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Over 23,000 Brown Ware sherds, most undecorated, were recovered during excavations at several mid-nineteenth-century archaeological sites in Old Town San Diego State Historic Park. Diagnostic sherds (especially rim fragments) from the entire collection, as well as all specimens from a single well-defined context, were examined and provide the basis for interpretation of vessel production, form, and use. INNA (Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis) and petrographic thin section results are also reviewed. These studies demonstrate that precontact Native American ceramic fabrication and vessel form traditions predominated in the Mexican Republic and early America eras (i.e. 1830s–1850s), although there were some relatively subtle changes in temper and firing. A possible clay source is discussed, and historic records of Indian servants in the Mexican period pueblo of San Diego are explored.

Into the last third of the twentieth century Native Californians were perceived by the general public and researchers alike to be “unusually primitive.” It was thought that Spanish-born missionaries and Mexican craftsmen singlehandedly built the mission complexes and were responsible for all of the products associated with the colonial period. In the past quarter of a century scholars using an interdisciplinary approach have shown that a heretofore unexpected level of technological sophistication existed in Alta California in its missions, pueblos, and presidios. Study of ceramics using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis demonstrates a complex economy including production, supply, and exchange of these objects.

Are the features of the Scandinavian welfare states, such as redistributive income security, reflected in the activation policies introduced in order to promote and ease the integration of immigrants into the labour market? By analysing and comparing the development of activation policies for immigrants in Norway, Sweden and Denmark from the early 1990s until 2010 the chapter illustrates how it is particularly questionable when we are dealing with immigrants as the target group and the elements of activation reforms concerning income security. Despite the traditions regarding the welfare state is common in the three countries, Denmark, Norway and Sweden appear quite different on some points when immigrants as a target group is taken into account. In closing, the chapter discusses the underlying factors behind these trends and the implications for the features of the Scandinavian welfare states and immigrants as a target group.

After spelling out the systematicity challenge to connectionism, I examine Paul Smolensky and Géraldine Legendre's attempt to meet the challenge by appeal to a kind of architecture that they label “an integrated connectionist/symbolic architecture.” I argue that although their response to the systematicity challenge is of considerable interest, it fails to meet the challenge.

While employment regulation is clearly lagging behind the development of insecure employment practices, as Silke Bothfeld and Sigrid Betzelt's chapter indicates, social protection policy is shoring up their expansion. In reconsidering the decommodifying effects of social policy in the contemporary work-welfare nexus, the authors’ use of the concept of ‘autonomy’ provides an alternative means to establish the impact of changes in a state-citizen relations located in the rise of ‘activation’ policies, and the primacy now accorded to full labour market participation. In a cross-national European comparison, their focus is the nature and form of activation policies and how these affect individual autonomy, measured by quality, status differentiation and user participation in the process of employment-related social security reform. In their overview of labour market deregulation, changes to active labour market policies and unemployment benefit schemes, the analysis demonstrates a general decline in both the quality and security afforded by employment; a trend that is accelerated by both the policy push for maximum participation and the demise of the ‘core worker’ as a referent of standards.

This introductory chapter begins by outlining the research questions, the approach, and the research process and material on which it is based. The next three subsections describe a transformation of European welfare states, which is based on the guiding principles of activation and an activating welfare state and on the spread of new governance practices. Both substantive discourse and governance practices are transnational in scope and, in particular, the European Union has taken a leading role promoting this new welfare paradigm through instruments such as the European Employment Strategy. All those trends have consequences for citizenship; for example, they intervene in the gendered institutions and practices of labour markets, welfare provision, and even family life. The final subsection provides an outline of the following chapters.

The first section of this concluding chapter demonstrates how changing practices of citizenship are entangled with the activation agenda. In particular, the paradigm’s increasing dominance implies new differentiated and individualised duties, a massive promise of access to societal resources, and only limited rights. Moreover, the activation agenda contributes to the broader trend to imagine citizens as rational individuals maximising their social capital and only linked by contractual relationships. This transformation also has crucial implications for the exclusionary element of citizenship. In however, citizens’ have very little chance to participate in the reforms and even less to participate in the surrounding conceptual debate. The second section argues that, in this context, the EEU can be seen as a specific process of political knowledge production where the concepts and conditions of adequate welfare policies and reforms – and thereby citizenship – have been negotiated in a transnational conceptual debate. Hence, the study points to an often-neglected dimension of politics: the politics of meaning making, which mostly precedes the formulation of actual policies. This politics has had negative outcomes with regard to the gender dimension of the transnational activation debate in the EU. Opening it to citizens’ participation and contestation would be a major step to promote equality and inclusive citizenship.

A substantial body of evidence about the activation by election campaigns has accumulated in the United States and some other countries, not much is known yet about the German case. This chapter focuses on the 2005 and 2009 elections and asks whether and how ‘fundamentals’ are activated during pre-election periods—in general but also contingent on the specifics of particular campaigns and on voters’ political sophistication. Apart from its intrinsic interest, the case presents a useful contrast with mainly US-based evidence. Results show that German campaigns activate some electoral considerations some of the time. Not all ‘fundamentals’ are activated: Some are active from the very start, while others do not perform impressively at any point. Activation on one side of the ideological spectrum is not mirrored by activation on the other. Most strikingly, however,—and substantiating the larger claim by way of counterfactual—some campaigns activate more than others.

This chapter introduces the questions that the book addresses. It explains the rationale and motivation of the book with reference to the existing literature on welfare state change and the political economy thereof, as well as within the context of recent policy developments. It then justifies the empirical approach and explains in more detail the rationale behind the selection of national case studies.

This chapter discusses recent change to Irish labour market policy which, it argues, has been guided by the idea that Ireland’s policy regime prior to the 2008 crisis was no longer ‘fit for purpose’ being overly focused on a passive benefit system and a similarly passive approach to activation. The chapter maps three key changes related to consolidation and catch-up. First, retrenchment is further eroding the already weak social insurance underpinnings of the system. Second, existing activation programmes which focused heavily on direct job creation have been somewhat curtailed; new more market oriented programmes have been introduced and compulsion has been stregthened. Third, major institutional re-design is leading to greater integration of the benefit system with employment services and a turn towards privatisation and marketisation. By assessing these changes against recent labour market dynamics the chapter also considers how they are contributing to a more precarious labour market regime post-crisis.

This chapter draws together the empirical material of the preceding chapters and some additional quantitative evidence on labour market policies and reforms to answer the questions of the book: has labour market policy retrenchment or expansion taken place and if so, in what form? Has there has been a shift in the logic of activation policies? How have retrenchment and expansion of protection been distributed across the well-protected and the less well-protected labour market populations? Looking at the big European picture, do we see a convergence or a divergence in labour market and unemployment policy trends and outputs? Do the patterns of change vary across member states and, if so, how? The chapter also explores the evolution of labour market insecurity and examines whether there seems to be convergence or divergence in that respect. Finally, the chapter also discusses any emerging questions for future research.

In looking toward the future, additional treatment approaches need to be implemented and evaluated for the older population. This chapter critically examines two interventions that have demonstrated effectiveness with adults, but that have limited implementation and evaluation with older adults. These two approaches, mindfulness-based stress reduction and behavior activation, are presented as emerging therapies that hold promise for older adults in critical areas of later life such as depression, pain management, and decreasing social isolation. The literature on effectiveness with the non-aging population is summarized, and the existing studies with older adults are presented. In addition, modifications that are appropriate for older clients are included.

All other things being equal, physiological reaction rate increases roughly exponentially with temperature. Organisms that have adapted over evolutionary time to live at different temperatures can have enzyme variants that exhibit similar kinetics at the temperatures to which they have adapted to operate. Within species whose distribution covers a range of temperatures, there may be differential expression of enzyme variants with different kinetics across the distribution. Enzymes adapted to different optimum temperatures differ in their amino acid sequence and thermal stability. The Gibbs energy of activation tends to be slightly lower in enzyme variants adapted to lower temperatures, but the big change is a decrease in the enthalpy of activation, with a corresponding change in the entropy of activation, both associated with a more open, flexible structure. Despite evolutionary adjustments to individual enzymes involved in intermediary metabolism (ATP regeneration), many whole-organism processes operate faster in tropical ectotherms compared with temperate or polar ectotherms. Examples include locomotion (muscle power output), ATP regeneration (mitochondrial function), nervous conduction and growth.