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This concluding chapter shows that NGOs can make simple advocacies politically salient; in relation to this some NGO with politically salient advocacy can remain less influential among other NGOs. For instance, politically salient NGOs, such as Amnesty International, Oxfam, and Human Rights Watch (HRW) HRW, have successfully advocated for greater oversight over small arms and light weapons. These cases are in direct contrast with the situation with the Anti-Slavery International (ASI), which remains less dominant in comparison with other human rights NGOs, even though ASI's anti-slavery agenda continues to be one of the few strong prohibitive norms that exist internationally. Hence, the cases when the political salience of organizations does not lead to a political salience of ideas, and vice versa. This shows why the organizational structure of NGOs is important.

I first met Channi 25 years ago when I applied for a Research Assistant position on the Mother-Baby Unit (MBU) at the Bethlem Royal Hospital. The research project was to improve the process of collecting data on infant functioning and mother–infant interactions among inpatient dyads on the MBU in order to evaluate better the real and potential risks to the infant. Channi had noticed that, soon after an admission, MBU staff often had a hunch about which mothers could demonstrate sensitive and responsive caregiving once their florid psychotic episode had improved, and which mothers were likely to have ongoing difficulties. He had developed the Bethlem Mother-Infant Interaction Scale for completion by nurses on the unit to capture and quantify their observations in a more systematic manner. Although my primary responsibility was to test the psychometric properties of the scale, Channi encouraged my nascent interests in the transactional relationships between maternal postpartum psychopathology and infant development. During the next 5 years and beyond, I benefited greatly from his intellectual guidance and mentorship, his exceptional generosity and his visionary thinking. These highly formative experiences have contributed to my sustained interest in early prediction of both maternal caregiving and perinatal psychopathology. In this chapter, I describe results from a prospective study of adolescent mothers that combine both of these elements. A glance at the literature gives a very strong impression that adolescent mothers and their infants are a highly vulnerable group of dyads. Much has been written about adolescent motherhood as a life transition that is not yet normative, requiring teenagers to cope with the developmental demands of adolescence simultaneously with the new and, not insignificant, challenges of pregnancy and motherhood. Research has shown that adolescence is a period in life that is characterized by mood volatility (Brent and Birmaher 2002; Nolen-Hoeksema and Girgus 1994) as well as vulnerability for onset and escalation of a wide range of mental health problems, including depression (Lewinsohn et al. 1993), and behaviour problems (Steinberg et al. 2006). Combining this developmental window of risk for psychopathology with the possibility that adolescent mothers may be emotionally and practically unprepared to deal with their infant’s capacities and needs, certainly gives cause for concern.