William Rankin
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780226339368
- eISBN:
- 9780226339535
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226339535.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
The International Map of the World was effectively dormant during World War II, and not long after its postwar revival under the umbrella of the United Nations it was drastically reconceived in the ...
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The International Map of the World was effectively dormant during World War II, and not long after its postwar revival under the umbrella of the United Nations it was drastically reconceived in the 1960s. The UN eventually discontinued its support altogether in 1986. This chapter uses the wartime and postwar history of the International Map to trace the shifting fortunes of representational mapping in general. It highlights the intense competition between the IMW and the World Aeronautical Chart, which was created by the US during the war but was then adopted by ICAO, the International Civil Aviation Organization. It also discusses related projects like the World Land Use Survey, the World Population Map, the Carte Internationale du Tapis Végétal, the International Map of the Roman Empire, and map-design research by the US military. The overall trajectory connects the decline of the IMW to the rise of cartographic regionalism, a new understanding of maps as tools rather than objective repositories of geographic fact, and the “critical” cartographic scholarship of the 1980s – all of which signal a rejection of the kind of epistemic authority that once anchored international mapping.Less
The International Map of the World was effectively dormant during World War II, and not long after its postwar revival under the umbrella of the United Nations it was drastically reconceived in the 1960s. The UN eventually discontinued its support altogether in 1986. This chapter uses the wartime and postwar history of the International Map to trace the shifting fortunes of representational mapping in general. It highlights the intense competition between the IMW and the World Aeronautical Chart, which was created by the US during the war but was then adopted by ICAO, the International Civil Aviation Organization. It also discusses related projects like the World Land Use Survey, the World Population Map, the Carte Internationale du Tapis Végétal, the International Map of the Roman Empire, and map-design research by the US military. The overall trajectory connects the decline of the IMW to the rise of cartographic regionalism, a new understanding of maps as tools rather than objective repositories of geographic fact, and the “critical” cartographic scholarship of the 1980s – all of which signal a rejection of the kind of epistemic authority that once anchored international mapping.
Duncan Fairgrieve and Richard Goldberg
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- March 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780199679232
- eISBN:
- 9780191932885
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199679232.003.0011
- Subject:
- Law, Law of Obligations
Before liability is incurred under the Consumer Protection Act 1987, a product containing a defect must cause damage. Section 1(2) of the Act provides a definition of ‘product’. It states that ...
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Before liability is incurred under the Consumer Protection Act 1987, a product containing a defect must cause damage. Section 1(2) of the Act provides a definition of ‘product’. It states that ‘product’ means ‘any goods or electricity and … includes a product which is comprised in another product, whether by virtue of being a component part or raw material or otherwise’. Notwithstanding the short title of the Act, the definition of product is sufficiently broad to have a wider application than merely to consumer goods. For example, disasters resulting from chemicals or aircraft could be litigated under the Act, as could asbestos and other toxic substances which have given rise to much litigation in the United States.
Less
Before liability is incurred under the Consumer Protection Act 1987, a product containing a defect must cause damage. Section 1(2) of the Act provides a definition of ‘product’. It states that ‘product’ means ‘any goods or electricity and … includes a product which is comprised in another product, whether by virtue of being a component part or raw material or otherwise’. Notwithstanding the short title of the Act, the definition of product is sufficiently broad to have a wider application than merely to consumer goods. For example, disasters resulting from chemicals or aircraft could be litigated under the Act, as could asbestos and other toxic substances which have given rise to much litigation in the United States.
