Shane Hamilton
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780300232691
- eISBN:
- 9780300240849
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300232691.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This innovative history of supermarkets describes the role of food and agriculture during and after the Cold War. American business leaders and political figures deployed American supermarkets around ...
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This innovative history of supermarkets describes the role of food and agriculture during and after the Cold War. American business leaders and political figures deployed American supermarkets around the world as explicitly anticommunist "weapons" in the Cold War economic contest with the Soviet Union. Modern supermarkets, built upon industrial agriculture supply chains, penetrated world political and economic spheres during the Cold War Farms Race, embodying a pervasive rhetoric of exceptional American food abundance, a counterrevolutionary ideology of capitalist economic development, and a moral claim to the justifiability of U.S. economic power on the world stage. The farmers who produced the food for supermarket supply chains were enlisted in the Farms Race in ways that shaped how agricultural development schemes proceeded in the latter half of the twentieth century. Ultimately, notions of U.S. food power were reconfigured into global systems of market power coordinated by multinational agribusiness corporations. The stage was set for our present moment, in which transnational supermarkets operate as powerful institutions of nonstate governance in the global food economy.Less
This innovative history of supermarkets describes the role of food and agriculture during and after the Cold War. American business leaders and political figures deployed American supermarkets around the world as explicitly anticommunist "weapons" in the Cold War economic contest with the Soviet Union. Modern supermarkets, built upon industrial agriculture supply chains, penetrated world political and economic spheres during the Cold War Farms Race, embodying a pervasive rhetoric of exceptional American food abundance, a counterrevolutionary ideology of capitalist economic development, and a moral claim to the justifiability of U.S. economic power on the world stage. The farmers who produced the food for supermarket supply chains were enlisted in the Farms Race in ways that shaped how agricultural development schemes proceeded in the latter half of the twentieth century. Ultimately, notions of U.S. food power were reconfigured into global systems of market power coordinated by multinational agribusiness corporations. The stage was set for our present moment, in which transnational supermarkets operate as powerful institutions of nonstate governance in the global food economy.
Michael Cardwell
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199242160
- eISBN:
- 9780191697029
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199242160.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Environmental and Energy Law
In order to meet the increasing economic and environmental challenges faced by the European farming industry, the EU has advocated a new European Model of Agriculture that will provide a competitive ...
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In order to meet the increasing economic and environmental challenges faced by the European farming industry, the EU has advocated a new European Model of Agriculture that will provide a competitive and diverse agricultural sector that is environmentally responsible and addresses issues of food quality and animal welfare. Implementing such a range of policies is requiring the EU to pass a large amount of legislation. This book sets out to analyse whether the legislative framework for this model can deliver these policy objectives. Tension between the EU model and the global economy as supervised by the WTO, the emphasis on environmental protection, and the place of agriculture in the wider rural economy are all issues at the heart of the present debate. This book provides early consideration of the mid-term review of the Common Agricultural Policy.Less
In order to meet the increasing economic and environmental challenges faced by the European farming industry, the EU has advocated a new European Model of Agriculture that will provide a competitive and diverse agricultural sector that is environmentally responsible and addresses issues of food quality and animal welfare. Implementing such a range of policies is requiring the EU to pass a large amount of legislation. This book sets out to analyse whether the legislative framework for this model can deliver these policy objectives. Tension between the EU model and the global economy as supervised by the WTO, the emphasis on environmental protection, and the place of agriculture in the wider rural economy are all issues at the heart of the present debate. This book provides early consideration of the mid-term review of the Common Agricultural Policy.
Connor J Fitzmaurice and Brian J. Gareau
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780300199451
- eISBN:
- 9780300224856
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300199451.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Walking through nearly any grocery store, contemporary American consumers are bound to encounter organic food. At any of the myriad of farmers’ markets that have sprung up in cities and small ...
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Walking through nearly any grocery store, contemporary American consumers are bound to encounter organic food. At any of the myriad of farmers’ markets that have sprung up in cities and small communities across the United States, shoppers can expect to see claims about the provenance and farming practices employed to grow everything from prized heirloom tomatoes to seemingly mundane heads of garlic. But behind the scenes, critical scholarship has shown that organic farming increasingly resembles the industrial food system organic pioneers set out to challenge. Faced with the pressures of the modern agricultural economy many farmers have conventionalized, intensifying how they farm in the face of tremendous competition and cost. Beyond the organic labels, emblazoned on products at the supermarket and the glistening bushel baskets arrayed in market stalls, are farmers, many of whom are trying to do their best to achieve sustainability in today’s food system. This book offers a glimpse into this world, through an ethnography of a small New England farm and the people who work in its fields. It sheds light on how small-scale farmers navigate the difficult terrain between ideals of sustainability and the economic realities of contemporary farming. Using new theories of economic sociology, this book moves beyond the current debates about the conventionalization of organic agriculture. Instead, it takes a relational approach to organic practices—investigating the complex ways market pressures, moral and emotional attachments, privilege, and personal relationships intersect to shape the everyday experiences of agriculture for today’s organic farmers and their consumers.Less
Walking through nearly any grocery store, contemporary American consumers are bound to encounter organic food. At any of the myriad of farmers’ markets that have sprung up in cities and small communities across the United States, shoppers can expect to see claims about the provenance and farming practices employed to grow everything from prized heirloom tomatoes to seemingly mundane heads of garlic. But behind the scenes, critical scholarship has shown that organic farming increasingly resembles the industrial food system organic pioneers set out to challenge. Faced with the pressures of the modern agricultural economy many farmers have conventionalized, intensifying how they farm in the face of tremendous competition and cost. Beyond the organic labels, emblazoned on products at the supermarket and the glistening bushel baskets arrayed in market stalls, are farmers, many of whom are trying to do their best to achieve sustainability in today’s food system. This book offers a glimpse into this world, through an ethnography of a small New England farm and the people who work in its fields. It sheds light on how small-scale farmers navigate the difficult terrain between ideals of sustainability and the economic realities of contemporary farming. Using new theories of economic sociology, this book moves beyond the current debates about the conventionalization of organic agriculture. Instead, it takes a relational approach to organic practices—investigating the complex ways market pressures, moral and emotional attachments, privilege, and personal relationships intersect to shape the everyday experiences of agriculture for today’s organic farmers and their consumers.
James Hodge and Andrew Charman
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199236558
- eISBN:
- 9780191717031
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199236558.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter aims to help identify how the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) could potentially constrain government action to achieve food security in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). ...
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This chapter aims to help identify how the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) could potentially constrain government action to achieve food security in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). It considers the potential impact of the proposed tariff and subsidy reduction modalities of the current round of WTO negotiations. The main focus is on the possible direct effects of the AoA, in terms of proposed reductions to domestic subsidies and tariffs, on food security in SADC countries. The chapter contends that while the potential impact of tariff reductions is minimal, given the LDC status of several countries in the SADC grouping and the extent of ‘water’ in the current country tariff structures, the longer term impact on food security policy options of SADC members is of greater concern. The chapter further highlights the comparatively low levels of public investment in the agricultural sector and the significant reductions of state support which have taken place over the past decade as a consequence of economic liberalization. It argues that the low level of investment in agriculture poses a significant threat to future regional food security.Less
This chapter aims to help identify how the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) could potentially constrain government action to achieve food security in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). It considers the potential impact of the proposed tariff and subsidy reduction modalities of the current round of WTO negotiations. The main focus is on the possible direct effects of the AoA, in terms of proposed reductions to domestic subsidies and tariffs, on food security in SADC countries. The chapter contends that while the potential impact of tariff reductions is minimal, given the LDC status of several countries in the SADC grouping and the extent of ‘water’ in the current country tariff structures, the longer term impact on food security policy options of SADC members is of greater concern. The chapter further highlights the comparatively low levels of public investment in the agricultural sector and the significant reductions of state support which have taken place over the past decade as a consequence of economic liberalization. It argues that the low level of investment in agriculture poses a significant threat to future regional food security.
Samuel K. Gayi
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199236558
- eISBN:
- 9780191717031
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199236558.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter examines the state of food security in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), based on analysis of a selection of indicators of food security and nutritional well-being during the period 1990-2002 ...
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This chapter examines the state of food security in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), based on analysis of a selection of indicators of food security and nutritional well-being during the period 1990-2002 within the context of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture. It argues that it may be advisable for those SSA countries with both static and dynamic comparative advantage in agriculture to pursue policies towards ‘food self-sufficiency’ as a means to attain food security, considering their large rural farming population, at least until such time that international trade in agriculture is fully integrated into the WTO disciplines. This is particularly relevant in view of the fact that high agricultural protectionism in the north currently distorts price signals and thus the opportunity costs of allocating factors of production in these economies. The SSA countries that lack comparative advantage in agriculture may want to aim for a ‘food self-reliance’ strategy to attain food security.Less
This chapter examines the state of food security in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), based on analysis of a selection of indicators of food security and nutritional well-being during the period 1990-2002 within the context of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture. It argues that it may be advisable for those SSA countries with both static and dynamic comparative advantage in agriculture to pursue policies towards ‘food self-sufficiency’ as a means to attain food security, considering their large rural farming population, at least until such time that international trade in agriculture is fully integrated into the WTO disciplines. This is particularly relevant in view of the fact that high agricultural protectionism in the north currently distorts price signals and thus the opportunity costs of allocating factors of production in these economies. The SSA countries that lack comparative advantage in agriculture may want to aim for a ‘food self-reliance’ strategy to attain food security.
Stuart Macdonald
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199241477
- eISBN:
- 9780191696947
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241477.003.0011
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation, Organization Studies
This chapter focuses on the improvements in agriculture, within an information perspective, in the United Kingdom. Landlords may have more information than farmers, and share this information with ...
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This chapter focuses on the improvements in agriculture, within an information perspective, in the United Kingdom. Landlords may have more information than farmers, and share this information with them; however, this does not necessarily mean that the landlords' information is used. Landlords' supply of information is often limited to what they pick up from other landlords, for only a few of them attended agricultural classes. Since the farmer does all the work, there is much more chance that the farmer innovates, changing and modernizing the way he does farming. If landlords were limited in the contribution they could make to agricultural innovation, there were other sources of information for the farmer, and other means by which information might be transferred. Farmers also wished to try for themselves ways of using resources more efficiently than existing methods, which in practice meant whatever was likely to make more money.Less
This chapter focuses on the improvements in agriculture, within an information perspective, in the United Kingdom. Landlords may have more information than farmers, and share this information with them; however, this does not necessarily mean that the landlords' information is used. Landlords' supply of information is often limited to what they pick up from other landlords, for only a few of them attended agricultural classes. Since the farmer does all the work, there is much more chance that the farmer innovates, changing and modernizing the way he does farming. If landlords were limited in the contribution they could make to agricultural innovation, there were other sources of information for the farmer, and other means by which information might be transferred. Farmers also wished to try for themselves ways of using resources more efficiently than existing methods, which in practice meant whatever was likely to make more money.
Thirsk Joan
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198208136
- eISBN:
- 9780191677922
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208136.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Social History
This chapter focuses on the importance of different strategies devised by farmers to meet the late 19th-century depression. Lord Ernle wrote ...
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This chapter focuses on the importance of different strategies devised by farmers to meet the late 19th-century depression. Lord Ernle wrote something about the agricultural revolution in 1912. When smallholdings were contemplated in the Land Utilization Bill of 1931, he dubbed them an anachronism. The same bias had provoked a much earlier outburst from Arthur Arnold. He appeared before the Select Committee on Small Holdings in 1889. Both of them saw the need for a differently structured system. Moreover, Edwin Pratt, in his book A Transition in Agriculture, focused his gaze on the increasing demand for food other than wheat and meat.Less
This chapter focuses on the importance of different strategies devised by farmers to meet the late 19th-century depression. Lord Ernle wrote something about the agricultural revolution in 1912. When smallholdings were contemplated in the Land Utilization Bill of 1931, he dubbed them an anachronism. The same bias had provoked a much earlier outburst from Arthur Arnold. He appeared before the Select Committee on Small Holdings in 1889. Both of them saw the need for a differently structured system. Moreover, Edwin Pratt, in his book A Transition in Agriculture, focused his gaze on the increasing demand for food other than wheat and meat.
Peter J. Golas
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9789888208159
- eISBN:
- 9789888313921
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888208159.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Although the history of technological and scientific illustrations is a well-established field in the West, scholarship on the much longer Chinese experience is still undeveloped. This work by Peter ...
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Although the history of technological and scientific illustrations is a well-established field in the West, scholarship on the much longer Chinese experience is still undeveloped. This work by Peter Golas is a short, illustrated overview tracing the subject to pre-Han inscriptions but focusing mainly on the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. His main theme is that technological drawings developed in a different way in China from in the West largely because they were made by artists rather than by specialist illustrators or practitioners of technology. He examines the techniques of these artists, their use of painting, woodblock prints and the book, and what their drawings reveal about changing technology in agriculture, industry, architecture, astronomical, military, and other spheres. The text is elegantly written, and the images, about 100 in all, are carefully chosen. This is likely to appeal to both scholars and general readers.Less
Although the history of technological and scientific illustrations is a well-established field in the West, scholarship on the much longer Chinese experience is still undeveloped. This work by Peter Golas is a short, illustrated overview tracing the subject to pre-Han inscriptions but focusing mainly on the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. His main theme is that technological drawings developed in a different way in China from in the West largely because they were made by artists rather than by specialist illustrators or practitioners of technology. He examines the techniques of these artists, their use of painting, woodblock prints and the book, and what their drawings reveal about changing technology in agriculture, industry, architecture, astronomical, military, and other spheres. The text is elegantly written, and the images, about 100 in all, are carefully chosen. This is likely to appeal to both scholars and general readers.
Bernard Debarbieux, Gilles Rudaz, and Martin F. Price
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226031118
- eISBN:
- 9780226031255
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226031255.003.0008
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Cultural and Historical Geography
Chapter 7 focuses on the adaption of the mountain conception imported to the colonies. Indeed, the conception does not simply follow a copy paste model from the metropolises to the colonies. ...
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Chapter 7 focuses on the adaption of the mountain conception imported to the colonies. Indeed, the conception does not simply follow a copy paste model from the metropolises to the colonies. Colonization also proceeded by adopting modes for managing places and developing resources. Here again, references to the mountain were common and usually conceived in terms of Western models. Colonization, whether conceived solely as occupation or also as the exploitation of resources, was thus based on the deployment of forms of geographical knowledge that had originated in the West. That deployment preceded or went hand in hand with the deployment of men, capital, and techniques for development. The colonial powers approached the worlds they had discovered and made their own by means of categories that standardized descriptions and conditioned practices. The “tropical mountains,” along with other objects, emerged in the wake of that colonial expansion and territorial appropriation. They were the product of a set of images, facts, resources, and projects that articulated the European model in terms of similarities but also well-understood differences. The nation-states that emerged from decolonization usually retained that highly standardized model to configure the mountains.Less
Chapter 7 focuses on the adaption of the mountain conception imported to the colonies. Indeed, the conception does not simply follow a copy paste model from the metropolises to the colonies. Colonization also proceeded by adopting modes for managing places and developing resources. Here again, references to the mountain were common and usually conceived in terms of Western models. Colonization, whether conceived solely as occupation or also as the exploitation of resources, was thus based on the deployment of forms of geographical knowledge that had originated in the West. That deployment preceded or went hand in hand with the deployment of men, capital, and techniques for development. The colonial powers approached the worlds they had discovered and made their own by means of categories that standardized descriptions and conditioned practices. The “tropical mountains,” along with other objects, emerged in the wake of that colonial expansion and territorial appropriation. They were the product of a set of images, facts, resources, and projects that articulated the European model in terms of similarities but also well-understood differences. The nation-states that emerged from decolonization usually retained that highly standardized model to configure the mountains.
Clair Gammage
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781529201000
- eISBN:
- 9781529201048
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781529201000.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law
The 2030 Agenda, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), present a timely opportunity to revisit the debate on how agricultural trade governance should operate at the multilateral level. This ...
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The 2030 Agenda, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), present a timely opportunity to revisit the debate on how agricultural trade governance should operate at the multilateral level. This chapter explores the relationship between food security, the international legal rules governing agricultural markets, and sustainable development. With a focus on food security as atrade concern, this chapter will argue that the World Trade Organisation (WTO) has a fundamental role to play in (re)shaping sustainable agricultural governance for food security. Rules governing international agricultural trade will be interrogated using SDG 2 and the concept of sustainable development as a prism to highlight the ideational divide between food security and international trade rules on agriculture. This chapter proposes that these conflicting ideational systems can be reconciled, in part, through the implementation of SDG 17. To conclude, this chapter asserts that a level playing field in international trade must be created through the elimination of distorting trade measures in a manner that recognises the social, environmental and cultural dimensions of food security.Less
The 2030 Agenda, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), present a timely opportunity to revisit the debate on how agricultural trade governance should operate at the multilateral level. This chapter explores the relationship between food security, the international legal rules governing agricultural markets, and sustainable development. With a focus on food security as atrade concern, this chapter will argue that the World Trade Organisation (WTO) has a fundamental role to play in (re)shaping sustainable agricultural governance for food security. Rules governing international agricultural trade will be interrogated using SDG 2 and the concept of sustainable development as a prism to highlight the ideational divide between food security and international trade rules on agriculture. This chapter proposes that these conflicting ideational systems can be reconciled, in part, through the implementation of SDG 17. To conclude, this chapter asserts that a level playing field in international trade must be created through the elimination of distorting trade measures in a manner that recognises the social, environmental and cultural dimensions of food security.
Ashanté M. Reese
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781469651507
- eISBN:
- 9781469651521
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651507.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
In this book, Ashanté M. Reese makes clear the structural forces that determine food access in urban areas, highlighting Black residents’ navigation of and resistance to unequal food distribution ...
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In this book, Ashanté M. Reese makes clear the structural forces that determine food access in urban areas, highlighting Black residents’ navigation of and resistance to unequal food distribution systems. Linking these local food issues to the national problem of systemic racism, Reese examines the history of the majority-Black Deanwood neighborhood of Washington, D.C. Based on extensive ethnographic fieldwork, Reese not only documents racism and residential segregation in the nation’s capital but also tracks the ways transnational food corporations have shaped food availability. By connecting community members’ stories to the larger issues of racism and gentrification, Reese shows there are hundreds of Deanwoods across the country. Reese’s geographies of self-reliance offer an alternative to models that depict Black residents as lacking agency, demonstrating how an ethnographically grounded study can locate and amplify nuances in how Black life unfolds within the context of unequal food access.Less
In this book, Ashanté M. Reese makes clear the structural forces that determine food access in urban areas, highlighting Black residents’ navigation of and resistance to unequal food distribution systems. Linking these local food issues to the national problem of systemic racism, Reese examines the history of the majority-Black Deanwood neighborhood of Washington, D.C. Based on extensive ethnographic fieldwork, Reese not only documents racism and residential segregation in the nation’s capital but also tracks the ways transnational food corporations have shaped food availability. By connecting community members’ stories to the larger issues of racism and gentrification, Reese shows there are hundreds of Deanwoods across the country. Reese’s geographies of self-reliance offer an alternative to models that depict Black residents as lacking agency, demonstrating how an ethnographically grounded study can locate and amplify nuances in how Black life unfolds within the context of unequal food access.
Evan P. Bennett
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780813060149
- eISBN:
- 9780813050591
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813060149.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This book explores the history of tobacco agriculture in the Piedmont region of Virginia and North Carolina since Emancipation in 1865. Focusing on the transformations in labor—the tasks of growing ...
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This book explores the history of tobacco agriculture in the Piedmont region of Virginia and North Carolina since Emancipation in 1865. Focusing on the transformations in labor—the tasks of growing tobacco; the arrangement of workers; and the cultural meaning of labor—the book argues that the predominance of family labor in tobacco agriculture in the Piedmont in the twentieth century was an accident of the arrangement of labor following emancipation that was then reified in federal policy. This reification, however, was not accidental, but a product of farm families’ advocacy of that particular model of tobacco agriculture. Their advocacy, in turn, was driven by a culture that esteemed small-scale, artisanal production over large-scale, industrial capitalist production. It concludes with the dissolution of this labor-centered culture and the growing prestige of large-scale, industrial agriculture as a result of political changes, technological modernization, and neoliberal market and labor ideologies.Less
This book explores the history of tobacco agriculture in the Piedmont region of Virginia and North Carolina since Emancipation in 1865. Focusing on the transformations in labor—the tasks of growing tobacco; the arrangement of workers; and the cultural meaning of labor—the book argues that the predominance of family labor in tobacco agriculture in the Piedmont in the twentieth century was an accident of the arrangement of labor following emancipation that was then reified in federal policy. This reification, however, was not accidental, but a product of farm families’ advocacy of that particular model of tobacco agriculture. Their advocacy, in turn, was driven by a culture that esteemed small-scale, artisanal production over large-scale, industrial capitalist production. It concludes with the dissolution of this labor-centered culture and the growing prestige of large-scale, industrial agriculture as a result of political changes, technological modernization, and neoliberal market and labor ideologies.
Petros C. Mavroidis
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262029995
- eISBN:
- 9780262333719
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029995.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) has extended its institutional arsenal since the Kennedy round in the early 1960s. The current institutional design is the outcome of the Uruguay ...
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The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) has extended its institutional arsenal since the Kennedy round in the early 1960s. The current institutional design is the outcome of the Uruguay round and agreements reached in the ongoing Doha round (begun in 2001). One of the institutional outgrowths of GATT is the World Trade Organization (WT0), created in 1995. This book offers a detailed examination of WTO agreements regulating trade in goods, discussing legal context, policy background, economic rationale, and case law. Each chapter examines a given legal norm and its subsequent practice. In particular, it discusses agreements dealing with customs clearance; “contingent protection” instruments, which allow WTO members unilaterally to add to the negotiated amount of protection when a certain contingency (for example, dumping) has occurred; TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade) and SPS (Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary Measures) agreements, both of which deal with such domestic instruments as environmental, health policy, or consumer information; the agreement on Trade Related Investment Measures (TRIM); sector-specific agreements on agriculture and textiles; plurilateral agreements (binding a subset of WTO membership) on government procurement and civil aviation; and transparency in trade relations. This book’s companion volume examines the GATT regime for international trade.Less
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) has extended its institutional arsenal since the Kennedy round in the early 1960s. The current institutional design is the outcome of the Uruguay round and agreements reached in the ongoing Doha round (begun in 2001). One of the institutional outgrowths of GATT is the World Trade Organization (WT0), created in 1995. This book offers a detailed examination of WTO agreements regulating trade in goods, discussing legal context, policy background, economic rationale, and case law. Each chapter examines a given legal norm and its subsequent practice. In particular, it discusses agreements dealing with customs clearance; “contingent protection” instruments, which allow WTO members unilaterally to add to the negotiated amount of protection when a certain contingency (for example, dumping) has occurred; TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade) and SPS (Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary Measures) agreements, both of which deal with such domestic instruments as environmental, health policy, or consumer information; the agreement on Trade Related Investment Measures (TRIM); sector-specific agreements on agriculture and textiles; plurilateral agreements (binding a subset of WTO membership) on government procurement and civil aviation; and transparency in trade relations. This book’s companion volume examines the GATT regime for international trade.
Aya Hirata Kimura and Krisnawati Suryanata (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780824858537
- eISBN:
- 9780824873042
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824858537.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
What are the challenges to the food system in Hawai‘i? Food and Power explores issues facing the way we eat and produce (or do not produce) food in Hawai‘i. Given Hawai‘i’s island geography, high ...
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What are the challenges to the food system in Hawai‘i? Food and Power explores issues facing the way we eat and produce (or do not produce) food in Hawai‘i. Given Hawai‘i’s island geography, high dependence on imported food has been portrayed as the primary problem and localization has been the dominant solution proposed. But the book argues that much more is needed to transform the food system to something that is just, equitable, as well as secure and healthy.
The chapters in this book point out that the challenges are much more diverse: energy-intensive farming, gendered and racialized farming population, controversies over the ownership and benefits/costs of biotechnology, high food insecurity for marginalized communities, and stratified access to nutritious foods. Defying the reductive approach that looks only at calories or tonnage of food produced/consumed in the state as the indicator of the soundness of food system, the book points out how food problems are necessarily layered with other socio-cultural and economic problems and uses food democracy as the guiding framework. The chapters explore various issues, from agriculture, land use, and colonialism to biotechnology, agricultural tourism, and farmers' markets, and explore how these issues relate to movements toward food democracy.Less
What are the challenges to the food system in Hawai‘i? Food and Power explores issues facing the way we eat and produce (or do not produce) food in Hawai‘i. Given Hawai‘i’s island geography, high dependence on imported food has been portrayed as the primary problem and localization has been the dominant solution proposed. But the book argues that much more is needed to transform the food system to something that is just, equitable, as well as secure and healthy.
The chapters in this book point out that the challenges are much more diverse: energy-intensive farming, gendered and racialized farming population, controversies over the ownership and benefits/costs of biotechnology, high food insecurity for marginalized communities, and stratified access to nutritious foods. Defying the reductive approach that looks only at calories or tonnage of food produced/consumed in the state as the indicator of the soundness of food system, the book points out how food problems are necessarily layered with other socio-cultural and economic problems and uses food democracy as the guiding framework. The chapters explore various issues, from agriculture, land use, and colonialism to biotechnology, agricultural tourism, and farmers' markets, and explore how these issues relate to movements toward food democracy.
Gabriel N. Rosenberg
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226277646
- eISBN:
- 9780226277813
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226277813.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Political History
This chapter explores the relationship of agriculture and homemaking 4-H youth clubs, a famous icon of rural American civil society, to early twentieth century state-building and rural modernization ...
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This chapter explores the relationship of agriculture and homemaking 4-H youth clubs, a famous icon of rural American civil society, to early twentieth century state-building and rural modernization programs. Although sometimes mistaken for private, voluntary associations, the US Department of Agriculture and Cooperative Extension Service organized and administered 4-H clubs throughout America's sprawling agricultural peripheries. Through the clubs, organizers hoped to cultivate greater governing capacities and debt-financed, mechanized farming. The result was an “intimate state” in 1920s rural America in which the bodies of youth formed a vital infrastructure of governance. The intimate state allowed participants to act in lieu of formal state actors, and healthy youthful bodies advertised the bounties of future cooperation with the intimate state's agencies and allies. Attention to the intimate state demonstrates the instability and permeability of the boundary between civil society and the state, and it underscores the importance of affection, intimacy, and embodiment to the continuing operation of American state power.”Less
This chapter explores the relationship of agriculture and homemaking 4-H youth clubs, a famous icon of rural American civil society, to early twentieth century state-building and rural modernization programs. Although sometimes mistaken for private, voluntary associations, the US Department of Agriculture and Cooperative Extension Service organized and administered 4-H clubs throughout America's sprawling agricultural peripheries. Through the clubs, organizers hoped to cultivate greater governing capacities and debt-financed, mechanized farming. The result was an “intimate state” in 1920s rural America in which the bodies of youth formed a vital infrastructure of governance. The intimate state allowed participants to act in lieu of formal state actors, and healthy youthful bodies advertised the bounties of future cooperation with the intimate state's agencies and allies. Attention to the intimate state demonstrates the instability and permeability of the boundary between civil society and the state, and it underscores the importance of affection, intimacy, and embodiment to the continuing operation of American state power.”
Michael Cardwell
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199242160
- eISBN:
- 9780191697029
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199242160.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This chapter examines certain external implications of the European Model of Agriculture. With its development inextricably linked with both world trade considerations and Eastward enlargement, there ...
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This chapter examines certain external implications of the European Model of Agriculture. With its development inextricably linked with both world trade considerations and Eastward enlargement, there is the opportunity to assess the extent to which it may meet these twin challenges. With regard to the World Trade Organization, consideration may be given to three aspects: first, in outline, the framework imposed by the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture; secondly, the presentation of the European Model of Agriculture during the current agriculture negotiations; and, thirdly, some indications of the defensibility of the European Model of Agriculture in those negotiations. Throughout, particular attention is paid to differing approaches adopted by the United States. With regard to Eastward enlargement, consideration is given to the effect of the measures agreed at the Berlin Summit and to the prospects for successful implementation of the European Model of Agriculture in the candidate countries.Less
This chapter examines certain external implications of the European Model of Agriculture. With its development inextricably linked with both world trade considerations and Eastward enlargement, there is the opportunity to assess the extent to which it may meet these twin challenges. With regard to the World Trade Organization, consideration may be given to three aspects: first, in outline, the framework imposed by the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture; secondly, the presentation of the European Model of Agriculture during the current agriculture negotiations; and, thirdly, some indications of the defensibility of the European Model of Agriculture in those negotiations. Throughout, particular attention is paid to differing approaches adopted by the United States. With regard to Eastward enlargement, consideration is given to the effect of the measures agreed at the Berlin Summit and to the prospects for successful implementation of the European Model of Agriculture in the candidate countries.
M. A. Aldrich
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622097773
- eISBN:
- 9789882207585
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622097773.003.0019
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter starts with a discussion on Old Peking at the south end of Tian An Men Square. Standing back-to-back, as if they refuse to acknowledge each other's existence, are two large buildings. ...
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This chapter starts with a discussion on Old Peking at the south end of Tian An Men Square. Standing back-to-back, as if they refuse to acknowledge each other's existence, are two large buildings. One was built by the emperor who gave Peking its imperial status and the other by the man who tore out that status, root and branch. To the south stands the Gate of the Pure Sun, now only consisting of the Main Gate and its outer Arrow Gate. To the north, the central door of the Main Gate was opened twice a year for the emperor's procession to the Altar of Heaven and the Altar of Agriculture. For both Yong Le and Mao, Peking was a tangible symbol of their respective reigns. While Yong Le strove to emphasize Peking's continuity with the past, Mao wanted to show that heaven and earth had been turned upside down. The events depicted on the bas-reliefs after a slight digression are described. In addition, a depiction of the May 1st Movement of 1919 where Peking students and citizens protested the terms of the Treaty of Versailles Conference is illustrated.Less
This chapter starts with a discussion on Old Peking at the south end of Tian An Men Square. Standing back-to-back, as if they refuse to acknowledge each other's existence, are two large buildings. One was built by the emperor who gave Peking its imperial status and the other by the man who tore out that status, root and branch. To the south stands the Gate of the Pure Sun, now only consisting of the Main Gate and its outer Arrow Gate. To the north, the central door of the Main Gate was opened twice a year for the emperor's procession to the Altar of Heaven and the Altar of Agriculture. For both Yong Le and Mao, Peking was a tangible symbol of their respective reigns. While Yong Le strove to emphasize Peking's continuity with the past, Mao wanted to show that heaven and earth had been turned upside down. The events depicted on the bas-reliefs after a slight digression are described. In addition, a depiction of the May 1st Movement of 1919 where Peking students and citizens protested the terms of the Treaty of Versailles Conference is illustrated.
Marcus Milwright
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748623105
- eISBN:
- 9780748671298
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748623105.003.0004
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Archaeological Methodology and Techniques
This chapter considers aspects of the archaeology of non-urban environments across the Islamic world. The first section is concerned with the employment of field surveys and excavations to track ...
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This chapter considers aspects of the archaeology of non-urban environments across the Islamic world. The first section is concerned with the employment of field surveys and excavations to track changing patterns of settlement in rural areas. The methodological difficulties of interpreting survey data are evaluated. The second section uses case studies from Iraq, Iran, Oman, and Spain to explore the evolution and long-term impact of complex irrigation systems. The final section assesses the evidence for the processing of lucrative agricultural products with an emphasis upon sugar mills. Using examples from southwestern Iran, the Jordan Valley, and Morocco this section considers the technology, capital investment, and man-power involved in the production of sugar and molasses and the reasons for the rise and decline of this industry.Less
This chapter considers aspects of the archaeology of non-urban environments across the Islamic world. The first section is concerned with the employment of field surveys and excavations to track changing patterns of settlement in rural areas. The methodological difficulties of interpreting survey data are evaluated. The second section uses case studies from Iraq, Iran, Oman, and Spain to explore the evolution and long-term impact of complex irrigation systems. The final section assesses the evidence for the processing of lucrative agricultural products with an emphasis upon sugar mills. Using examples from southwestern Iran, the Jordan Valley, and Morocco this section considers the technology, capital investment, and man-power involved in the production of sugar and molasses and the reasons for the rise and decline of this industry.
Srividhya Ragavan
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199840670
- eISBN:
- 9780199949786
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199840670.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
This chapter studies the second major issue that affects mankind, namely access to food. It outlines the barriers to trade and the tenets of the trade regime, and identifies subsidies as the worst ...
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This chapter studies the second major issue that affects mankind, namely access to food. It outlines the barriers to trade and the tenets of the trade regime, and identifies subsidies as the worst barrier to international trade in agricultural commodities. It shows that international trade barriers affect the agricultural commodities market, and introduces the Agreement on Agriculture (AOA), which helped decrease disputes over agricultural subsidies over a period of nine years.Less
This chapter studies the second major issue that affects mankind, namely access to food. It outlines the barriers to trade and the tenets of the trade regime, and identifies subsidies as the worst barrier to international trade in agricultural commodities. It shows that international trade barriers affect the agricultural commodities market, and introduces the Agreement on Agriculture (AOA), which helped decrease disputes over agricultural subsidies over a period of nine years.
Marybeth Lorbiecki
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780199965038
- eISBN:
- 9780197563311
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199965038.003.0026
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Conservation of the Environment
The farm lies about two hours away from the Shack but only historic inches away in concept. In the Driftless region of southwest Wisconsin, it bears upon ...
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The farm lies about two hours away from the Shack but only historic inches away in concept. In the Driftless region of southwest Wisconsin, it bears upon it some of the beautiful contoured crop swirls of Coon Valley, telltale marks of Leopold’s influence. New Forest Farm, started by Mark and Jen Shepard, is restoration agriculture in action. The farm asks the land to do what it is tailored by nature to do best and then trains it artfully, holistically, and prodigiously for personal, natural, and commercial use. From the sky, it looks like a child’s fingerpainting in green, with curlycues and waves of varying shades, dotted with treetop spheres, winding around ridges and swells. Lovely, biologically diverse, and drought resistant. It has pocket ponds with connective rain-irrigation swales cut into the contours following gradual lines of gravity to disperse captured moisture into the roots and soil for storage. In the face of the worst drought since 1933, this farm stood out lush and lively, though the chestnuts, hazelnuts, and fruit trees produced a reduced harvest, saving their energies for survival. On the spring day we visited, three new shaggy, fawn-colored Highland cattle had just arrived—a mother, son, and calf—along with some new solar-powered electric fencing for pasturing paddocks. “The animals get to know the whole thing,” says Peter Allen, the land manager in his early thirties who expounds on the sequential grazing of the cattle, pigs, sheep, chickens, and turkeys. “They stay for a day in the paddock, and they’re ready to move on to the next when we open the gates.” A PhD student from UW-Madison’s Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, Allen is applying precepts of wildlife and land ecology to the emerging field of restoration agriculture. He’s also a warm host and knowledgeable tour guide, handing out exciting details like the intoxicating cider made here.
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The farm lies about two hours away from the Shack but only historic inches away in concept. In the Driftless region of southwest Wisconsin, it bears upon it some of the beautiful contoured crop swirls of Coon Valley, telltale marks of Leopold’s influence. New Forest Farm, started by Mark and Jen Shepard, is restoration agriculture in action. The farm asks the land to do what it is tailored by nature to do best and then trains it artfully, holistically, and prodigiously for personal, natural, and commercial use. From the sky, it looks like a child’s fingerpainting in green, with curlycues and waves of varying shades, dotted with treetop spheres, winding around ridges and swells. Lovely, biologically diverse, and drought resistant. It has pocket ponds with connective rain-irrigation swales cut into the contours following gradual lines of gravity to disperse captured moisture into the roots and soil for storage. In the face of the worst drought since 1933, this farm stood out lush and lively, though the chestnuts, hazelnuts, and fruit trees produced a reduced harvest, saving their energies for survival. On the spring day we visited, three new shaggy, fawn-colored Highland cattle had just arrived—a mother, son, and calf—along with some new solar-powered electric fencing for pasturing paddocks. “The animals get to know the whole thing,” says Peter Allen, the land manager in his early thirties who expounds on the sequential grazing of the cattle, pigs, sheep, chickens, and turkeys. “They stay for a day in the paddock, and they’re ready to move on to the next when we open the gates.” A PhD student from UW-Madison’s Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, Allen is applying precepts of wildlife and land ecology to the emerging field of restoration agriculture. He’s also a warm host and knowledgeable tour guide, handing out exciting details like the intoxicating cider made here.
