Nicolas Loeuille and Michel Loreau
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199228973
- eISBN:
- 9780191711169
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199228973.003.00013
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
Evolutionary dynamics may help us understand the structure and dynamics of food webs. The theoretical understanding of empirical food web patterns faces a dilemma, as it is difficult to account ...
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Evolutionary dynamics may help us understand the structure and dynamics of food webs. The theoretical understanding of empirical food web patterns faces a dilemma, as it is difficult to account simultaneously for dynamical components (demography, evolution) and for the complexity of these systems (species number, connectance). Current knowledge of food web structures is dominated by many-species models that do not incorporate any dynamical aspects, and by models that detail demographic or evolutionary dynamics of species but consider communities composed of few species. Community evolution models incorporate both the dynamical components of food webs and the complexity that is necessary to understand empirical food web data.Less
Evolutionary dynamics may help us understand the structure and dynamics of food webs. The theoretical understanding of empirical food web patterns faces a dilemma, as it is difficult to account simultaneously for dynamical components (demography, evolution) and for the complexity of these systems (species number, connectance). Current knowledge of food web structures is dominated by many-species models that do not incorporate any dynamical aspects, and by models that detail demographic or evolutionary dynamics of species but consider communities composed of few species. Community evolution models incorporate both the dynamical components of food webs and the complexity that is necessary to understand empirical food web data.
Robert G. Lawson
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780813174624
- eISBN:
- 9780813174655
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813174624.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
Betty Gail Brown was nineteen years old in 1961. A second-year student at Transylvania University. On the evening of October 26, 1961, she drove to campus to study with friends for an exam. Around ...
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Betty Gail Brown was nineteen years old in 1961. A second-year student at Transylvania University. On the evening of October 26, 1961, she drove to campus to study with friends for an exam. Around midnight, she left the campus, but at some point she returned and parked her car in a driveway near the center of campus. By 3:00 a.m., she was the victim of one of the most sensational killings ever to occur in the Bluegrass. She was found dead in her car, strangled by her own brassiere. Kentuckians from across the state became engrossed in the proceedings, as lead after lead went nowhere. Four years later, the police investigation had stalled.In 1965, a drifter named Alex Arnold confessed to the killing while in jail on other charges in Oregon. Arnold was brought to Lexington and put on trial, where he entered a plea of not guilty. Robert Lawson was a young attorney at a local firm when a senior member asked him to help defend Arnold. In Who Killed Betty Gail Brown?, Lawson meticulously details the police search and Arnold’s trial. Since 1965, new leads have come and gone, and Betty Gail Brown’s murder remains unsolved. A written transcription of the court’s proceedings does not exist, and thus Lawson, drawing upon police and court records, newspaper articles, and his own notes, provides an invaluable record of an important piece of local history about one of Kentucky’s most famous cold cases.Less
Betty Gail Brown was nineteen years old in 1961. A second-year student at Transylvania University. On the evening of October 26, 1961, she drove to campus to study with friends for an exam. Around midnight, she left the campus, but at some point she returned and parked her car in a driveway near the center of campus. By 3:00 a.m., she was the victim of one of the most sensational killings ever to occur in the Bluegrass. She was found dead in her car, strangled by her own brassiere. Kentuckians from across the state became engrossed in the proceedings, as lead after lead went nowhere. Four years later, the police investigation had stalled.In 1965, a drifter named Alex Arnold confessed to the killing while in jail on other charges in Oregon. Arnold was brought to Lexington and put on trial, where he entered a plea of not guilty. Robert Lawson was a young attorney at a local firm when a senior member asked him to help defend Arnold. In Who Killed Betty Gail Brown?, Lawson meticulously details the police search and Arnold’s trial. Since 1965, new leads have come and gone, and Betty Gail Brown’s murder remains unsolved. A written transcription of the court’s proceedings does not exist, and thus Lawson, drawing upon police and court records, newspaper articles, and his own notes, provides an invaluable record of an important piece of local history about one of Kentucky’s most famous cold cases.
Judith A. Layzer and Alexis Schulman
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262036580
- eISBN:
- 9780262341585
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262036580.003.0007
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
Popularized by scientists in the 1970s, adaptive management is an integrative, multi-disciplinary approach to managing landscapes and natural resources. Despite its broad appeal many critics complain ...
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Popularized by scientists in the 1970s, adaptive management is an integrative, multi-disciplinary approach to managing landscapes and natural resources. Despite its broad appeal many critics complain that adaptive management rarely works in practice as prescribed in theory. This chapter traces the history and evolution of the concept and assess its implementation challenges. One reason adaptive management has not always delivered on its promise to make natural resource management more “rational” is that in the real world of policymaking scientists and natural resource managers must contend with advocates that have conflicting values and goals. Scientists and managers also operate in the context of institutions that create particular constraints and opportunities, and are generally inflexible and resistant to change. In recognition of these sociopolitical realities, the focus of much adaptive management practice and scholarship has shifted to governance, particularly collaboration with stakeholders, transformation of the institutions responsible for management, and the process of social learning.Less
Popularized by scientists in the 1970s, adaptive management is an integrative, multi-disciplinary approach to managing landscapes and natural resources. Despite its broad appeal many critics complain that adaptive management rarely works in practice as prescribed in theory. This chapter traces the history and evolution of the concept and assess its implementation challenges. One reason adaptive management has not always delivered on its promise to make natural resource management more “rational” is that in the real world of policymaking scientists and natural resource managers must contend with advocates that have conflicting values and goals. Scientists and managers also operate in the context of institutions that create particular constraints and opportunities, and are generally inflexible and resistant to change. In recognition of these sociopolitical realities, the focus of much adaptive management practice and scholarship has shifted to governance, particularly collaboration with stakeholders, transformation of the institutions responsible for management, and the process of social learning.
Bernice Kurchin
Diane F. George (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780813056197
- eISBN:
- 9780813053950
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813056197.001.0001
- Subject:
- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology
In situations of displacement, disruption, and difference, humans adapt by actively creating, re-creating, and adjusting their identities using the material world. This book employs the discipline of ...
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In situations of displacement, disruption, and difference, humans adapt by actively creating, re-creating, and adjusting their identities using the material world. This book employs the discipline of historical archaeology to study this process as it occurs in new and challenging environments. The case studies furnish varied instances of people wresting control from others who wish to define them and of adaptive transformation by people who find themselves in new and strange worlds. The authors consider multiple aspects of identity, such as race, class, gender, and ethnicity, and look for ways to understand its fluid and intersecting nature. The book seeks to make the study of the past relevant to our globalized, postcolonized, and capitalized world. Questions of identity formation are critical in understanding the world today, in which boundaries are simultaneously breaking down and being built up, and humans are constantly adapting to the ever-changing milieu. This book tackles these questions not only in multiple dimensions of earthly space but also in a panorama of historical time. Moving from the ancient past to the unknowable future and through numerous temporal stops in between, the reader travels from New York to the Great Lakes, Britain to North Africa, and the North Atlantic to the West Indies.Less
In situations of displacement, disruption, and difference, humans adapt by actively creating, re-creating, and adjusting their identities using the material world. This book employs the discipline of historical archaeology to study this process as it occurs in new and challenging environments. The case studies furnish varied instances of people wresting control from others who wish to define them and of adaptive transformation by people who find themselves in new and strange worlds. The authors consider multiple aspects of identity, such as race, class, gender, and ethnicity, and look for ways to understand its fluid and intersecting nature. The book seeks to make the study of the past relevant to our globalized, postcolonized, and capitalized world. Questions of identity formation are critical in understanding the world today, in which boundaries are simultaneously breaking down and being built up, and humans are constantly adapting to the ever-changing milieu. This book tackles these questions not only in multiple dimensions of earthly space but also in a panorama of historical time. Moving from the ancient past to the unknowable future and through numerous temporal stops in between, the reader travels from New York to the Great Lakes, Britain to North Africa, and the North Atlantic to the West Indies.
Harry S. Laver and Jeffrey J. Matthews (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780813174723
- eISBN:
- 9780813174778
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813174723.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
The Art of Command provides biographical and topical portraits of exceptional leaders from all four branches of the United States armed forces. Laver and Matthews have identified eleven core ...
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The Art of Command provides biographical and topical portraits of exceptional leaders from all four branches of the United States armed forces. Laver and Matthews have identified eleven core characteristics of effective leadership, such as vision, charisma, determination, and integrity, and apply them to significant figures in American military history. In doing so, they argue that leadership is a learned and practiced skill, developed through conscious effort and mentoring by superiors. Tracing the careers, traits, and behaviors of eleven legendary leaders, including Ulysses Grant, George Marshall, Henry Arnold, and David Shoup, each chapter provides detailed critical analysis of a leader's personal development and leadership style. This historically grounded exploration delivers an insightful examination of various military command styles that transcend time, place, rank, and branch of service.Less
The Art of Command provides biographical and topical portraits of exceptional leaders from all four branches of the United States armed forces. Laver and Matthews have identified eleven core characteristics of effective leadership, such as vision, charisma, determination, and integrity, and apply them to significant figures in American military history. In doing so, they argue that leadership is a learned and practiced skill, developed through conscious effort and mentoring by superiors. Tracing the careers, traits, and behaviors of eleven legendary leaders, including Ulysses Grant, George Marshall, Henry Arnold, and David Shoup, each chapter provides detailed critical analysis of a leader's personal development and leadership style. This historically grounded exploration delivers an insightful examination of various military command styles that transcend time, place, rank, and branch of service.
Sylvia Richardson, Leonardo Bottolo, and Jeffrey S. Rosenthal
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199694587
- eISBN:
- 9780191731921
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199694587.003.0018
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics
This paper considers the task of building efficient regression models for sparse multivariate analysis of high dimensional data sets, in particular it focuses on cases where the numbers q of ...
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This paper considers the task of building efficient regression models for sparse multivariate analysis of high dimensional data sets, in particular it focuses on cases where the numbers q of responses Y = ( y k ,1 ≤ k ≤ q) and p of predictors X = ( x j , 1 ≤ j ≤ p) to analyse jointly are both large with respect to the sample size n, a challenging bi‐directional task. The analysis of such data sets arise commonly in genetical genomics, with X linked to the DNA characteristics and Y corresponding to measurements of fundamental biological processes such as transcription, protein or metabolite production. Building on the Bayesian variable selection set‐up for the linear model and associated efficient MCMC algorithms developed for single responses, we discuss the generic framework of hierarchical related sparse regressions, where parallel regressions of y k on the set of covariates X are linked in a hierarchical fashion, in particular through the prior model of the variable selection indicators γ kj , which indicate among the covariates x j those which are associated to the response y k in each multivariate regression. Structures for the joint model of the γ kj , which correspond to different compromises between the aims of controlling sparsity and that of enhancing the detection of predictors that are associated with many responses (“hot spots”), will be discussed and a new multiplicative model for the probability structure of the γ kj will be presented. To perform inference for these models in high dimensional set‐ups, novel adaptive MCMC algorithms are needed. As sparsity is paramount and most of the associations expected to be zero, new algorithms that progressively focus on part of the space where the most interesting associations occur are of great interest. We shall discuss their formulation and theoretical properties, and demonstrate their use on simulated and real data from genomics.Less
This paper considers the task of building efficient regression models for sparse multivariate analysis of high dimensional data sets, in particular it focuses on cases where the numbers q of responses Y = ( y k ,1 ≤ k ≤ q) and p of predictors X = ( x j , 1 ≤ j ≤ p) to analyse jointly are both large with respect to the sample size n, a challenging bi‐directional task. The analysis of such data sets arise commonly in genetical genomics, with X linked to the DNA characteristics and Y corresponding to measurements of fundamental biological processes such as transcription, protein or metabolite production. Building on the Bayesian variable selection set‐up for the linear model and associated efficient MCMC algorithms developed for single responses, we discuss the generic framework of hierarchical related sparse regressions, where parallel regressions of y k on the set of covariates X are linked in a hierarchical fashion, in particular through the prior model of the variable selection indicators γ kj , which indicate among the covariates x j those which are associated to the response y k in each multivariate regression. Structures for the joint model of the γ kj , which correspond to different compromises between the aims of controlling sparsity and that of enhancing the detection of predictors that are associated with many responses (“hot spots”), will be discussed and a new multiplicative model for the probability structure of the γ kj will be presented. To perform inference for these models in high dimensional set‐ups, novel adaptive MCMC algorithms are needed. As sparsity is paramount and most of the associations expected to be zero, new algorithms that progressively focus on part of the space where the most interesting associations occur are of great interest. We shall discuss their formulation and theoretical properties, and demonstrate their use on simulated and real data from genomics.
Mark Huber and Sarah Schott
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199694587
- eISBN:
- 9780191731921
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199694587.003.0009
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics
Finding the integrated likelihood of a model given the data requires the integration of a nonnegative function over the parameter space. Classical Monte Carlo methods for numerical integration ...
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Finding the integrated likelihood of a model given the data requires the integration of a nonnegative function over the parameter space. Classical Monte Carlo methods for numerical integration require a bound or estimate of the variance in order to determine the quality of the output. The method called the product estimator does not require knowledge of the variance in order to produce a result of guaranteed quality, but requires a cooling schedule that must have certain strict properties. Finding a cooling schedule can be difficult, and finding an optimal cooling schedule is usually computationally out of reach. TPA is a method that solves this difficulty, creating an optimal cooling schedule automatically as it is run. This method has its own set of requirements; here it is shown how to meet these requirements for problems arising in Bayesian inference. This gives guaranteed accuracy for integrated likelihoods and posterior means of nonnegative parameters.Less
Finding the integrated likelihood of a model given the data requires the integration of a nonnegative function over the parameter space. Classical Monte Carlo methods for numerical integration require a bound or estimate of the variance in order to determine the quality of the output. The method called the product estimator does not require knowledge of the variance in order to produce a result of guaranteed quality, but requires a cooling schedule that must have certain strict properties. Finding a cooling schedule can be difficult, and finding an optimal cooling schedule is usually computationally out of reach. TPA is a method that solves this difficulty, creating an optimal cooling schedule automatically as it is run. This method has its own set of requirements; here it is shown how to meet these requirements for problems arising in Bayesian inference. This gives guaranteed accuracy for integrated likelihoods and posterior means of nonnegative parameters.
Peter C. R. Lane
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195178845
- eISBN:
- 9780199893751
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178845.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter provides details about order effects in neural networks, a commonly used modeling approach. It examines two networks in detail, the Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) architecture and Jeff ...
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This chapter provides details about order effects in neural networks, a commonly used modeling approach. It examines two networks in detail, the Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) architecture and Jeff Elman's recurrent networks. The ART model shows that about a 25% difference in recognition rates can arise from using different orders. Elman's recurrent network shows that, with the wrong order, a task might not even be learnable. The chapter also discusses why these effects arise, which is important for understanding the impact and claims of computational models.Less
This chapter provides details about order effects in neural networks, a commonly used modeling approach. It examines two networks in detail, the Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) architecture and Jeff Elman's recurrent networks. The ART model shows that about a 25% difference in recognition rates can arise from using different orders. Elman's recurrent network shows that, with the wrong order, a task might not even be learnable. The chapter also discusses why these effects arise, which is important for understanding the impact and claims of computational models.
Sean H. Rice
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- December 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199595372
- eISBN:
- 9780191774799
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199595372.003.0018
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Sewall Wright originally conceived of his Adaptive Landscape as a visual device to capture the consequences of non-linear (epistatic) interactions between genes. A useful way to visualise a ...
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Sewall Wright originally conceived of his Adaptive Landscape as a visual device to capture the consequences of non-linear (epistatic) interactions between genes. A useful way to visualise a multivariate non-linear function is through a ‘landscape’, an important factor to consider when applying Adaptive Landscape models to questions about the evolution of development. This chapter examines how a phenotype landscape (also known as phenotypic landscape or developmental landscape) can explicitly map genetic and developmental traits to the phenotypic traits upon which selection acts. After outlining the basic properties of phenotype landscapes, it considers how they are used in concert with an Adaptive Landscape to study the evolution of development. It then describes the formal theory for evolution on phenotype landscapes and how it generalises the quantitative genetic approaches that are often applied to Adaptive Landscapes. The chapter concludes by illustrating how phenotype landscape theory can be used to study the evolution of genetic covariance, heritability, and novelty.Less
Sewall Wright originally conceived of his Adaptive Landscape as a visual device to capture the consequences of non-linear (epistatic) interactions between genes. A useful way to visualise a multivariate non-linear function is through a ‘landscape’, an important factor to consider when applying Adaptive Landscape models to questions about the evolution of development. This chapter examines how a phenotype landscape (also known as phenotypic landscape or developmental landscape) can explicitly map genetic and developmental traits to the phenotypic traits upon which selection acts. After outlining the basic properties of phenotype landscapes, it considers how they are used in concert with an Adaptive Landscape to study the evolution of development. It then describes the formal theory for evolution on phenotype landscapes and how it generalises the quantitative genetic approaches that are often applied to Adaptive Landscapes. The chapter concludes by illustrating how phenotype landscape theory can be used to study the evolution of genetic covariance, heritability, and novelty.
Erik I Svensson and Ryan Caisbeek
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- December 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199595372
- eISBN:
- 9780191774799
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199595372.003.0019
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Sewall Wright’s classic Adaptive Landscape has been a highly successful metaphor and scientific concept in evolutionary biology. It has influenced many different research subdisciplines in ...
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Sewall Wright’s classic Adaptive Landscape has been a highly successful metaphor and scientific concept in evolutionary biology. It has influenced many different research subdisciplines in evolutionary biology and inspired generations of researchers, even though it has also sparked deep scientific and philosophical controversies. Among such subdisciplines are population genetics, evolutionary ecology, quantitative genetics, experimental evolution, conservation biology, speciation and macroevolutionary dynamics, mimicry, saltational evolution, behavioural ecology, molecular biology, protein networks, and theoretical studies on development.Less
Sewall Wright’s classic Adaptive Landscape has been a highly successful metaphor and scientific concept in evolutionary biology. It has influenced many different research subdisciplines in evolutionary biology and inspired generations of researchers, even though it has also sparked deep scientific and philosophical controversies. Among such subdisciplines are population genetics, evolutionary ecology, quantitative genetics, experimental evolution, conservation biology, speciation and macroevolutionary dynamics, mimicry, saltational evolution, behavioural ecology, molecular biology, protein networks, and theoretical studies on development.
Zhong-Lin Lu and Barbara Dosher
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780262019453
- eISBN:
- 9780262314930
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262019453.003.0011
- Subject:
- Psychology, Vision
Adaptive procedures are developed to reduce the burden of data collection in psychophysics by creating more efficient experimental test designs and methods of estimating either statistics or ...
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Adaptive procedures are developed to reduce the burden of data collection in psychophysics by creating more efficient experimental test designs and methods of estimating either statistics or parameters. In some cases, these adaptive procedures may reduce the amount of testing by as much as 80% to 90%. This chapter begins with a description of classical staircase procedures for estimating the threshold and/or slope of the psychometric function, followed by a description of modern Bayesian adaptive methods for optimizing psychophysical tests. We introduce applications of Bayesian adaptive procedures for the estimation of psychophysically measured functions and surfaces. The bias, precision and efficiency of estimates is considered. Each method is accompanied by an illustrative example and sample results and a discussion of the practical requirements of the procedure.Less
Adaptive procedures are developed to reduce the burden of data collection in psychophysics by creating more efficient experimental test designs and methods of estimating either statistics or parameters. In some cases, these adaptive procedures may reduce the amount of testing by as much as 80% to 90%. This chapter begins with a description of classical staircase procedures for estimating the threshold and/or slope of the psychometric function, followed by a description of modern Bayesian adaptive methods for optimizing psychophysical tests. We introduce applications of Bayesian adaptive procedures for the estimation of psychophysically measured functions and surfaces. The bias, precision and efficiency of estimates is considered. Each method is accompanied by an illustrative example and sample results and a discussion of the practical requirements of the procedure.
Marianne E. Krasny and Keith G. Tidball
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262028653
- eISBN:
- 9780262327169
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262028653.003.0011
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
Three general steps move civic ecology practices from small local innovations to broader policy innovations: giving a label to the phenomenon (in our case “civic ecology”); becoming more effective as ...
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Three general steps move civic ecology practices from small local innovations to broader policy innovations: giving a label to the phenomenon (in our case “civic ecology”); becoming more effective as local providers of ecosystem services and contributors to community well-being through partnerships with scientists; and government and larger NGOs formulating policies that allow civic ecology practices to spread. Civic ecology practices are small social or “social-ecological innovations,” whereas larger NGOs and government agencies are policy entrepreneurs who shape the policy environment. Policy entrepreneurs can also bridge between multiple civic ecology practices and larger management initiatives to form regional adaptive and collaborative resource management systems.Less
Three general steps move civic ecology practices from small local innovations to broader policy innovations: giving a label to the phenomenon (in our case “civic ecology”); becoming more effective as local providers of ecosystem services and contributors to community well-being through partnerships with scientists; and government and larger NGOs formulating policies that allow civic ecology practices to spread. Civic ecology practices are small social or “social-ecological innovations,” whereas larger NGOs and government agencies are policy entrepreneurs who shape the policy environment. Policy entrepreneurs can also bridge between multiple civic ecology practices and larger management initiatives to form regional adaptive and collaborative resource management systems.
Bennett L. Schwartz, Mark L. Howe, Michael P. Toglia, and Henry Otgaar (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199928057
- eISBN:
- 9780199369744
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199928057.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
Human memory, like other biological systems, has been subject to natural selection over the course of evolution. However, cognitive systems do not fossilize, which means that current researchers must ...
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Human memory, like other biological systems, has been subject to natural selection over the course of evolution. However, cognitive systems do not fossilize, which means that current researchers must infer evolutionary influences on human memory from current human behavior rather than from fossils or artifacts. Examining the potential for cognition as adaptation has often been ignored by cognitive psychology. Recently, a number of researchers have identified variables that affect human memory that may reflect these ancestral influences. These include survival processing, future-oriented processing, spatial memory, cheater detection, face memory, and a variety of social influences on memory. The current volume grew out of discussion at the symposium on survival processing at the SARMAC conference in June 2011 in New York City. The goal of this volume will be to present the best theoretical and empirical work on the adaptive nature of memory. It features the most current work of a number of cognitive psychologists, developmental psychologists, comparative psychologists, and cognitive neuroscientists who have focused on this issue. This is important because much of this work is necessarily interdisciplinary and is therefore spread out across a range of journals and conferences.Less
Human memory, like other biological systems, has been subject to natural selection over the course of evolution. However, cognitive systems do not fossilize, which means that current researchers must infer evolutionary influences on human memory from current human behavior rather than from fossils or artifacts. Examining the potential for cognition as adaptation has often been ignored by cognitive psychology. Recently, a number of researchers have identified variables that affect human memory that may reflect these ancestral influences. These include survival processing, future-oriented processing, spatial memory, cheater detection, face memory, and a variety of social influences on memory. The current volume grew out of discussion at the symposium on survival processing at the SARMAC conference in June 2011 in New York City. The goal of this volume will be to present the best theoretical and empirical work on the adaptive nature of memory. It features the most current work of a number of cognitive psychologists, developmental psychologists, comparative psychologists, and cognitive neuroscientists who have focused on this issue. This is important because much of this work is necessarily interdisciplinary and is therefore spread out across a range of journals and conferences.
David Turnbull and Wade Chambers
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780262027168
- eISBN:
- 9780262322492
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262027168.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
This paper explores a variety of approaches to the assemblage of knowledges from differing traditions without subsuming them into the overarching suppositions and prerequisite standards of any given ...
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This paper explores a variety of approaches to the assemblage of knowledges from differing traditions without subsuming them into the overarching suppositions and prerequisite standards of any given tradition. The paper is in two parts; the first draws on recent thinking about complex adaptive systems, and about narrative and movement in the construction of knowledge, place and space. The second part describes the work of TASSIT (Trails and Storied Spaces in Time), a project working to design digital “third spaces” in which the narratological re-conception of knowledges allows for the creation of an interactive commons useful for teaching and research at universities as well as for exhibition and collections data-basing at museums. These spaces attempt to re-contextualize accounts that may have first appeared as scholarly and scientific papers, elders’ stories, social and cultural interactions, maps, khipu, hieroglyphic inscription, dance, structures, textiles, rock art, and numerous other forms in which knowledge may be fixed, implied or performed.Less
This paper explores a variety of approaches to the assemblage of knowledges from differing traditions without subsuming them into the overarching suppositions and prerequisite standards of any given tradition. The paper is in two parts; the first draws on recent thinking about complex adaptive systems, and about narrative and movement in the construction of knowledge, place and space. The second part describes the work of TASSIT (Trails and Storied Spaces in Time), a project working to design digital “third spaces” in which the narratological re-conception of knowledges allows for the creation of an interactive commons useful for teaching and research at universities as well as for exhibition and collections data-basing at museums. These spaces attempt to re-contextualize accounts that may have first appeared as scholarly and scientific papers, elders’ stories, social and cultural interactions, maps, khipu, hieroglyphic inscription, dance, structures, textiles, rock art, and numerous other forms in which knowledge may be fixed, implied or performed.
Zhong-Lin Lu and Barbara Dosher
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780262019453
- eISBN:
- 9780262314930
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262019453.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Vision
Vision is one of the most active areas in biomedical research, and visual psychophysical techniques are a foundational methodology for this research enterprise. Visual psychophysics, which studies ...
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Vision is one of the most active areas in biomedical research, and visual psychophysical techniques are a foundational methodology for this research enterprise. Visual psychophysics, which studies the relationship between the physical world and human behavior, is a classical field of study that has widespread applications in modern vision science. Bridging the gap between theory and practice, this textbook provides a comprehensive treatment of visual psychophysics, teaching not only basic techniques but also sophisticated data analysis methodologies and theoretical approaches. It begins with practical information about setting up a vision lab and goes on to discuss the creation, manipulation, and display of visual images; timing and integration of displays with measurements of brain activities and other relevant techniques; experimental designs; estimation of behavioral functions; and examples of psychophysics in applied and clinical settings. The book’s treatment of experimental designs presents the most commonly used psychophysical paradigms, theory-driven psychophysical experiments, and the analysis of these procedures in a signal-detection theory framework. The book discusses the theoretical underpinnings of data analysis and scientific interpretation, presenting data analysis techniques that include model fitting, model comparison, and a general framework for optimized adaptive testing methods. It includes many sample programs in Matlab with functions from Psychtoolbox, a free toolbox for real-time experimental control. Once students and researchers have mastered the material in this book, they will have the skills to apply visual psychophysics to cutting-edge vision science.Less
Vision is one of the most active areas in biomedical research, and visual psychophysical techniques are a foundational methodology for this research enterprise. Visual psychophysics, which studies the relationship between the physical world and human behavior, is a classical field of study that has widespread applications in modern vision science. Bridging the gap between theory and practice, this textbook provides a comprehensive treatment of visual psychophysics, teaching not only basic techniques but also sophisticated data analysis methodologies and theoretical approaches. It begins with practical information about setting up a vision lab and goes on to discuss the creation, manipulation, and display of visual images; timing and integration of displays with measurements of brain activities and other relevant techniques; experimental designs; estimation of behavioral functions; and examples of psychophysics in applied and clinical settings. The book’s treatment of experimental designs presents the most commonly used psychophysical paradigms, theory-driven psychophysical experiments, and the analysis of these procedures in a signal-detection theory framework. The book discusses the theoretical underpinnings of data analysis and scientific interpretation, presenting data analysis techniques that include model fitting, model comparison, and a general framework for optimized adaptive testing methods. It includes many sample programs in Matlab with functions from Psychtoolbox, a free toolbox for real-time experimental control. Once students and researchers have mastered the material in this book, they will have the skills to apply visual psychophysics to cutting-edge vision science.
Marianne E. Krasny and Keith G. Tidball
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262028653
- eISBN:
- 9780262327169
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262028653.003.0010
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
The adaptive cycle describes changes in ecosystems and social-ecological systems over time. It expands on older notions of ecosystems as moving from a pioneer or exploitation phase to a steady state ...
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The adaptive cycle describes changes in ecosystems and social-ecological systems over time. It expands on older notions of ecosystems as moving from a pioneer or exploitation phase to a steady state or so-called climax or conservation phase. The adaptive cycle includes two additional phases—the release or chaotic phase after a catastrophic disturbance pushes a social-ecological system beyond a threshold, and the subsequent rebuilding or reorganization phase. Social-ecological systems resilience refers to the ability of systems to adapt or respond to small changes in the conservation (steady state) phase, and to transform once a system has crossed a critical threshold. Civic ecology practices can play a role in both adaptation and transformation. Panarchy refers to multiple adaptive cycles embedded in and impacting each other. For example, at the small-scale, a successful civic ecology practice may spur a municipal government to make policies supporting civic ecology practices in a process called “revolt.” And in a process called remembrance, a government that places restrictions on land use may limit the ability of civic ecology practices to be successful.Less
The adaptive cycle describes changes in ecosystems and social-ecological systems over time. It expands on older notions of ecosystems as moving from a pioneer or exploitation phase to a steady state or so-called climax or conservation phase. The adaptive cycle includes two additional phases—the release or chaotic phase after a catastrophic disturbance pushes a social-ecological system beyond a threshold, and the subsequent rebuilding or reorganization phase. Social-ecological systems resilience refers to the ability of systems to adapt or respond to small changes in the conservation (steady state) phase, and to transform once a system has crossed a critical threshold. Civic ecology practices can play a role in both adaptation and transformation. Panarchy refers to multiple adaptive cycles embedded in and impacting each other. For example, at the small-scale, a successful civic ecology practice may spur a municipal government to make policies supporting civic ecology practices in a process called “revolt.” And in a process called remembrance, a government that places restrictions on land use may limit the ability of civic ecology practices to be successful.
Daniel D. Hutto and Erik Myin
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262036115
- eISBN:
- 9780262339773
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262036115.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
Chapter 4 provides further examples of RECtification, this time with the aim of showing how REC can fruitfully ally with and strengthen two prominent nonrepresentational E-approaches to ...
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Chapter 4 provides further examples of RECtification, this time with the aim of showing how REC can fruitfully ally with and strengthen two prominent nonrepresentational E-approaches to cognition—Autopoietic-Adaptive Enactivism and Ecological Dynamics. These examples of RECtification reveal REC’s capacity to marshal and combine powerful resources for explaining basic minds in naturalistic terms. The chapter concludes by discussing the need to show how to basic, contentless minds can meet contentful minds in REC terms – namely, to explicate how REConnecting is possible. Doing so is necessary in light of REC’s commitment to two ideas: that some cognition is content-involving and that organisms become capable of content-involving cognition by mastering special sociocultural practices.Less
Chapter 4 provides further examples of RECtification, this time with the aim of showing how REC can fruitfully ally with and strengthen two prominent nonrepresentational E-approaches to cognition—Autopoietic-Adaptive Enactivism and Ecological Dynamics. These examples of RECtification reveal REC’s capacity to marshal and combine powerful resources for explaining basic minds in naturalistic terms. The chapter concludes by discussing the need to show how to basic, contentless minds can meet contentful minds in REC terms – namely, to explicate how REConnecting is possible. Doing so is necessary in light of REC’s commitment to two ideas: that some cognition is content-involving and that organisms become capable of content-involving cognition by mastering special sociocultural practices.
Edgar Erdfelder and Meike Kroneisen
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199928057
- eISBN:
- 9780199369744
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199928057.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
The authors conclude that four well-established domain-general mechanisms of human memory—memorial benefits caused by (1) arousal, (2) item congruity, (3) richness of encoding, and (4) the ...
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The authors conclude that four well-established domain-general mechanisms of human memory—memorial benefits caused by (1) arousal, (2) item congruity, (3) richness of encoding, and (4) the combination of single-item and relational processing—have proven successful in accounting for many results on moderators and mediators of the SPE. In contrast, hypotheses attributing the SPE to the operation of domain-specific, evolutionarily acquired “cognitive modules” tailored to solve specific adaptive problems our ancestors faced in Pleistocene environments (i.e., survival modules or planning modules) were less successful.Less
The authors conclude that four well-established domain-general mechanisms of human memory—memorial benefits caused by (1) arousal, (2) item congruity, (3) richness of encoding, and (4) the combination of single-item and relational processing—have proven successful in accounting for many results on moderators and mediators of the SPE. In contrast, hypotheses attributing the SPE to the operation of domain-specific, evolutionarily acquired “cognitive modules” tailored to solve specific adaptive problems our ancestors faced in Pleistocene environments (i.e., survival modules or planning modules) were less successful.
Linsey Raymaekers, Henry Otgaar, Maarten J. V. Peters, and Tom Smeets
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199928057
- eISBN:
- 9780199369744
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199928057.003.0012
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
Past research showed the robust effect of survival processing in several undergraduate samples. Recently, this effect was also demonstrated in children (Aslan & Bäuml, 2012; Otgaar & Smeets, 2010). ...
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Past research showed the robust effect of survival processing in several undergraduate samples. Recently, this effect was also demonstrated in children (Aslan & Bäuml, 2012; Otgaar & Smeets, 2010). To our knowledge, the present study is the first to illustrate the survival recall effect in childhood trauma victims. The present study was the first to examine the influence of rating words according to an abuse scenario, a new (i.e., not used in previous studies) scenario that could also be viewed as a form of survival and potentially inducing self-referential processing in people with a history of abuse. The present data illustrate the adaptive role of the memory system in people with a history of trauma.Less
Past research showed the robust effect of survival processing in several undergraduate samples. Recently, this effect was also demonstrated in children (Aslan & Bäuml, 2012; Otgaar & Smeets, 2010). To our knowledge, the present study is the first to illustrate the survival recall effect in childhood trauma victims. The present study was the first to examine the influence of rating words according to an abuse scenario, a new (i.e., not used in previous studies) scenario that could also be viewed as a form of survival and potentially inducing self-referential processing in people with a history of abuse. The present data illustrate the adaptive role of the memory system in people with a history of trauma.
James S. Nairne
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199928057
- eISBN:
- 9780199369744
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199928057.003.0016
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
Although a structural stance can produce significant advances in our understanding of cognitive systems, functionless tinkering often leads to directionless research or to theoretical frameworks ...
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Although a structural stance can produce significant advances in our understanding of cognitive systems, functionless tinkering often leads to directionless research or to theoretical frameworks designed to explain tasks rather than psychological processes (Nairne, 2005; Klein et al., 2002). As William James once said, it is difficult to understand a house by focusing on its bricks and mortar—one needs to know what the house is for, what the house is designed to do, and it is only in this functional context that bricks and mortar make sense. Identifying the adaptive problems that our memory systems evolved to solve provides just such a functional context in which structural investigations of remembering potentially make sense.Less
Although a structural stance can produce significant advances in our understanding of cognitive systems, functionless tinkering often leads to directionless research or to theoretical frameworks designed to explain tasks rather than psychological processes (Nairne, 2005; Klein et al., 2002). As William James once said, it is difficult to understand a house by focusing on its bricks and mortar—one needs to know what the house is for, what the house is designed to do, and it is only in this functional context that bricks and mortar make sense. Identifying the adaptive problems that our memory systems evolved to solve provides just such a functional context in which structural investigations of remembering potentially make sense.
