaigns. The celebrated trial and rehabilitation campaign of Max Hölz, the ‘Communist Robin Hood’, is the main case study.
Grunwald Henning
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199609048
- eISBN:
- 9780191744280
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199609048.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Political History
Even though the Communist Party legal organization attracted the wrath of its political opponents, these same opponents also grudgingly admired its success. Nationalist attempts at imitating it are ...
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Even though the Communist Party legal organization attracted the wrath of its political opponents, these same opponents also grudgingly admired its success. Nationalist attempts at imitating it are discussed in Chapter Four. From 1922 onwards, right-wing organizations from the German Nationalist People's Party to the Patriotic Prisoners Aid (Vaterländische Gefangenenhilfe) tried to adapt the KPD's formula of combining legal aid and trial-based propaganda in cases like the so-called Feme murders. By and large, however, such attempts at imitation were unsuccessful until Hans Frank founded the Association of National Socialist German Lawyers in 1928. By 1930, more than 200 lawyers had joined Frank's organization, a success that prompted rival NS legal organizations to challenge Frank's exclusive claim to legally represent Hitler and the NSDAP, as the case of the ‘Potempa Five’ illustrates.Less
Even though the Communist Party legal organization attracted the wrath of its political opponents, these same opponents also grudgingly admired its success. Nationalist attempts at imitating it are discussed in Chapter Four. From 1922 onwards, right-wing organizations from the German Nationalist People's Party to the Patriotic Prisoners Aid (Vaterländische Gefangenenhilfe) tried to adapt the KPD's formula of combining legal aid and trial-based propaganda in cases like the so-called Feme murders. By and large, however, such attempts at imitation were unsuccessful until Hans Frank founded the Association of National Socialist German Lawyers in 1928. By 1930, more than 200 lawyers had joined Frank's organization, a success that prompted rival NS legal organizations to challenge Frank's exclusive claim to legally represent Hitler and the NSDAP, as the case of the ‘Potempa Five’ illustrates.
Evan Matthew Daniel
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780813061108
- eISBN:
- 9780813051383
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813061108.003.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
This chapter underscores both the unity and diversity of the various nodes that made up the transnational network of tobacco workers and anarchist activists in Cuba and Florida in the second half of ...
More
This chapter underscores both the unity and diversity of the various nodes that made up the transnational network of tobacco workers and anarchist activists in Cuba and Florida in the second half of the nineteenth century, culminating in the independence of Cuba from Spain in 1898.Less
This chapter underscores both the unity and diversity of the various nodes that made up the transnational network of tobacco workers and anarchist activists in Cuba and Florida in the second half of the nineteenth century, culminating in the independence of Cuba from Spain in 1898.
