Linda A. Parker
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262035798
- eISBN:
- 9780262338448
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262035798.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Research and Theory
Cannabinoids and the Brain introduces an informed general audience to the scientific discovery of the endocannabinoid system and recent preclinical research that explains its importance in brain ...
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Cannabinoids and the Brain introduces an informed general audience to the scientific discovery of the endocannabinoid system and recent preclinical research that explains its importance in brain functioning. The endocannabinoids, anandamide and 2-AG, act on the same cannabinoid receptors, that are activated by the primary psychoactive compound found in marijuana, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Therefore, the scientific investigations of the functions of the endocannabinoid system are guided by the known effects of marijuana on the brain and body. The book reviews the scientific evidence of the role that the endocannabinoid system plays in regulating emotion, anxiety, depression, psychosis, reward and addiction, learning and memory, feeding, nausea/vomiting, pain, epilepsy, and other neurological disorders. Anecdotal reports are linked with the current scientific literature on the medicinal benefits of marijuana. Cannabis contains over 80 chemicals that have closely related structures, called cannabinoids, but the only major mood-altering constituent is THC. Another major plant cannabinoid is cannabidiol (CBD), which is not psychoactive; yet, considerable recent preclinical research reviewed in various chapters reveals that CBD has promising therapeutic potential in treatment of pain, anxiety, nausea and epilepsy. Only recently, has research been conducted with some of the other compounds found in cannabis. The subject matter of the book is extremely timely in light of the current ongoing debate not only about medical marijuana, but also about its legal status.Less
Cannabinoids and the Brain introduces an informed general audience to the scientific discovery of the endocannabinoid system and recent preclinical research that explains its importance in brain functioning. The endocannabinoids, anandamide and 2-AG, act on the same cannabinoid receptors, that are activated by the primary psychoactive compound found in marijuana, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Therefore, the scientific investigations of the functions of the endocannabinoid system are guided by the known effects of marijuana on the brain and body. The book reviews the scientific evidence of the role that the endocannabinoid system plays in regulating emotion, anxiety, depression, psychosis, reward and addiction, learning and memory, feeding, nausea/vomiting, pain, epilepsy, and other neurological disorders. Anecdotal reports are linked with the current scientific literature on the medicinal benefits of marijuana. Cannabis contains over 80 chemicals that have closely related structures, called cannabinoids, but the only major mood-altering constituent is THC. Another major plant cannabinoid is cannabidiol (CBD), which is not psychoactive; yet, considerable recent preclinical research reviewed in various chapters reveals that CBD has promising therapeutic potential in treatment of pain, anxiety, nausea and epilepsy. Only recently, has research been conducted with some of the other compounds found in cannabis. The subject matter of the book is extremely timely in light of the current ongoing debate not only about medical marijuana, but also about its legal status.
Tricia Starks
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781501722059
- eISBN:
- 9781501722066
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501722059.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Russian and Former Soviet Union History
Using unusual sources and approaching tobacco from the perspective of users, producers, and objectors, this monograph provides an unparalleled view of the early transfer by the Russian market to ...
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Using unusual sources and approaching tobacco from the perspective of users, producers, and objectors, this monograph provides an unparalleled view of the early transfer by the Russian market to smoking and presents the addictive, nicotine-soaked Russian cigarette – the papirosa -- and the sensory, medical, social, cultural, and gendered consequences of this unique style of tobacco use. Starting with the papirosa’s introduction in the nineteenth century and foundation as a cultural and imperial construct, the monograph moves through its emergence as a mass-use product of revolutionary potential, towards discussion as a moral and medical problem, on to its mass-marketing as a liberating object, and concluding as it became a point for increasing conflict for users, reformers, and purveyors. Material from newspapers, journals, industry publications, etiquette manuals, propaganda posters, popular literature, memoirs, cartoons, poetry, and advertising images is combined with wider scholarship in history, public health, anthropology, and addiction studies, for an ambitious social and cultural exploration of the interaction of institutions, ideas, practice, policy, consumption, identity, and the body. Utilizing these unique approaches and sources, the work reconstructs how early-Russian smokers experienced, understood, and presented their habit in all its biological, psychological, social, and sensory inflections.Less
Using unusual sources and approaching tobacco from the perspective of users, producers, and objectors, this monograph provides an unparalleled view of the early transfer by the Russian market to smoking and presents the addictive, nicotine-soaked Russian cigarette – the papirosa -- and the sensory, medical, social, cultural, and gendered consequences of this unique style of tobacco use. Starting with the papirosa’s introduction in the nineteenth century and foundation as a cultural and imperial construct, the monograph moves through its emergence as a mass-use product of revolutionary potential, towards discussion as a moral and medical problem, on to its mass-marketing as a liberating object, and concluding as it became a point for increasing conflict for users, reformers, and purveyors. Material from newspapers, journals, industry publications, etiquette manuals, propaganda posters, popular literature, memoirs, cartoons, poetry, and advertising images is combined with wider scholarship in history, public health, anthropology, and addiction studies, for an ambitious social and cultural exploration of the interaction of institutions, ideas, practice, policy, consumption, identity, and the body. Utilizing these unique approaches and sources, the work reconstructs how early-Russian smokers experienced, understood, and presented their habit in all its biological, psychological, social, and sensory inflections.
Annabel Jane Wharton
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780816693382
- eISBN:
- 9781452950853
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816693382.001.0001
- Subject:
- Architecture, Architectural History
Buildings are not benign; rather, they commonly manipulate and abuse their human users. Architectural Agents makes the case that buildings act in the world independently of their makers, patrons, ...
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Buildings are not benign; rather, they commonly manipulate and abuse their human users. Architectural Agents makes the case that buildings act in the world independently of their makers, patrons, owners, or occupants. And often they act badly. Treating buildings as bodies, Annabel Jane Wharton writes biographies of symptomatic structures in order to diagnose their pathologies. The violence of some sites is rooted in historical trauma; the unhealthy spatial behaviors of other spaces stem from political and economic ruthlessness. The places examined range from the Cloisters Museum in New York City and the Palestine Archaeological Museum (renamed the Rockefeller Museum) in Jerusalem to the grand Hostal de los Reyes Católicos in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, and Las Vegas casino resorts. Recognizing that a study of pathological spaces would not be complete without an investigation of digital structures, Wharton integrates into her argument an original consideration of the powerful architectures of video games and immersive worlds. Her work mounts a persuasive critique of popular phenomenological treatments of architecture. Architectural Agents advances an alternative theorization of buildings’ agency—one rooted in buildings’ essential materiality and historical formation—as the basis for this significant intervention in current debates over the boundaries separating humans, animals, and machines.Less
Buildings are not benign; rather, they commonly manipulate and abuse their human users. Architectural Agents makes the case that buildings act in the world independently of their makers, patrons, owners, or occupants. And often they act badly. Treating buildings as bodies, Annabel Jane Wharton writes biographies of symptomatic structures in order to diagnose their pathologies. The violence of some sites is rooted in historical trauma; the unhealthy spatial behaviors of other spaces stem from political and economic ruthlessness. The places examined range from the Cloisters Museum in New York City and the Palestine Archaeological Museum (renamed the Rockefeller Museum) in Jerusalem to the grand Hostal de los Reyes Católicos in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, and Las Vegas casino resorts. Recognizing that a study of pathological spaces would not be complete without an investigation of digital structures, Wharton integrates into her argument an original consideration of the powerful architectures of video games and immersive worlds. Her work mounts a persuasive critique of popular phenomenological treatments of architecture. Architectural Agents advances an alternative theorization of buildings’ agency—one rooted in buildings’ essential materiality and historical formation—as the basis for this significant intervention in current debates over the boundaries separating humans, animals, and machines.
Ann Hagell, Judith Aldridge, Petra Meier, Tim Millar, Jennifer Symonds, and Michael Donmall
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781447301042
- eISBN:
- 9781447307242
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447301042.003.0007
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
One of the most obvious social changes over the second half of the 20th century was the increase in the proportion of young people using alcohol and different kinds of drugs. Recreational use of ...
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One of the most obvious social changes over the second half of the 20th century was the increase in the proportion of young people using alcohol and different kinds of drugs. Recreational use of illegal substances has increased and is now a conspicuous part of the social landscape. We know that using substances is associated with a range of poor outcomes. The UK has a high level of adolescent alcohol consumption and problem use. What are the implications? The literature is rarely focused on the more specifically developmental aspects of use in adolescence, and preliminary evidence suggests that indeed there may be links between the rising trends in both substance use and mental health outcomes.Less
One of the most obvious social changes over the second half of the 20th century was the increase in the proportion of young people using alcohol and different kinds of drugs. Recreational use of illegal substances has increased and is now a conspicuous part of the social landscape. We know that using substances is associated with a range of poor outcomes. The UK has a high level of adolescent alcohol consumption and problem use. What are the implications? The literature is rarely focused on the more specifically developmental aspects of use in adolescence, and preliminary evidence suggests that indeed there may be links between the rising trends in both substance use and mental health outcomes.
Eugene Raikhel
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257757
- eISBN:
- 9780520943438
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257757.003.0008
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Anthropology, Theory and Practice
This chapter compares typical experiences and practices of identification and anonymity in the state-run Addiction Hospital and the House of Recovery. “Identification” can refer both to the ...
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This chapter compares typical experiences and practices of identification and anonymity in the state-run Addiction Hospital and the House of Recovery. “Identification” can refer both to the determination or recognition of “what a thing or a person is” and to “the becoming or making oneself one with another, in feeling, interest, or action.” This chapter focuses on both meanings and their relationship with one another. It begins with the Addiction Hospital, describing the institution and then shifts to the House of Recovery. In each case, it examines how the possibilities for self-identification were opened up or foreclosed by ascriptions of identity made by interlocutors, and how such opening up or foreclosure in turn shaped the mutual potential for identification with one another. Finally, it concludes with a brief consideration of identification and anonymity within ethnographic practices.Less
This chapter compares typical experiences and practices of identification and anonymity in the state-run Addiction Hospital and the House of Recovery. “Identification” can refer both to the determination or recognition of “what a thing or a person is” and to “the becoming or making oneself one with another, in feeling, interest, or action.” This chapter focuses on both meanings and their relationship with one another. It begins with the Addiction Hospital, describing the institution and then shifts to the House of Recovery. In each case, it examines how the possibilities for self-identification were opened up or foreclosed by ascriptions of identity made by interlocutors, and how such opening up or foreclosure in turn shaped the mutual potential for identification with one another. Finally, it concludes with a brief consideration of identification and anonymity within ethnographic practices.
Douglas Husak and Emily Murphy
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199859177
- eISBN:
- 9780199332694
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199859177.003.0008
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
We discuss how the complexities of conducting neuroscience research on addiction limit its application to the criminal law. Individual addicts vary enormously, and the general findings of ...
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We discuss how the complexities of conducting neuroscience research on addiction limit its application to the criminal law. Individual addicts vary enormously, and the general findings of neuroscientists do not always describe particular cases. Moreover, the neuroscience of addiction may not be relevant to the criminal law because addiction itself may not be relevant. We examine several ways in which it might be thought that addiction is relevant to the penal law before identifying the single respect in which its significance is likely to be greatest. Some jurisdictions have created specialty drug courts that make addiction a necessary condition for eligibility, so evidence from neuroscience is potentially helpful to ensure that defendants would benefit from these diversionary programs. With respect to criminal liability itself, however, we believe that neuroscience turns out to be of limited value at the present time as well as in the foreseeable future.Less
We discuss how the complexities of conducting neuroscience research on addiction limit its application to the criminal law. Individual addicts vary enormously, and the general findings of neuroscientists do not always describe particular cases. Moreover, the neuroscience of addiction may not be relevant to the criminal law because addiction itself may not be relevant. We examine several ways in which it might be thought that addiction is relevant to the penal law before identifying the single respect in which its significance is likely to be greatest. Some jurisdictions have created specialty drug courts that make addiction a necessary condition for eligibility, so evidence from neuroscience is potentially helpful to ensure that defendants would benefit from these diversionary programs. With respect to criminal liability itself, however, we believe that neuroscience turns out to be of limited value at the present time as well as in the foreseeable future.
Linda A. Parker
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262035798
- eISBN:
- 9780262338448
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262035798.003.0006
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Research and Theory
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter critical for reward processing and is elevated by most addicting drugs. The effect of THC and other CB1 agonists moderately elevate dopamine in reward related regions ...
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Dopamine is a neurotransmitter critical for reward processing and is elevated by most addicting drugs. The effect of THC and other CB1 agonists moderately elevate dopamine in reward related regions of the rodent brain; however, there is less consistent evidence in humans for marijuana-induced changes in dopamine release or for morphological changes in brain reward areas. In humans, cannabis use disorder has been identified, which shows similar features of other substance use disorders, but not in the same extremes as opiates, psychostimulants or alcohol. This chapter discusses the interaction between cannabis and other drugs in relapse to drugs use, with a special case for the interaction between cannabinoids and opiates. Finally, the relationship between cannabinoid effects on men and women in sexual behaviour is discussed.Less
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter critical for reward processing and is elevated by most addicting drugs. The effect of THC and other CB1 agonists moderately elevate dopamine in reward related regions of the rodent brain; however, there is less consistent evidence in humans for marijuana-induced changes in dopamine release or for morphological changes in brain reward areas. In humans, cannabis use disorder has been identified, which shows similar features of other substance use disorders, but not in the same extremes as opiates, psychostimulants or alcohol. This chapter discusses the interaction between cannabis and other drugs in relapse to drugs use, with a special case for the interaction between cannabinoids and opiates. Finally, the relationship between cannabinoid effects on men and women in sexual behaviour is discussed.
Andreas Heinz
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262036894
- eISBN:
- 9780262342841
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262036894.003.0005
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience
While dopaminergic neurotransmission has largely been implicated in reinforcement learning and model-based versus model-free decision making, serotonergic neurotransmission has been implicated in ...
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While dopaminergic neurotransmission has largely been implicated in reinforcement learning and model-based versus model-free decision making, serotonergic neurotransmission has been implicated in encoding aversive outcomes. Accordingly, serotonin dysfunction has been observed in disorders characterized by negative affect including depression, anxiety and addiction. Serotonin dysfunction in these mental disorders is described and its association with negative affect is discussed.
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While dopaminergic neurotransmission has largely been implicated in reinforcement learning and model-based versus model-free decision making, serotonergic neurotransmission has been implicated in encoding aversive outcomes. Accordingly, serotonin dysfunction has been observed in disorders characterized by negative affect including depression, anxiety and addiction. Serotonin dysfunction in these mental disorders is described and its association with negative affect is discussed.
M. Jan Holton
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780300207620
- eISBN:
- 9780300220797
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300207620.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
The context of forced displacement in chapter 7 is what we know as chronic homelessness in the United States. Here we explore the risk to interhuman relationship that is its result. Published ...
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The context of forced displacement in chapter 7 is what we know as chronic homelessness in the United States. Here we explore the risk to interhuman relationship that is its result. Published narratives of persons without home and those in a transitional housing facility put a practical face on homelessness and help shed light on some of its most complicating factors.These elements, not surprisingly, include the state of affordable housing, addiction, mental illness, incarceration, and other “nontraditional” circumstances. Forced displacement in the form of homelessness most often results in the objectification—whether as objects of need or objects of distain—that leads to overwhelming social exclusion. This threatens relationship in the form of a just community and rejects the moral obligation to care for the displaced other.Less
The context of forced displacement in chapter 7 is what we know as chronic homelessness in the United States. Here we explore the risk to interhuman relationship that is its result. Published narratives of persons without home and those in a transitional housing facility put a practical face on homelessness and help shed light on some of its most complicating factors.These elements, not surprisingly, include the state of affordable housing, addiction, mental illness, incarceration, and other “nontraditional” circumstances. Forced displacement in the form of homelessness most often results in the objectification—whether as objects of need or objects of distain—that leads to overwhelming social exclusion. This threatens relationship in the form of a just community and rejects the moral obligation to care for the displaced other.
Yetta Howard
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780252041884
- eISBN:
- 9780252050572
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252041884.003.0006
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Gender Studies
This book’s conclusion epitomizes this book’s claims with an analysis of Lisa Cholodenko’s High Art (1998), a film falling under New Queer Cinema’s non-redemptive, underground narratives of ...
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This book’s conclusion epitomizes this book’s claims with an analysis of Lisa Cholodenko’s High Art (1998), a film falling under New Queer Cinema’s non-redemptive, underground narratives of queerness. Ugliness as the negative operates as both literal and conceptual. It refers to an inherent erotic tangibility in older media processes of photographic documentation—the use of negatives—and it describes the ways that lesbian desire becomes defined through heroin addiction. This chapter shows how queer erotics communicates as a photographic negative, that is, a desire paradigm without the ability to be properly “developed.” The deeply counterintuitive possibilities of ugliness here reinforce the book’s larger argument about the importance of nondominant expressions of difference that queer female sexuality requires.Less
This book’s conclusion epitomizes this book’s claims with an analysis of Lisa Cholodenko’s High Art (1998), a film falling under New Queer Cinema’s non-redemptive, underground narratives of queerness. Ugliness as the negative operates as both literal and conceptual. It refers to an inherent erotic tangibility in older media processes of photographic documentation—the use of negatives—and it describes the ways that lesbian desire becomes defined through heroin addiction. This chapter shows how queer erotics communicates as a photographic negative, that is, a desire paradigm without the ability to be properly “developed.” The deeply counterintuitive possibilities of ugliness here reinforce the book’s larger argument about the importance of nondominant expressions of difference that queer female sexuality requires.
Neil Levy (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199862580
- eISBN:
- 9780199369638
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199862580.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science, Moral Philosophy
Addiction seems to involve a significant degree of loss of control over behaviour, yet it remains mysterious how such a loss of control occurs and how it can be compatible with the retention of ...
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Addiction seems to involve a significant degree of loss of control over behaviour, yet it remains mysterious how such a loss of control occurs and how it can be compatible with the retention of agency. This collection, which arose out of a conference held at the University of Oxford, brings together philosophers, neuroscientists and psychologists with the aim of understanding this loss of control from a perspective informed by cutting-edge science and philosophical reflection. Individual chapters, by well-established names in philosophy of action, moral philosophy, neuroscience and psychology, illuminate the mechanisms involved in the loss of control and link these mechanisms to our understanding of agency and the moral responsibility of addicts.Less
Addiction seems to involve a significant degree of loss of control over behaviour, yet it remains mysterious how such a loss of control occurs and how it can be compatible with the retention of agency. This collection, which arose out of a conference held at the University of Oxford, brings together philosophers, neuroscientists and psychologists with the aim of understanding this loss of control from a perspective informed by cutting-edge science and philosophical reflection. Individual chapters, by well-established names in philosophy of action, moral philosophy, neuroscience and psychology, illuminate the mechanisms involved in the loss of control and link these mechanisms to our understanding of agency and the moral responsibility of addicts.
Nomy Arpaly and Timothy Schroeder
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199348169
- eISBN:
- 9780199348183
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199348169.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
In Praise of Desire aims to show that ordinary desires belong at the heart of moral psychology. It has three core theses, adding up to a doctrine it calls Spare Conativism. These are (1) ...
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In Praise of Desire aims to show that ordinary desires belong at the heart of moral psychology. It has three core theses, adding up to a doctrine it calls Spare Conativism. These are (1) that intrinsic desires for the right or good (correctly conceived) are what makes it possible to act for the right reasons; (2) that doing what is right or good out of an intrinsic desires for the right or good (correctly conceived) is acting in a praiseworthy manner; and (3) that to be virtuous is to greatly intrinsically desire the right or good (correctly conceived). In addition, intrinsic desires are central to understanding such diverse topics as love, care, pleasure, acting on side constraints, open-mindedness, the virtue of modesty, the moral status of dreams, the possibility of inner struggle, and the diminished blameworthiness addicts have for bad acts they perform out of addiction. Even deliberation can only be understood through intrinsic desires, since deliberation is itself a kind of mental action performed out of an intrinsic desire to determine what to think or what to do. While other moral-psychological theories put Reason ahead of desires or give desires roles only when managed and contained, In Praise of Desire gives a full defence of the central role intrinsic desires have in our moral lives.Less
In Praise of Desire aims to show that ordinary desires belong at the heart of moral psychology. It has three core theses, adding up to a doctrine it calls Spare Conativism. These are (1) that intrinsic desires for the right or good (correctly conceived) are what makes it possible to act for the right reasons; (2) that doing what is right or good out of an intrinsic desires for the right or good (correctly conceived) is acting in a praiseworthy manner; and (3) that to be virtuous is to greatly intrinsically desire the right or good (correctly conceived). In addition, intrinsic desires are central to understanding such diverse topics as love, care, pleasure, acting on side constraints, open-mindedness, the virtue of modesty, the moral status of dreams, the possibility of inner struggle, and the diminished blameworthiness addicts have for bad acts they perform out of addiction. Even deliberation can only be understood through intrinsic desires, since deliberation is itself a kind of mental action performed out of an intrinsic desire to determine what to think or what to do. While other moral-psychological theories put Reason ahead of desires or give desires roles only when managed and contained, In Praise of Desire gives a full defence of the central role intrinsic desires have in our moral lives.
Michael J. F. Robinson, Terry E. Robinson, and Kent C. Berridge
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262027670
- eISBN:
- 9780262325387
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262027670.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
Incentive salience (‘wanting’) normally provides an ‘oomph’ that spurs attention to and motivation for objects of desire. But when amplified excessively by brain mesolimbic sensitization, a set of ...
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Incentive salience (‘wanting’) normally provides an ‘oomph’ that spurs attention to and motivation for objects of desire. But when amplified excessively by brain mesolimbic sensitization, a set of neurobiological changes that increase the reactivity of dopamine-related brain systems, ‘wanting’ can have pathological intensity, leading to the kind of compulsive ‘wanting’ associated with impulse control disorders, such as addiction. A stimulus attributed with excessive incentive salience may trigger an overwhelming urge to consume its related reward. Sensitization of its underlying neural systems can make rewards and their cues powerful triggers of craving and instigate seeking behavior, and similar changes in the brain may possibly occur spontaneously in certain binge-eating disorders and in some other compulsive pursuits of incentives. Selective surges in ‘wanting’ spurred on by environmental triggers can explain why, under these conditions, rewards can be ‘wanted’ much more than they are ‘liked’. The incentive sensitization theory provides an explanation for the compulsive pursuit and over-consumption of addictive incentivesLess
Incentive salience (‘wanting’) normally provides an ‘oomph’ that spurs attention to and motivation for objects of desire. But when amplified excessively by brain mesolimbic sensitization, a set of neurobiological changes that increase the reactivity of dopamine-related brain systems, ‘wanting’ can have pathological intensity, leading to the kind of compulsive ‘wanting’ associated with impulse control disorders, such as addiction. A stimulus attributed with excessive incentive salience may trigger an overwhelming urge to consume its related reward. Sensitization of its underlying neural systems can make rewards and their cues powerful triggers of craving and instigate seeking behavior, and similar changes in the brain may possibly occur spontaneously in certain binge-eating disorders and in some other compulsive pursuits of incentives. Selective surges in ‘wanting’ spurred on by environmental triggers can explain why, under these conditions, rewards can be ‘wanted’ much more than they are ‘liked’. The incentive sensitization theory provides an explanation for the compulsive pursuit and over-consumption of addictive incentives
D. Preston Stephanie, Morten L. Kringelbach, and Knutson Brian
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262027670
- eISBN:
- 9780262325387
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262027670.003.0017
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
Consumption is the endpoint of any resource-allocation decision in which individuals acquire something for their own use. This can occur in conserved and ancient forms (e.g., ingesting food, drinks, ...
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Consumption is the endpoint of any resource-allocation decision in which individuals acquire something for their own use. This can occur in conserved and ancient forms (e.g., ingesting food, drinks, or drugs of abuse) but also in modern and symbolic forms (e.g., shopping and purchasing products, scanning and appreciating images, and paying for and burning fuel). Humans make hundreds of consumption decisions each day, with important personal consequences for their health and finances as well as collective consequences for others’ welfare and the sanctity of the environment. Growing evidence suggests that decisions to consume across multiple domains rely on overlapping circuits in the mesolimbocortical system, which evolved to motivate animals towards adaptive and pleasing ends including food, mates, and secure shelter. Correlated psychological processes may also contribute to decisions to consume, often encouraging individuals to approach highly salient and immediate rewards, even at a long-term cost to themselves or others. In addition, decisions to consume food and other material goods appear responsive to contextual feelings of security or uncertainty as well as perceived social status. Although from disparate fields, all of the authors in the current volume conduct research on some aspect of consumption, ranging from food hoarding in animals to the neural and psychological bases of pleasure, addiction, shopping, saving, and hoarding in humans. This work emanates from multiple scientific approaches, including evolutionary theory, animal behavior, neuroscience, experimental psychology, and clinical psychopathology. Through this integrative collection, we hope to illuminate a critical and timely convergenceLess
Consumption is the endpoint of any resource-allocation decision in which individuals acquire something for their own use. This can occur in conserved and ancient forms (e.g., ingesting food, drinks, or drugs of abuse) but also in modern and symbolic forms (e.g., shopping and purchasing products, scanning and appreciating images, and paying for and burning fuel). Humans make hundreds of consumption decisions each day, with important personal consequences for their health and finances as well as collective consequences for others’ welfare and the sanctity of the environment. Growing evidence suggests that decisions to consume across multiple domains rely on overlapping circuits in the mesolimbocortical system, which evolved to motivate animals towards adaptive and pleasing ends including food, mates, and secure shelter. Correlated psychological processes may also contribute to decisions to consume, often encouraging individuals to approach highly salient and immediate rewards, even at a long-term cost to themselves or others. In addition, decisions to consume food and other material goods appear responsive to contextual feelings of security or uncertainty as well as perceived social status. Although from disparate fields, all of the authors in the current volume conduct research on some aspect of consumption, ranging from food hoarding in animals to the neural and psychological bases of pleasure, addiction, shopping, saving, and hoarding in humans. This work emanates from multiple scientific approaches, including evolutionary theory, animal behavior, neuroscience, experimental psychology, and clinical psychopathology. Through this integrative collection, we hope to illuminate a critical and timely convergence
P. Read Montague
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780262026680
- eISBN:
- 9780262321488
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262026680.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Montague proposes a computational model to understand addiction. His key idea is a special kind of reward prediction error signal in addicts. In his comments, Yaffe discusses what Montague's work on ...
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Montague proposes a computational model to understand addiction. His key idea is a special kind of reward prediction error signal in addicts. In his comments, Yaffe discusses what Montague's work on the neuroscience of addiction does and does not show about moral responsibility. Sripada then outlines how additional deficits in reflective judgments of addicts might also be relevant to their moral responsibility. Montague replies by agreeing that we need a new generation of models to capture the kinds of considerations raised by his commentators.Less
Montague proposes a computational model to understand addiction. His key idea is a special kind of reward prediction error signal in addicts. In his comments, Yaffe discusses what Montague's work on the neuroscience of addiction does and does not show about moral responsibility. Sripada then outlines how additional deficits in reflective judgments of addicts might also be relevant to their moral responsibility. Montague replies by agreeing that we need a new generation of models to capture the kinds of considerations raised by his commentators.
Arthur L. Caplan
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780262019682
- eISBN:
- 9780262317245
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262019682.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Bioethics
American bioethics affords extraordinary respect to the values of personal autonomy and patient self-determination. Many would argue that the most significant achievement deriving from bioethics in ...
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American bioethics affords extraordinary respect to the values of personal autonomy and patient self-determination. Many would argue that the most significant achievement deriving from bioethics in the past 40 years has been to replace a paternalistic model of health provider–patient relationships with one that sees patient self-determination as the normative foundation for practice. This shift away from paternalism towards respect for self-determination has been on going in behavioral and mental health as well, especially as it is reflected in the ‘recovery movement’. As a result of the emphasis placed on patient autonomy, arguments in favor of mandatory treatment are rare and often half-hearted. Can a case be made which acknowledges the centrality and importance of autonomy but which would still deem ethical mandatory treatment for addicts? I think it can.Less
American bioethics affords extraordinary respect to the values of personal autonomy and patient self-determination. Many would argue that the most significant achievement deriving from bioethics in the past 40 years has been to replace a paternalistic model of health provider–patient relationships with one that sees patient self-determination as the normative foundation for practice. This shift away from paternalism towards respect for self-determination has been on going in behavioral and mental health as well, especially as it is reflected in the ‘recovery movement’. As a result of the emphasis placed on patient autonomy, arguments in favor of mandatory treatment are rare and often half-hearted. Can a case be made which acknowledges the centrality and importance of autonomy but which would still deem ethical mandatory treatment for addicts? I think it can.
Craig Reinarman
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780262019682
- eISBN:
- 9780262317245
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262019682.003.0012
- Subject:
- Biology, Bioethics
The ubiquity of the disease concept of addiction obscures the fact that it did not emerge from the accretion of scientific discoveries. Addiction-as-disease has been continuously redefined, mostly in ...
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The ubiquity of the disease concept of addiction obscures the fact that it did not emerge from the accretion of scientific discoveries. Addiction-as-disease has been continuously redefined, mostly in the direction of conceptual elasticity, such that it now yields an embarrassment of riches: a growing range of allegedly addictive phenomena, which do not involve drugs. This article begins with questions that have been raised about whether “addiction” is a discrete disease entity with a distinct etiology. It then summarizes the historical and cultural conditions under which addiction-as-disease was constructed, the specific actors and institutions who promulgated it, and the discursive procedures through which it is reproduced and internalized by those said to be afflicted. Understanding how the dominance of addiction discourse was accomplished in these ways does not imply that the lived experience of what is called addiction is therefore any less acute or compelling. But it does invite attention to the contradictory uses of disease discourse: a humane warrant for necessary health services and legitimation of repressive drug policies.Less
The ubiquity of the disease concept of addiction obscures the fact that it did not emerge from the accretion of scientific discoveries. Addiction-as-disease has been continuously redefined, mostly in the direction of conceptual elasticity, such that it now yields an embarrassment of riches: a growing range of allegedly addictive phenomena, which do not involve drugs. This article begins with questions that have been raised about whether “addiction” is a discrete disease entity with a distinct etiology. It then summarizes the historical and cultural conditions under which addiction-as-disease was constructed, the specific actors and institutions who promulgated it, and the discursive procedures through which it is reproduced and internalized by those said to be afflicted. Understanding how the dominance of addiction discourse was accomplished in these ways does not imply that the lived experience of what is called addiction is therefore any less acute or compelling. But it does invite attention to the contradictory uses of disease discourse: a humane warrant for necessary health services and legitimation of repressive drug policies.
Thomas S. Szasz
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780262019682
- eISBN:
- 9780262317245
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262019682.003.0013
- Subject:
- Biology, Bioethics
The author believes and attempts to demonstrate that “drug abuse” and “drug addiction” are moral rather than medical problems. The basic issue underlying these problems is: In a conflict between the ...
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The author believes and attempts to demonstrate that “drug abuse” and “drug addiction” are moral rather than medical problems. The basic issue underlying these problems is: In a conflict between the individual and the state, where should the individual’s autonomy end and the state’s right to intervene begin? The author suggests that genuine commitment to the ethic of personal freedom and responsibility requires that, much as we may disapprove of a person’s choice of drug, we must regard freedom of self-medication as a fundamental right.Less
The author believes and attempts to demonstrate that “drug abuse” and “drug addiction” are moral rather than medical problems. The basic issue underlying these problems is: In a conflict between the individual and the state, where should the individual’s autonomy end and the state’s right to intervene begin? The author suggests that genuine commitment to the ethic of personal freedom and responsibility requires that, much as we may disapprove of a person’s choice of drug, we must regard freedom of self-medication as a fundamental right.
Charles P. O’Brien and A. Thomas McLellan
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780262019682
- eISBN:
- 9780262317245
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262019682.003.0014
- Subject:
- Biology, Bioethics
The authors argue that addictions are similar to other chronic disorders such as arthritis, hypertension, asthma, and diabetes. Addicting drugs produce changes in brain pathways that endure long ...
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The authors argue that addictions are similar to other chronic disorders such as arthritis, hypertension, asthma, and diabetes. Addicting drugs produce changes in brain pathways that endure long after the person stops taking them. Further, the associated medical, social, and occupational difficulties that usually develop during the course of addiction do not disappear when the patient is detoxified. These protracted brain changes and the associated personal and social difficulties put the former addict at great risk of relapse. Treatments for addiction, therefore, should be regarded as being long term, and a “cure” is unlikely from a single course of treatment.Less
The authors argue that addictions are similar to other chronic disorders such as arthritis, hypertension, asthma, and diabetes. Addicting drugs produce changes in brain pathways that endure long after the person stops taking them. Further, the associated medical, social, and occupational difficulties that usually develop during the course of addiction do not disappear when the patient is detoxified. These protracted brain changes and the associated personal and social difficulties put the former addict at great risk of relapse. Treatments for addiction, therefore, should be regarded as being long term, and a “cure” is unlikely from a single course of treatment.
Laura Weiss Roberts and Kim Bullock
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780262019682
- eISBN:
- 9780262317245
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262019682.003.0015
- Subject:
- Biology, Bioethics
The care of people living with addiction is ethically complex work. Addiction is stigmatized in our society and clinical services for addiction-related conditions are underdeveloped, raising many ...
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The care of people living with addiction is ethically complex work. Addiction is stigmatized in our society and clinical services for addiction-related conditions are underdeveloped, raising many ethical issues related to respect, confidentiality, and justice. Addictions of all kinds are associated, by definition, with a lack of personal control over the addictive behavior and are often linked with intermittent or enduring cognitive deficits, creating concerns about affected individuals’ capacities for autonomy and shared decision-making with caregivers. Some addictions are associated with risky and/or illegal activities, introducing very difficult considerations related to dangerousness, self-neglect, or self-injury and potential harm toward others. Moreover, the history of treatment for addiction has been riddled with approaches that emphasize punitive consequences, raising issues pertaining to beneficence, nonmaleficence, and medical professionalism. Finally, addiction often co-occurs with other health conditions, which may be difficult to recognize and burdensome to treat because of the addiction, raising ethical issues related to clinical competence. For these reasons, every aspect of clinical care for addictive disorders should be viewed as having important ethical meaning and implications.Less
The care of people living with addiction is ethically complex work. Addiction is stigmatized in our society and clinical services for addiction-related conditions are underdeveloped, raising many ethical issues related to respect, confidentiality, and justice. Addictions of all kinds are associated, by definition, with a lack of personal control over the addictive behavior and are often linked with intermittent or enduring cognitive deficits, creating concerns about affected individuals’ capacities for autonomy and shared decision-making with caregivers. Some addictions are associated with risky and/or illegal activities, introducing very difficult considerations related to dangerousness, self-neglect, or self-injury and potential harm toward others. Moreover, the history of treatment for addiction has been riddled with approaches that emphasize punitive consequences, raising issues pertaining to beneficence, nonmaleficence, and medical professionalism. Finally, addiction often co-occurs with other health conditions, which may be difficult to recognize and burdensome to treat because of the addiction, raising ethical issues related to clinical competence. For these reasons, every aspect of clinical care for addictive disorders should be viewed as having important ethical meaning and implications.
