Linda A. Parker
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262035798
- eISBN:
- 9780262338448
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262035798.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Research and Theory
Cannabinoids and the Brain introduces an informed general audience to the scientific discovery of the endocannabinoid system and recent preclinical research that explains its importance in brain ...
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Cannabinoids and the Brain introduces an informed general audience to the scientific discovery of the endocannabinoid system and recent preclinical research that explains its importance in brain functioning. The endocannabinoids, anandamide and 2-AG, act on the same cannabinoid receptors, that are activated by the primary psychoactive compound found in marijuana, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Therefore, the scientific investigations of the functions of the endocannabinoid system are guided by the known effects of marijuana on the brain and body. The book reviews the scientific evidence of the role that the endocannabinoid system plays in regulating emotion, anxiety, depression, psychosis, reward and addiction, learning and memory, feeding, nausea/vomiting, pain, epilepsy, and other neurological disorders. Anecdotal reports are linked with the current scientific literature on the medicinal benefits of marijuana. Cannabis contains over 80 chemicals that have closely related structures, called cannabinoids, but the only major mood-altering constituent is THC. Another major plant cannabinoid is cannabidiol (CBD), which is not psychoactive; yet, considerable recent preclinical research reviewed in various chapters reveals that CBD has promising therapeutic potential in treatment of pain, anxiety, nausea and epilepsy. Only recently, has research been conducted with some of the other compounds found in cannabis. The subject matter of the book is extremely timely in light of the current ongoing debate not only about medical marijuana, but also about its legal status.Less
Cannabinoids and the Brain introduces an informed general audience to the scientific discovery of the endocannabinoid system and recent preclinical research that explains its importance in brain functioning. The endocannabinoids, anandamide and 2-AG, act on the same cannabinoid receptors, that are activated by the primary psychoactive compound found in marijuana, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Therefore, the scientific investigations of the functions of the endocannabinoid system are guided by the known effects of marijuana on the brain and body. The book reviews the scientific evidence of the role that the endocannabinoid system plays in regulating emotion, anxiety, depression, psychosis, reward and addiction, learning and memory, feeding, nausea/vomiting, pain, epilepsy, and other neurological disorders. Anecdotal reports are linked with the current scientific literature on the medicinal benefits of marijuana. Cannabis contains over 80 chemicals that have closely related structures, called cannabinoids, but the only major mood-altering constituent is THC. Another major plant cannabinoid is cannabidiol (CBD), which is not psychoactive; yet, considerable recent preclinical research reviewed in various chapters reveals that CBD has promising therapeutic potential in treatment of pain, anxiety, nausea and epilepsy. Only recently, has research been conducted with some of the other compounds found in cannabis. The subject matter of the book is extremely timely in light of the current ongoing debate not only about medical marijuana, but also about its legal status.
Tricia Starks
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781501722059
- eISBN:
- 9781501722066
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501722059.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Russian and Former Soviet Union History
Using unusual sources and approaching tobacco from the perspective of users, producers, and objectors, this monograph provides an unparalleled view of the early transfer by the Russian market to ...
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Using unusual sources and approaching tobacco from the perspective of users, producers, and objectors, this monograph provides an unparalleled view of the early transfer by the Russian market to smoking and presents the addictive, nicotine-soaked Russian cigarette – the papirosa -- and the sensory, medical, social, cultural, and gendered consequences of this unique style of tobacco use. Starting with the papirosa’s introduction in the nineteenth century and foundation as a cultural and imperial construct, the monograph moves through its emergence as a mass-use product of revolutionary potential, towards discussion as a moral and medical problem, on to its mass-marketing as a liberating object, and concluding as it became a point for increasing conflict for users, reformers, and purveyors. Material from newspapers, journals, industry publications, etiquette manuals, propaganda posters, popular literature, memoirs, cartoons, poetry, and advertising images is combined with wider scholarship in history, public health, anthropology, and addiction studies, for an ambitious social and cultural exploration of the interaction of institutions, ideas, practice, policy, consumption, identity, and the body. Utilizing these unique approaches and sources, the work reconstructs how early-Russian smokers experienced, understood, and presented their habit in all its biological, psychological, social, and sensory inflections.Less
Using unusual sources and approaching tobacco from the perspective of users, producers, and objectors, this monograph provides an unparalleled view of the early transfer by the Russian market to smoking and presents the addictive, nicotine-soaked Russian cigarette – the papirosa -- and the sensory, medical, social, cultural, and gendered consequences of this unique style of tobacco use. Starting with the papirosa’s introduction in the nineteenth century and foundation as a cultural and imperial construct, the monograph moves through its emergence as a mass-use product of revolutionary potential, towards discussion as a moral and medical problem, on to its mass-marketing as a liberating object, and concluding as it became a point for increasing conflict for users, reformers, and purveyors. Material from newspapers, journals, industry publications, etiquette manuals, propaganda posters, popular literature, memoirs, cartoons, poetry, and advertising images is combined with wider scholarship in history, public health, anthropology, and addiction studies, for an ambitious social and cultural exploration of the interaction of institutions, ideas, practice, policy, consumption, identity, and the body. Utilizing these unique approaches and sources, the work reconstructs how early-Russian smokers experienced, understood, and presented their habit in all its biological, psychological, social, and sensory inflections.
Annabel Jane Wharton
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780816693382
- eISBN:
- 9781452950853
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816693382.001.0001
- Subject:
- Architecture, Architectural History
Buildings are not benign; rather, they commonly manipulate and abuse their human users. Architectural Agents makes the case that buildings act in the world independently of their makers, patrons, ...
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Buildings are not benign; rather, they commonly manipulate and abuse their human users. Architectural Agents makes the case that buildings act in the world independently of their makers, patrons, owners, or occupants. And often they act badly. Treating buildings as bodies, Annabel Jane Wharton writes biographies of symptomatic structures in order to diagnose their pathologies. The violence of some sites is rooted in historical trauma; the unhealthy spatial behaviors of other spaces stem from political and economic ruthlessness. The places examined range from the Cloisters Museum in New York City and the Palestine Archaeological Museum (renamed the Rockefeller Museum) in Jerusalem to the grand Hostal de los Reyes Católicos in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, and Las Vegas casino resorts. Recognizing that a study of pathological spaces would not be complete without an investigation of digital structures, Wharton integrates into her argument an original consideration of the powerful architectures of video games and immersive worlds. Her work mounts a persuasive critique of popular phenomenological treatments of architecture. Architectural Agents advances an alternative theorization of buildings’ agency—one rooted in buildings’ essential materiality and historical formation—as the basis for this significant intervention in current debates over the boundaries separating humans, animals, and machines.Less
Buildings are not benign; rather, they commonly manipulate and abuse their human users. Architectural Agents makes the case that buildings act in the world independently of their makers, patrons, owners, or occupants. And often they act badly. Treating buildings as bodies, Annabel Jane Wharton writes biographies of symptomatic structures in order to diagnose their pathologies. The violence of some sites is rooted in historical trauma; the unhealthy spatial behaviors of other spaces stem from political and economic ruthlessness. The places examined range from the Cloisters Museum in New York City and the Palestine Archaeological Museum (renamed the Rockefeller Museum) in Jerusalem to the grand Hostal de los Reyes Católicos in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, and Las Vegas casino resorts. Recognizing that a study of pathological spaces would not be complete without an investigation of digital structures, Wharton integrates into her argument an original consideration of the powerful architectures of video games and immersive worlds. Her work mounts a persuasive critique of popular phenomenological treatments of architecture. Architectural Agents advances an alternative theorization of buildings’ agency—one rooted in buildings’ essential materiality and historical formation—as the basis for this significant intervention in current debates over the boundaries separating humans, animals, and machines.
Ann Hagell, Judith Aldridge, Petra Meier, Tim Millar, Jennifer Symonds, and Michael Donmall
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781447301042
- eISBN:
- 9781447307242
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447301042.003.0007
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
One of the most obvious social changes over the second half of the 20th century was the increase in the proportion of young people using alcohol and different kinds of drugs. Recreational use of ...
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One of the most obvious social changes over the second half of the 20th century was the increase in the proportion of young people using alcohol and different kinds of drugs. Recreational use of illegal substances has increased and is now a conspicuous part of the social landscape. We know that using substances is associated with a range of poor outcomes. The UK has a high level of adolescent alcohol consumption and problem use. What are the implications? The literature is rarely focused on the more specifically developmental aspects of use in adolescence, and preliminary evidence suggests that indeed there may be links between the rising trends in both substance use and mental health outcomes.Less
One of the most obvious social changes over the second half of the 20th century was the increase in the proportion of young people using alcohol and different kinds of drugs. Recreational use of illegal substances has increased and is now a conspicuous part of the social landscape. We know that using substances is associated with a range of poor outcomes. The UK has a high level of adolescent alcohol consumption and problem use. What are the implications? The literature is rarely focused on the more specifically developmental aspects of use in adolescence, and preliminary evidence suggests that indeed there may be links between the rising trends in both substance use and mental health outcomes.
Eugene Raikhel
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257757
- eISBN:
- 9780520943438
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257757.003.0008
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Anthropology, Theory and Practice
This chapter compares typical experiences and practices of identification and anonymity in the state-run Addiction Hospital and the House of Recovery. “Identification” can refer both to the ...
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This chapter compares typical experiences and practices of identification and anonymity in the state-run Addiction Hospital and the House of Recovery. “Identification” can refer both to the determination or recognition of “what a thing or a person is” and to “the becoming or making oneself one with another, in feeling, interest, or action.” This chapter focuses on both meanings and their relationship with one another. It begins with the Addiction Hospital, describing the institution and then shifts to the House of Recovery. In each case, it examines how the possibilities for self-identification were opened up or foreclosed by ascriptions of identity made by interlocutors, and how such opening up or foreclosure in turn shaped the mutual potential for identification with one another. Finally, it concludes with a brief consideration of identification and anonymity within ethnographic practices.Less
This chapter compares typical experiences and practices of identification and anonymity in the state-run Addiction Hospital and the House of Recovery. “Identification” can refer both to the determination or recognition of “what a thing or a person is” and to “the becoming or making oneself one with another, in feeling, interest, or action.” This chapter focuses on both meanings and their relationship with one another. It begins with the Addiction Hospital, describing the institution and then shifts to the House of Recovery. In each case, it examines how the possibilities for self-identification were opened up or foreclosed by ascriptions of identity made by interlocutors, and how such opening up or foreclosure in turn shaped the mutual potential for identification with one another. Finally, it concludes with a brief consideration of identification and anonymity within ethnographic practices.
Douglas Husak and Emily Murphy
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199859177
- eISBN:
- 9780199332694
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199859177.003.0008
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
We discuss how the complexities of conducting neuroscience research on addiction limit its application to the criminal law. Individual addicts vary enormously, and the general findings of ...
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We discuss how the complexities of conducting neuroscience research on addiction limit its application to the criminal law. Individual addicts vary enormously, and the general findings of neuroscientists do not always describe particular cases. Moreover, the neuroscience of addiction may not be relevant to the criminal law because addiction itself may not be relevant. We examine several ways in which it might be thought that addiction is relevant to the penal law before identifying the single respect in which its significance is likely to be greatest. Some jurisdictions have created specialty drug courts that make addiction a necessary condition for eligibility, so evidence from neuroscience is potentially helpful to ensure that defendants would benefit from these diversionary programs. With respect to criminal liability itself, however, we believe that neuroscience turns out to be of limited value at the present time as well as in the foreseeable future.Less
We discuss how the complexities of conducting neuroscience research on addiction limit its application to the criminal law. Individual addicts vary enormously, and the general findings of neuroscientists do not always describe particular cases. Moreover, the neuroscience of addiction may not be relevant to the criminal law because addiction itself may not be relevant. We examine several ways in which it might be thought that addiction is relevant to the penal law before identifying the single respect in which its significance is likely to be greatest. Some jurisdictions have created specialty drug courts that make addiction a necessary condition for eligibility, so evidence from neuroscience is potentially helpful to ensure that defendants would benefit from these diversionary programs. With respect to criminal liability itself, however, we believe that neuroscience turns out to be of limited value at the present time as well as in the foreseeable future.
Matthew Warner Osborn
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226099897
- eISBN:
- 9780226099927
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226099927.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
Rum Maniacs traces how alcoholic insanity became a subject of medical interest, social controversy, and perverse fascination in the early American republic. At the heart of that story is the history ...
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Rum Maniacs traces how alcoholic insanity became a subject of medical interest, social controversy, and perverse fascination in the early American republic. At the heart of that story is the history of delirium tremens and the vivid hallucinations that characterize the disease. First described in 1813, delirium tremens marked the beginning of the dramatic intervention of the American medical profession into the social response to alcohol abuse. Long before doctors began using the terms “alcoholism” or “addiction,” studying and treating delirium tremens changed how the medical profession observed, understood, and treated the more general problem of alcohol abuse. Indeed, the delirium tremens diagnosis became the foundation for the medical conviction and popular belief that heavy, habitual drinking was pathological—a self-destructive compulsion that constituted a psychological and physiological disease. The history of pathological drinking illuminates the social and cultural significance of disease and medicine in the boom-and-bust economy of the early nineteenth century. Focusing especially on Philadelphia, then the undisputed capital of American medicine, Rum Maniacs describes how ambitious young physicians set out to remake the profession in response to a competitive marketplace and compelling controversies over troubling social ills, such as urban poverty, economic instability, and, epidemic disease. New medical beliefs and practices both reflected and shaped emerging social distinctions, especially along the lines of class and gender. In popular culture, pathological drinking became a sensational topic of lurid speculation, dramatizing highly fraught issues of masculine success and failure in a culture obsessively concerned with both.Less
Rum Maniacs traces how alcoholic insanity became a subject of medical interest, social controversy, and perverse fascination in the early American republic. At the heart of that story is the history of delirium tremens and the vivid hallucinations that characterize the disease. First described in 1813, delirium tremens marked the beginning of the dramatic intervention of the American medical profession into the social response to alcohol abuse. Long before doctors began using the terms “alcoholism” or “addiction,” studying and treating delirium tremens changed how the medical profession observed, understood, and treated the more general problem of alcohol abuse. Indeed, the delirium tremens diagnosis became the foundation for the medical conviction and popular belief that heavy, habitual drinking was pathological—a self-destructive compulsion that constituted a psychological and physiological disease. The history of pathological drinking illuminates the social and cultural significance of disease and medicine in the boom-and-bust economy of the early nineteenth century. Focusing especially on Philadelphia, then the undisputed capital of American medicine, Rum Maniacs describes how ambitious young physicians set out to remake the profession in response to a competitive marketplace and compelling controversies over troubling social ills, such as urban poverty, economic instability, and, epidemic disease. New medical beliefs and practices both reflected and shaped emerging social distinctions, especially along the lines of class and gender. In popular culture, pathological drinking became a sensational topic of lurid speculation, dramatizing highly fraught issues of masculine success and failure in a culture obsessively concerned with both.
Andreas Heinz
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262036894
- eISBN:
- 9780262342841
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262036894.003.0005
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
While dopaminergic neurotransmission has largely been implicated in reinforcement learning and model-based versus model-free decision making, serotonergic neurotransmission has been implicated in ...
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While dopaminergic neurotransmission has largely been implicated in reinforcement learning and model-based versus model-free decision making, serotonergic neurotransmission has been implicated in encoding aversive outcomes. Accordingly, serotonin dysfunction has been observed in disorders characterized by negative affect including depression, anxiety and addiction. Serotonin dysfunction in these mental disorders is described and its association with negative affect is discussed.
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While dopaminergic neurotransmission has largely been implicated in reinforcement learning and model-based versus model-free decision making, serotonergic neurotransmission has been implicated in encoding aversive outcomes. Accordingly, serotonin dysfunction has been observed in disorders characterized by negative affect including depression, anxiety and addiction. Serotonin dysfunction in these mental disorders is described and its association with negative affect is discussed.
M. Jan Holton
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780300207620
- eISBN:
- 9780300220797
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300207620.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
The context of forced displacement in chapter 7 is what we know as chronic homelessness in the United States. Here we explore the risk to interhuman relationship that is its result. Published ...
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The context of forced displacement in chapter 7 is what we know as chronic homelessness in the United States. Here we explore the risk to interhuman relationship that is its result. Published narratives of persons without home and those in a transitional housing facility put a practical face on homelessness and help shed light on some of its most complicating factors.These elements, not surprisingly, include the state of affordable housing, addiction, mental illness, incarceration, and other “nontraditional” circumstances. Forced displacement in the form of homelessness most often results in the objectification—whether as objects of need or objects of distain—that leads to overwhelming social exclusion. This threatens relationship in the form of a just community and rejects the moral obligation to care for the displaced other.Less
The context of forced displacement in chapter 7 is what we know as chronic homelessness in the United States. Here we explore the risk to interhuman relationship that is its result. Published narratives of persons without home and those in a transitional housing facility put a practical face on homelessness and help shed light on some of its most complicating factors.These elements, not surprisingly, include the state of affordable housing, addiction, mental illness, incarceration, and other “nontraditional” circumstances. Forced displacement in the form of homelessness most often results in the objectification—whether as objects of need or objects of distain—that leads to overwhelming social exclusion. This threatens relationship in the form of a just community and rejects the moral obligation to care for the displaced other.
Keith Dowding
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781529206388
- eISBN:
- 9781529206432
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781529206388.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
In the past government pursued a moralistic and paternalistic policy with regard to gambling. However, in many countries, governments have relaxed regulations, whilst not treating gambling quite like ...
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In the past government pursued a moralistic and paternalistic policy with regard to gambling. However, in many countries, governments have relaxed regulations, whilst not treating gambling quite like other goods. This relaxation of regulations benefits many people who like to gamble, but has led to a growing issue of problem gamblers and addicts: gambling harms not only their welfare, but also that of their families. This chapter examines the issue of problem gambling, and how the gambling industry both exploits and also tries to help them. It argues that whilst government has recognized problem gambling, it could focus regulation more directly, given our knowledge of how people become addicted and what sort of gambling machines cause the greatest problems. Using Norway as a case study, the chapter demonstrates how specific regulations can have a big effect.Less
In the past government pursued a moralistic and paternalistic policy with regard to gambling. However, in many countries, governments have relaxed regulations, whilst not treating gambling quite like other goods. This relaxation of regulations benefits many people who like to gamble, but has led to a growing issue of problem gamblers and addicts: gambling harms not only their welfare, but also that of their families. This chapter examines the issue of problem gambling, and how the gambling industry both exploits and also tries to help them. It argues that whilst government has recognized problem gambling, it could focus regulation more directly, given our knowledge of how people become addicted and what sort of gambling machines cause the greatest problems. Using Norway as a case study, the chapter demonstrates how specific regulations can have a big effect.
Yetta Howard
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780252041884
- eISBN:
- 9780252050572
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252041884.003.0006
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Gender Studies
This book’s conclusion epitomizes this book’s claims with an analysis of Lisa Cholodenko’s High Art (1998), a film falling under New Queer Cinema’s non-redemptive, underground narratives of ...
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This book’s conclusion epitomizes this book’s claims with an analysis of Lisa Cholodenko’s High Art (1998), a film falling under New Queer Cinema’s non-redemptive, underground narratives of queerness. Ugliness as the negative operates as both literal and conceptual. It refers to an inherent erotic tangibility in older media processes of photographic documentation—the use of negatives—and it describes the ways that lesbian desire becomes defined through heroin addiction. This chapter shows how queer erotics communicates as a photographic negative, that is, a desire paradigm without the ability to be properly “developed.” The deeply counterintuitive possibilities of ugliness here reinforce the book’s larger argument about the importance of nondominant expressions of difference that queer female sexuality requires.Less
This book’s conclusion epitomizes this book’s claims with an analysis of Lisa Cholodenko’s High Art (1998), a film falling under New Queer Cinema’s non-redemptive, underground narratives of queerness. Ugliness as the negative operates as both literal and conceptual. It refers to an inherent erotic tangibility in older media processes of photographic documentation—the use of negatives—and it describes the ways that lesbian desire becomes defined through heroin addiction. This chapter shows how queer erotics communicates as a photographic negative, that is, a desire paradigm without the ability to be properly “developed.” The deeply counterintuitive possibilities of ugliness here reinforce the book’s larger argument about the importance of nondominant expressions of difference that queer female sexuality requires.
Linda A. Parker
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262035798
- eISBN:
- 9780262338448
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262035798.003.0006
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Research and Theory
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter critical for reward processing and is elevated by most addicting drugs. The effect of THC and other CB1 agonists moderately elevate dopamine in reward related regions ...
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Dopamine is a neurotransmitter critical for reward processing and is elevated by most addicting drugs. The effect of THC and other CB1 agonists moderately elevate dopamine in reward related regions of the rodent brain; however, there is less consistent evidence in humans for marijuana-induced changes in dopamine release or for morphological changes in brain reward areas. In humans, cannabis use disorder has been identified, which shows similar features of other substance use disorders, but not in the same extremes as opiates, psychostimulants or alcohol. This chapter discusses the interaction between cannabis and other drugs in relapse to drugs use, with a special case for the interaction between cannabinoids and opiates. Finally, the relationship between cannabinoid effects on men and women in sexual behaviour is discussed.Less
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter critical for reward processing and is elevated by most addicting drugs. The effect of THC and other CB1 agonists moderately elevate dopamine in reward related regions of the rodent brain; however, there is less consistent evidence in humans for marijuana-induced changes in dopamine release or for morphological changes in brain reward areas. In humans, cannabis use disorder has been identified, which shows similar features of other substance use disorders, but not in the same extremes as opiates, psychostimulants or alcohol. This chapter discusses the interaction between cannabis and other drugs in relapse to drugs use, with a special case for the interaction between cannabinoids and opiates. Finally, the relationship between cannabinoid effects on men and women in sexual behaviour is discussed.
Michael J. F. Robinson, Terry E. Robinson, and Kent C. Berridge
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262027670
- eISBN:
- 9780262325387
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262027670.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
Incentive salience (‘wanting’) normally provides an ‘oomph’ that spurs attention to and motivation for objects of desire. But when amplified excessively by brain mesolimbic sensitization, a set of ...
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Incentive salience (‘wanting’) normally provides an ‘oomph’ that spurs attention to and motivation for objects of desire. But when amplified excessively by brain mesolimbic sensitization, a set of neurobiological changes that increase the reactivity of dopamine-related brain systems, ‘wanting’ can have pathological intensity, leading to the kind of compulsive ‘wanting’ associated with impulse control disorders, such as addiction. A stimulus attributed with excessive incentive salience may trigger an overwhelming urge to consume its related reward. Sensitization of its underlying neural systems can make rewards and their cues powerful triggers of craving and instigate seeking behavior, and similar changes in the brain may possibly occur spontaneously in certain binge-eating disorders and in some other compulsive pursuits of incentives. Selective surges in ‘wanting’ spurred on by environmental triggers can explain why, under these conditions, rewards can be ‘wanted’ much more than they are ‘liked’. The incentive sensitization theory provides an explanation for the compulsive pursuit and over-consumption of addictive incentivesLess
Incentive salience (‘wanting’) normally provides an ‘oomph’ that spurs attention to and motivation for objects of desire. But when amplified excessively by brain mesolimbic sensitization, a set of neurobiological changes that increase the reactivity of dopamine-related brain systems, ‘wanting’ can have pathological intensity, leading to the kind of compulsive ‘wanting’ associated with impulse control disorders, such as addiction. A stimulus attributed with excessive incentive salience may trigger an overwhelming urge to consume its related reward. Sensitization of its underlying neural systems can make rewards and their cues powerful triggers of craving and instigate seeking behavior, and similar changes in the brain may possibly occur spontaneously in certain binge-eating disorders and in some other compulsive pursuits of incentives. Selective surges in ‘wanting’ spurred on by environmental triggers can explain why, under these conditions, rewards can be ‘wanted’ much more than they are ‘liked’. The incentive sensitization theory provides an explanation for the compulsive pursuit and over-consumption of addictive incentives
D. Preston Stephanie, Morten L. Kringelbach, and Knutson Brian
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262027670
- eISBN:
- 9780262325387
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262027670.003.0017
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
Consumption is the endpoint of any resource-allocation decision in which individuals acquire something for their own use. This can occur in conserved and ancient forms (e.g., ingesting food, drinks, ...
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Consumption is the endpoint of any resource-allocation decision in which individuals acquire something for their own use. This can occur in conserved and ancient forms (e.g., ingesting food, drinks, or drugs of abuse) but also in modern and symbolic forms (e.g., shopping and purchasing products, scanning and appreciating images, and paying for and burning fuel). Humans make hundreds of consumption decisions each day, with important personal consequences for their health and finances as well as collective consequences for others’ welfare and the sanctity of the environment. Growing evidence suggests that decisions to consume across multiple domains rely on overlapping circuits in the mesolimbocortical system, which evolved to motivate animals towards adaptive and pleasing ends including food, mates, and secure shelter. Correlated psychological processes may also contribute to decisions to consume, often encouraging individuals to approach highly salient and immediate rewards, even at a long-term cost to themselves or others. In addition, decisions to consume food and other material goods appear responsive to contextual feelings of security or uncertainty as well as perceived social status. Although from disparate fields, all of the authors in the current volume conduct research on some aspect of consumption, ranging from food hoarding in animals to the neural and psychological bases of pleasure, addiction, shopping, saving, and hoarding in humans. This work emanates from multiple scientific approaches, including evolutionary theory, animal behavior, neuroscience, experimental psychology, and clinical psychopathology. Through this integrative collection, we hope to illuminate a critical and timely convergenceLess
Consumption is the endpoint of any resource-allocation decision in which individuals acquire something for their own use. This can occur in conserved and ancient forms (e.g., ingesting food, drinks, or drugs of abuse) but also in modern and symbolic forms (e.g., shopping and purchasing products, scanning and appreciating images, and paying for and burning fuel). Humans make hundreds of consumption decisions each day, with important personal consequences for their health and finances as well as collective consequences for others’ welfare and the sanctity of the environment. Growing evidence suggests that decisions to consume across multiple domains rely on overlapping circuits in the mesolimbocortical system, which evolved to motivate animals towards adaptive and pleasing ends including food, mates, and secure shelter. Correlated psychological processes may also contribute to decisions to consume, often encouraging individuals to approach highly salient and immediate rewards, even at a long-term cost to themselves or others. In addition, decisions to consume food and other material goods appear responsive to contextual feelings of security or uncertainty as well as perceived social status. Although from disparate fields, all of the authors in the current volume conduct research on some aspect of consumption, ranging from food hoarding in animals to the neural and psychological bases of pleasure, addiction, shopping, saving, and hoarding in humans. This work emanates from multiple scientific approaches, including evolutionary theory, animal behavior, neuroscience, experimental psychology, and clinical psychopathology. Through this integrative collection, we hope to illuminate a critical and timely convergence
Matthew Warner Osborn
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226099897
- eISBN:
- 9780226099927
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226099927.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
Chapter five charts how and why the medical profession developed and popularized the view that heavy habitual drinking constitutes an incurable physiological disease. In public lectures, journals, ...
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Chapter five charts how and why the medical profession developed and popularized the view that heavy habitual drinking constitutes an incurable physiological disease. In public lectures, journals, and speeches, physicians detailed the catalogue of destruction wreaked by alcohol, publicizing a new pathology of intemperance. Through vivid description and illustration, physicians asserted that the drunkard’s compulsion to drink derived from a diseased stomach. While heightening public fear, however, physicians had little inclination to attempt to develop a cure for the condition. Promising therapies emerged in the 1820s which physicians actively discouraged people from using. By mid century, finally spurred on by patient demand, physicians experimented with treating inebriates in hospitals and asylums, but their efforts remained scattered and experimental. This chapter argues that by heightening public fear, but failing to develop therapies, physicians encouraged the popularity of the Washingtonians, who promised to cure drunkards. As Washingtonians exerted an ever-greater influence on popular culture, sensational accounts of delirium tremens proliferated. The medical impulse to pathologize habitual drinking thus led to a popular lurid fascination with the drunkard’s struggle with the cravings for drink.Less
Chapter five charts how and why the medical profession developed and popularized the view that heavy habitual drinking constitutes an incurable physiological disease. In public lectures, journals, and speeches, physicians detailed the catalogue of destruction wreaked by alcohol, publicizing a new pathology of intemperance. Through vivid description and illustration, physicians asserted that the drunkard’s compulsion to drink derived from a diseased stomach. While heightening public fear, however, physicians had little inclination to attempt to develop a cure for the condition. Promising therapies emerged in the 1820s which physicians actively discouraged people from using. By mid century, finally spurred on by patient demand, physicians experimented with treating inebriates in hospitals and asylums, but their efforts remained scattered and experimental. This chapter argues that by heightening public fear, but failing to develop therapies, physicians encouraged the popularity of the Washingtonians, who promised to cure drunkards. As Washingtonians exerted an ever-greater influence on popular culture, sensational accounts of delirium tremens proliferated. The medical impulse to pathologize habitual drinking thus led to a popular lurid fascination with the drunkard’s struggle with the cravings for drink.
Neil Levy (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199862580
- eISBN:
- 9780199369638
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199862580.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science, Moral Philosophy
Addiction seems to involve a significant degree of loss of control over behaviour, yet it remains mysterious how such a loss of control occurs and how it can be compatible with the retention of ...
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Addiction seems to involve a significant degree of loss of control over behaviour, yet it remains mysterious how such a loss of control occurs and how it can be compatible with the retention of agency. This collection, which arose out of a conference held at the University of Oxford, brings together philosophers, neuroscientists and psychologists with the aim of understanding this loss of control from a perspective informed by cutting-edge science and philosophical reflection. Individual chapters, by well-established names in philosophy of action, moral philosophy, neuroscience and psychology, illuminate the mechanisms involved in the loss of control and link these mechanisms to our understanding of agency and the moral responsibility of addicts.Less
Addiction seems to involve a significant degree of loss of control over behaviour, yet it remains mysterious how such a loss of control occurs and how it can be compatible with the retention of agency. This collection, which arose out of a conference held at the University of Oxford, brings together philosophers, neuroscientists and psychologists with the aim of understanding this loss of control from a perspective informed by cutting-edge science and philosophical reflection. Individual chapters, by well-established names in philosophy of action, moral philosophy, neuroscience and psychology, illuminate the mechanisms involved in the loss of control and link these mechanisms to our understanding of agency and the moral responsibility of addicts.
P. Read Montague
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780262026680
- eISBN:
- 9780262321488
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262026680.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Montague proposes a computational model to understand addiction. His key idea is a special kind of reward prediction error signal in addicts. In his comments, Yaffe discusses what Montague's work on ...
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Montague proposes a computational model to understand addiction. His key idea is a special kind of reward prediction error signal in addicts. In his comments, Yaffe discusses what Montague's work on the neuroscience of addiction does and does not show about moral responsibility. Sripada then outlines how additional deficits in reflective judgments of addicts might also be relevant to their moral responsibility. Montague replies by agreeing that we need a new generation of models to capture the kinds of considerations raised by his commentators.Less
Montague proposes a computational model to understand addiction. His key idea is a special kind of reward prediction error signal in addicts. In his comments, Yaffe discusses what Montague's work on the neuroscience of addiction does and does not show about moral responsibility. Sripada then outlines how additional deficits in reflective judgments of addicts might also be relevant to their moral responsibility. Montague replies by agreeing that we need a new generation of models to capture the kinds of considerations raised by his commentators.
Arthur L. Caplan
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780262019682
- eISBN:
- 9780262317245
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262019682.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Bioethics
American bioethics affords extraordinary respect to the values of personal autonomy and patient self-determination. Many would argue that the most significant achievement deriving from bioethics in ...
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American bioethics affords extraordinary respect to the values of personal autonomy and patient self-determination. Many would argue that the most significant achievement deriving from bioethics in the past 40 years has been to replace a paternalistic model of health provider–patient relationships with one that sees patient self-determination as the normative foundation for practice. This shift away from paternalism towards respect for self-determination has been on going in behavioral and mental health as well, especially as it is reflected in the ‘recovery movement’. As a result of the emphasis placed on patient autonomy, arguments in favor of mandatory treatment are rare and often half-hearted. Can a case be made which acknowledges the centrality and importance of autonomy but which would still deem ethical mandatory treatment for addicts? I think it can.Less
American bioethics affords extraordinary respect to the values of personal autonomy and patient self-determination. Many would argue that the most significant achievement deriving from bioethics in the past 40 years has been to replace a paternalistic model of health provider–patient relationships with one that sees patient self-determination as the normative foundation for practice. This shift away from paternalism towards respect for self-determination has been on going in behavioral and mental health as well, especially as it is reflected in the ‘recovery movement’. As a result of the emphasis placed on patient autonomy, arguments in favor of mandatory treatment are rare and often half-hearted. Can a case be made which acknowledges the centrality and importance of autonomy but which would still deem ethical mandatory treatment for addicts? I think it can.
Nomy Arpaly and Timothy Schroeder
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199348169
- eISBN:
- 9780199348183
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199348169.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
In Praise of Desire aims to show that ordinary desires belong at the heart of moral psychology. It has three core theses, adding up to a doctrine it calls Spare Conativism. These are (1) ...
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In Praise of Desire aims to show that ordinary desires belong at the heart of moral psychology. It has three core theses, adding up to a doctrine it calls Spare Conativism. These are (1) that intrinsic desires for the right or good (correctly conceived) are what makes it possible to act for the right reasons; (2) that doing what is right or good out of an intrinsic desires for the right or good (correctly conceived) is acting in a praiseworthy manner; and (3) that to be virtuous is to greatly intrinsically desire the right or good (correctly conceived). In addition, intrinsic desires are central to understanding such diverse topics as love, care, pleasure, acting on side constraints, open-mindedness, the virtue of modesty, the moral status of dreams, the possibility of inner struggle, and the diminished blameworthiness addicts have for bad acts they perform out of addiction. Even deliberation can only be understood through intrinsic desires, since deliberation is itself a kind of mental action performed out of an intrinsic desire to determine what to think or what to do. While other moral-psychological theories put Reason ahead of desires or give desires roles only when managed and contained, In Praise of Desire gives a full defence of the central role intrinsic desires have in our moral lives.Less
In Praise of Desire aims to show that ordinary desires belong at the heart of moral psychology. It has three core theses, adding up to a doctrine it calls Spare Conativism. These are (1) that intrinsic desires for the right or good (correctly conceived) are what makes it possible to act for the right reasons; (2) that doing what is right or good out of an intrinsic desires for the right or good (correctly conceived) is acting in a praiseworthy manner; and (3) that to be virtuous is to greatly intrinsically desire the right or good (correctly conceived). In addition, intrinsic desires are central to understanding such diverse topics as love, care, pleasure, acting on side constraints, open-mindedness, the virtue of modesty, the moral status of dreams, the possibility of inner struggle, and the diminished blameworthiness addicts have for bad acts they perform out of addiction. Even deliberation can only be understood through intrinsic desires, since deliberation is itself a kind of mental action performed out of an intrinsic desire to determine what to think or what to do. While other moral-psychological theories put Reason ahead of desires or give desires roles only when managed and contained, In Praise of Desire gives a full defence of the central role intrinsic desires have in our moral lives.
Craig Reinarman
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780262019682
- eISBN:
- 9780262317245
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262019682.003.0012
- Subject:
- Biology, Bioethics
The ubiquity of the disease concept of addiction obscures the fact that it did not emerge from the accretion of scientific discoveries. Addiction-as-disease has been continuously redefined, mostly in ...
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The ubiquity of the disease concept of addiction obscures the fact that it did not emerge from the accretion of scientific discoveries. Addiction-as-disease has been continuously redefined, mostly in the direction of conceptual elasticity, such that it now yields an embarrassment of riches: a growing range of allegedly addictive phenomena, which do not involve drugs. This article begins with questions that have been raised about whether “addiction” is a discrete disease entity with a distinct etiology. It then summarizes the historical and cultural conditions under which addiction-as-disease was constructed, the specific actors and institutions who promulgated it, and the discursive procedures through which it is reproduced and internalized by those said to be afflicted. Understanding how the dominance of addiction discourse was accomplished in these ways does not imply that the lived experience of what is called addiction is therefore any less acute or compelling. But it does invite attention to the contradictory uses of disease discourse: a humane warrant for necessary health services and legitimation of repressive drug policies.Less
The ubiquity of the disease concept of addiction obscures the fact that it did not emerge from the accretion of scientific discoveries. Addiction-as-disease has been continuously redefined, mostly in the direction of conceptual elasticity, such that it now yields an embarrassment of riches: a growing range of allegedly addictive phenomena, which do not involve drugs. This article begins with questions that have been raised about whether “addiction” is a discrete disease entity with a distinct etiology. It then summarizes the historical and cultural conditions under which addiction-as-disease was constructed, the specific actors and institutions who promulgated it, and the discursive procedures through which it is reproduced and internalized by those said to be afflicted. Understanding how the dominance of addiction discourse was accomplished in these ways does not imply that the lived experience of what is called addiction is therefore any less acute or compelling. But it does invite attention to the contradictory uses of disease discourse: a humane warrant for necessary health services and legitimation of repressive drug policies.
