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This chapter discusses Patient Advice and Liaison Services (PALS), which were introduced as part of a government plan to make health care services more accountable to patients. PALS is a confidential service with a remit to ensure patients can raise concerns and have them resolved promptly with a minimum of bureaucracy. Information obtained through PALS can identify risk and safety issues which need to be addressed as part of effective risk management and clinical governance. Key themes raised with PALS include poor communication, appointment delays, and cancellations as well as concerns about privacy and dignity, and hospital facilities.

This chapter examines the strategies and tropes used by the Arab and Persian chroniclers in the medieval Muslim narratives of the battle of Manzikert, and the didactic purposes for which these narratives are used. Qur'anic resonances, such as presenting the arrogant Byzantine emperor Romanus as a latter-day Pharaoh, and other Muslim elements in these accounts, such as the importance of positioning the battle on a Friday, are discussed. Narrative techniques, including theatrical features, are analysed. The influence of the Mirrors for Princes advice literature is also examined. This chapter emphasises in its conclusion that these accounts can hardly be described as providing concrete details about the actual battle of Manzikert; instead, they are vehicles through which Arabic and Persian writers can praise their Turkish overlords, can vaunt the military prowess traditionally associated with the Turks, and – through the triumphal symbol of none other than the captured Byzantine emperor himself – can proclaim the triumph of Islam over Christianity. Thus Manzikert provides not only a spur but also an examplar for subsequent Muslim victories over the Christian foe.

Opening with a discussion of the challenges that all writers face in justifying their work to their audience, this chapter suggests how the epistolary frame can often be seen as al-Jāḥiẓ’s creative way of presenting the occasion of his writing a text without appearing confrontational toward his readership or defensive in the face of opposing views or prior writings on the topic. In certain texts, the addressee whom al-Jāḥiẓ claims to have asked him to write on the issue at hand is an exaggerated portrait of a misguided or overly enthusiastic individual whose questions, in themselves, reflect the dangers posed by the views he will argue against. This device gently prompts the audience to distance themselves from the pitfalls of the addressee’s approach. It also allows al-Jāḥiẓ to illustrate the errors and confusions caused by the opinions of his rivals in a forceful way without, however, projecting vulnerability to them onto his intended readership. Alternatively, al-Jāḥiẓ uses the addressees in other texts to avoid creating an atmosphere of superiority or confrontation: the addressee is presented as a figure who evokes the audience’s admiration and, yet, is in need of the author’s knowledge and advice for specific reasons which he carefully delineates.

This chapter narrates the events after the disappearance of Clarendon. A feeling of betrayal resounded in the Cavaliers at Clarendon's disappearance. They were also equally outraged by the clientage of Buckingham, who consistently pressed for religious toleration. The Cavaliers were not afraid in their expression of their displeasure over Buckingham's preferred policies, and nearly anyone might have been appalled by the growing number of advisers that accompanied the King everywhere, slowing down business because they were believed to have difficulty at arriving at conclusions. Through all of this, Andrew Marvell was rather independently minded. The chapter thus explores the poems in which he voiced his concerns, such as the cycle of Painter poems, as well as the “The Second Advice” and the “Third Advice” that were both attributed to Sir John Denham—whose name merely functions as a disguise (or a decoy) and a joke.

Chapter 5 continues this examination of how these changes affected the emotional landscapes of young men's lives by scrutinising how the ‘male world’ of youthful feeling was expressed through the advice columns of popular newspapers and magazines, which expanded significantly in the 1930s. The chapter samples letters from boys and young men to illustrate a complex interplay of discourse and mediated experience to help illustrate their responses to the period's informalising expectations and changing social relations.

Toynbee Hall is one of the great manifestations of Victorian philanthropy. In 1984, it celebrated the centenary of its foundation. Toynbee Hall was justly acclaimed as the pioneering and imaginative venture it was, a product of that serious, high-minded intelligent and practical concern for others which distinguished so many of the later Victorians. In 1998, it celebrated the centenary of its free Legal Advice Centre, originally called its Poor Man's Lawyer Service. This chapter looks at the history of legal assistance provided for those who cannot afford to pay the fees charged by private lawyers, and considers the proposals then current for reforming the legal aid system as it has existed since 1949. The Poor Man's Lawyer was not, it seems, the first of its kind in Britain. That accolade belongs to the Mansfield House Settlement in Canning Town. The rationale underlying these schemes was simple and very compelling.

The cases discussed in previous chapters show that advocates will sometimes come up against public services which, despite their best efforts, completely fail to give their clients the help they are entitled to expect. It is unfair to advocates, and useless for their clients, to send them out to ask for things we know will be refused. But advocates would be failing in their duty if they accepted bad services without trying to make them better. So what should they do? This chapter attempts to help people who encounter such roadblocks formulate a policy for dealing with them. It describes the work of the Gateshead Advice and Information Network (GAIN).

Turns from contract to tort, exploring the significance of insurance in determining the existence and ambit of tort duties. Explains the perceived differences between contract and tort duties and explores the significance of party risk allocation arrangements, including insurance arrangements, in relation to tort. Explains that attention to insurance arrangements is not inconsistent with the idea of ‘duty’. Explores the role of insurance arrangements in relation to tort duties in a variety of cases, beginning with ‘contractual matrix’ cases including construction cases; then turning to cases of ‘advice’ between parties and other cases beyond the contractual matrix; to public authority liability; and to employers’ duties to employees. Explains how insurance issues, and particularly risk allocation issues, have influenced the most significant developments in the law relating to negligence duties in particular.

Fourteen Good Things about GTM. Good research writing, avoiding the passive voice. GTM and credibility. Charmaz’s criteria and guidelines for evaluating a grounded theory: credibility, originality, resonance, and usefulness. Alvin Gouldner’s early discussion of romanticism and classicism; with its insights into the work of Strauss and the early GTM texts. A guide for GTM-oriented doctoral students and other researchers to anticipate and pre-empt standard criticisms and misunderstandings of GTM; issues to clarify or avoid, and questions to expect and be prepared for. A guide for examiners, assessors and evaluators of GTM submissions and publications; questions to ask and aspects GTM to understand. The accidents and misunderstandings of GTM; how to avoid or pre-empt them; how to recognize and challenge them.

Expatriates can be seen as an extremely mobile population that nonetheless maintains a consistency across moves that reinforces stability amidst displacement. This chapter looks at the institutions and infrastructure that have traditionally made expatriates able to move every three to five years while maintaining a stable everyday life. In Kathmandu and elsewhere, these institutions have been centered around women's organizations as well as international schools, churches and activity groups. Even as it is argued that technologies like the Internet will make such locally grounded social institutions less valued, expatriates in Nepal continue to rely on social links formed on the ground in Kathmandu, albeit with connections to other nodes of Expatria. The changing nature of the population of transnational elite workers is transforming the kind of organizations, if not their importance, as women's teas are replaced by running groups and sports viewing parties.

This chapter presents Jemima Wilkinson's The Universal Friend's Advice to Those of the Same Religious Society, a pamphlet containing the Comforter's religious doctrines and practices. The primary focus of the Friend's Advice was to prescribe a set of behaviors, along with some details on how converts should lead their daily lives and engage in worship. In particular, it issued restrictions on how the faithful should dress, speak, and interact with nonbelievers. The article also shows that the Public Universal Friend's advanced coherent set of beliefs and behaviors were derived from the religious traditions of Quakerism, New Light evangelism, as well as Christian millennialism.

This chapter discusses Jewish barristers from 1945 to 1990. Partly because the provisions of the Legal Aid and Advice Act 1949 were starting to take effect, and partly because of the post-war upsurge in crime, there was a marked expansion in work for barristers in the late 1950s at much higher rates of pay than in the pre-war period. They were also helped by the multiplication of retail chains of shops in the clothing and electrical goods sectors, together with the establishment of large property companies, which in turn fostered a number of influential Jewish commercial law practices. Whereas the emergence of Jewish solicitors specializing in criminal law assisted the careers of some of those practising at the criminal Bar, the West End and City Jewish law practices with large numbers of business clients permitted the entry of barristers from families of east European immigrants into the commercial Bar and generated an appreciable volume of civil litigation. Accordingly, the increase in the number of Jewish solicitors' practices after the Second World War levelled the playing field for barristers from similar backgrounds, although these firms continued to instruct counsel from every creed and every ethnic group.

The first of five chapters which address the third sphere, organized labor’s relationship to the wider political community, Chapter 11 explores the development of labor representation outside classic union structures. Following the weakening of organized labor’s links to political parties and the influx of groups of workers who have no historical ties with the political establishment and in some cases are not even citizens, workers are finding new ways of bringing their demands into the political arena. The chapter focuses on the Workers Advice Center which made a partially-successful move from NGO to classic union, and on Kav Laoved, a workers’ rights organization. It suggests that such organizations reflect a change in the nature of labor representation as elected representatives are replaced by “experts in the field” and a focus on advancing case law through targeted legal struggle and lobbying – a transformation that has engendered representative organizations with hybrid identities.

Melanie Tebbutt’s essay traces some of the changes which transformed working-class culture after the Second World War through an analysis of the personal advice pages of teenage magazines, an important expression of girls’ culture between the mid-1950s and late-1970s. Tebbutt takes as her subject Mirabelle magazine, widely read by girls in this period, although its popularity has been largely over-shadowed by the most popular teenage magazine of the time, which was Jackie. Advice pages in teenage magazines from the 1950s and 1960s have received less attention that those of the later decades of the twentieth-century and Tebbutt traces the changes which took place in queries and answers, from the time of Mirabelle’s publication, in 1956, when its advice column was identified with a marriage bureau in central Manchester, to ceasing production in 1977, by which time discussion of sexual matters, including pregnancy outside marriage, had become more open. Magazines aimed at the teenage market were an important source of sexual information for young people and this essay offers a nuanced analysis of Mirabelle’s advice pages which suggests there is considerable scope for comparative studies.

In the 1960s the Daily Mirror ran a weekly feature offering financial and investment advice about stocks and shares and it dealt with thousands of letters a year about financial matters from readers who found its advice more accessible and less intimidating than speaking to financial professionals. The social optimism of the sixties dissipated in the 1970s, however, as the economic situation deteriorated and the Daily Mirror’s financial advice had to adapt to a climate in which its own circulation was declining and as its core readership started to age the column became more conservative, dealing with queries from older readers and worries about unemployment, and focusing more on ‘mitigating’ the effects of inflation and redundancy payments. Porter argues that the Daily Mirror had, in fact, misinterpreted its readers’ interest in ‘popular capitalism’ during full employment and rising living standards in the 1960s, when its advocacy of financial investment reflected contemporary beliefs that the values and aspirations of the working-class were changing, with greater opportunities to borrow, save and spend. As he points out, its financial journalists were forced over time to adapt to more pragmatic queries about family budgeting and personal savings rather than focusing on larger investments.

This section presents the English text of Advice for Callow Jurists and Gullible Mendicants on Befriending Emirs. ʻAbd al-Wahhāb al-Shaʻrānī begins by emphasizing that his book explains the conditions under which a mendicant may befriend an emir, and vice versa, as well as the appropriate code of conduct of each toward the other. He declares that he wrote it for “our gullible brethren” among the jurists, mendicants, and emirs. He goes on to enumerate his blessings which Exalted God has bestowed upon him regarding his relationship with an emir. Among such blessings is that he was to agree to befriend only an emir who respects him too much to send him any gifts or alms. The book concludes by discussing the etiquette of mendicants in befriending emirs and vice versa.

This section presents excerpts from the English text of The Abbreviation of Advice for Callow Jurists and Gullible Mendicants on Befriending Emirs. ʻAbd al-Wahhāb al-Shaʻrānī first talks about how he befriended Emir Husām al-Dīn ibn Baghdād and his children. He says he had not accepted any of their gifts, tasted their food or drink, nor worn their clothes, nor used their bedding. He also mentions Muhammad ibn Baghdād, who brought him into the private quarters where his children were and ordered them to kiss his sandals. He then proceeds to explain how mendicants should behave in relation to emirs.

This chapter discusses the persistent monopoly of the grands corps in the production and mobilisation of policy analysis in the French context. Top officials have historically built their legitimacy on detention of ‘generalist’ policy knowledge, transmitted within administrative grandes écoles, and mobilised at the central level. However, the diversification of policy experts within French administration and the rise of alternative legitimate knowledge has questioned this ‘generalist model’. Two significant evolutions are the increasing influence of ‘numbers’ compared to more traditional literary or legal skills and the shift of policy expertise downstream the policy process, as top civil servants’ work has been increasingly oriented toward policy evaluation and performance measure. Their ability to master these new types of policy knowledge certainly conditions the persistence of their power over rival actors both inside and outside government, to address the growing policy expertise of consultants, private-sector experts and members of interest groups.

Chapter 2 surveys and analyses early modern English conduct literature to determine what standards of cleanliness were essential for propriety. It revises accepted wisdom that insists the repetition of this advice over two and a half centuries must mean that it was not being followed, and suggests instead that such reiteration signified parental insecurity. The presentation of advice on cleanliness is influenced by shifting concerns of class during this period. Also included in Chapter 2 is a review of the popular health manuals that have been traditionally used to assess habits of cleanliness. In both genres, recommendations on cleanliness are insistent but imprecise, giving little indication of what to clean, when, and how often, but the health manuals point to other medical genres with more detailed discussions and specific advice.