David Nugent
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781503609037
- eISBN:
- 9781503609723
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9781503609037.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Latin American Cultural Anthropology
What is the state? How is it implicated in the reproduction of relations of domination? Theorists from Marx to Weber, from Durkheim to Gramsci, from Abrams to Foucault have pondered these questions. ...
More
What is the state? How is it implicated in the reproduction of relations of domination? Theorists from Marx to Weber, from Durkheim to Gramsci, from Abrams to Foucault have pondered these questions. In The Encrypted State, anthropologist David Nugent sheds new light on these questions by focusing on disorder and delusion, rather than order and rationality. Nugent analyzes mid-century Peru, where the government experienced a crisis of rule. Officials believed that their efforts to govern were being systematically thwarted by an underground political party called APRA that remained largely invisible to the naked eye. APRA’s ability to disrupt official processes of rule produced deep paranoia among officials. They concluded that the party had established a vast subterranean polity of remarkable power and potency, to which virtually everyone secretly belonged. This episode of paranoia and delusion is especially puzzling because immediately prior everyday administration had been entirely normal and routine. In seeking to understand how irrationality and disorder could emerge out of rationality and order, Nugent finds that government projects had always been delusional. During periods of apparent order and rationality, however, officials had disguised their delusion—from themselves and others—by employing a series of bureaucratic and documentary mechanisms. The Encrypted State identifies these mechanisms and shows how they operated. The book also explores when these mechanisms succeeded in creating a facade of order and rationality and when they failed. In the process, the volume advances a radically new way of thinking about the state.Less
What is the state? How is it implicated in the reproduction of relations of domination? Theorists from Marx to Weber, from Durkheim to Gramsci, from Abrams to Foucault have pondered these questions. In The Encrypted State, anthropologist David Nugent sheds new light on these questions by focusing on disorder and delusion, rather than order and rationality. Nugent analyzes mid-century Peru, where the government experienced a crisis of rule. Officials believed that their efforts to govern were being systematically thwarted by an underground political party called APRA that remained largely invisible to the naked eye. APRA’s ability to disrupt official processes of rule produced deep paranoia among officials. They concluded that the party had established a vast subterranean polity of remarkable power and potency, to which virtually everyone secretly belonged. This episode of paranoia and delusion is especially puzzling because immediately prior everyday administration had been entirely normal and routine. In seeking to understand how irrationality and disorder could emerge out of rationality and order, Nugent finds that government projects had always been delusional. During periods of apparent order and rationality, however, officials had disguised their delusion—from themselves and others—by employing a series of bureaucratic and documentary mechanisms. The Encrypted State identifies these mechanisms and shows how they operated. The book also explores when these mechanisms succeeded in creating a facade of order and rationality and when they failed. In the process, the volume advances a radically new way of thinking about the state.
Charles D. Ameringer
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813033099
- eISBN:
- 9780813038124
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813033099.003.0010
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
This chapter discusses the minimum program of APRA and the instrument for carrying out this program, which was the Peruvian Aprista Party (PAP). As part of the APRA, Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre set ...
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This chapter discusses the minimum program of APRA and the instrument for carrying out this program, which was the Peruvian Aprista Party (PAP). As part of the APRA, Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre set forth a program that was influenced by his experiences in exile in Mexico and Germany. He relied heavily on the principles of the Mexican Revolution in the areas of land, labor, and natural resources. It is stated in the chapter that Haya was generally frustrated in his attempts to advance the minimum program during the Bustamante presidency, but during his last few years he relaxed his control over the PAP and began grooming his successor.Less
This chapter discusses the minimum program of APRA and the instrument for carrying out this program, which was the Peruvian Aprista Party (PAP). As part of the APRA, Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre set forth a program that was influenced by his experiences in exile in Mexico and Germany. He relied heavily on the principles of the Mexican Revolution in the areas of land, labor, and natural resources. It is stated in the chapter that Haya was generally frustrated in his attempts to advance the minimum program during the Bustamante presidency, but during his last few years he relaxed his control over the PAP and began grooming his successor.
Charles D. Ameringer
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813033099
- eISBN:
- 9780813038124
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813033099.003.0013
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
This chapter discusses movements for change that were produced in Cuba. These movements drew upon the principles of the Mexican Revolution and the anti-imperialist doctrine of APRA. However, it is ...
More
This chapter discusses movements for change that were produced in Cuba. These movements drew upon the principles of the Mexican Revolution and the anti-imperialist doctrine of APRA. However, it is shown that the movements conducted in Cuba had even deeper roots compared to the movements in Guatemala, the Dominican Republic, Colombia, and Bolivia.Less
This chapter discusses movements for change that were produced in Cuba. These movements drew upon the principles of the Mexican Revolution and the anti-imperialist doctrine of APRA. However, it is shown that the movements conducted in Cuba had even deeper roots compared to the movements in Guatemala, the Dominican Republic, Colombia, and Bolivia.
Charles D. Ameringer
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813033099
- eISBN:
- 9780813038124
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813033099.003.0009
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
This chapter discusses the maximum program of APRA, which was most active during the periods of exile of Peru's socialists. This was principally because when Peruvian Aprista leaders were scattered ...
More
This chapter discusses the maximum program of APRA, which was most active during the periods of exile of Peru's socialists. This was principally because when Peruvian Aprista leaders were scattered throughout Latin America, they were engaged directly in its promotion. One familiar figure is discussed in this chapter: Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, who founded APRA in 1924. He intended for it to make new revolutions on the Mexican model, but his ambition to achieve this through a hemisphere-wide organization did not materialize. Instead, what developed were a series of Aprista-style parties that were bound by fraternal ties. One of these parties was the Peruvian Aprista Party, or PAP.Less
This chapter discusses the maximum program of APRA, which was most active during the periods of exile of Peru's socialists. This was principally because when Peruvian Aprista leaders were scattered throughout Latin America, they were engaged directly in its promotion. One familiar figure is discussed in this chapter: Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, who founded APRA in 1924. He intended for it to make new revolutions on the Mexican model, but his ambition to achieve this through a hemisphere-wide organization did not materialize. Instead, what developed were a series of Aprista-style parties that were bound by fraternal ties. One of these parties was the Peruvian Aprista Party, or PAP.
David Nugent
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781503609037
- eISBN:
- 9781503609723
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9781503609037.003.0003
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Latin American Cultural Anthropology
This chapter offers an in-depth exploration of the crisis of rule that unfolded in the Chachapoyas region circa 1950. At this time officials came to believe that they were incapable of carrying out ...
More
This chapter offers an in-depth exploration of the crisis of rule that unfolded in the Chachapoyas region circa 1950. At this time officials came to believe that they were incapable of carrying out even the most basic of government functions. Furthermore, officials came to believe that their efforts to govern the region were being thwarted by APRA, the party they themselves had forced underground. In accounting for the failure of their own efforts to govern, officials attributed to APRA a subterranean party apparatus with all the powers of state that their own regime lacked. Indeed, the political authorities came to view their administration as a pale imitation of a sophisticated, complex state structure located somewhere deeply underground. They could not actually see the subterranean party state to which they attributed such power and influence. As a result, they were left to imagine the contours of their invisible enemy.Less
This chapter offers an in-depth exploration of the crisis of rule that unfolded in the Chachapoyas region circa 1950. At this time officials came to believe that they were incapable of carrying out even the most basic of government functions. Furthermore, officials came to believe that their efforts to govern the region were being thwarted by APRA, the party they themselves had forced underground. In accounting for the failure of their own efforts to govern, officials attributed to APRA a subterranean party apparatus with all the powers of state that their own regime lacked. Indeed, the political authorities came to view their administration as a pale imitation of a sophisticated, complex state structure located somewhere deeply underground. They could not actually see the subterranean party state to which they attributed such power and influence. As a result, they were left to imagine the contours of their invisible enemy.
David Nugent
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781503609037
- eISBN:
- 9781503609723
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9781503609037.003.0009
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Latin American Cultural Anthropology
This chapter explores official efforts to understand why state activities that had formerly been ordinary and routine (conscription) become increasingly difficult to carry out. It focuses on the ...
More
This chapter explores official efforts to understand why state activities that had formerly been ordinary and routine (conscription) become increasingly difficult to carry out. It focuses on the police investigation of clandestine Aprista activities, and what this discovery suggests to the authorities about the existence of an extensive underground network of subversion. The chapter also traces the emergence in official circles of an explanation that resolves official anxieties, even as it displaces responsibility for problems that were of the government’s own making onto phantom forces that were regarded as hyper-real. The less the authorities were able to carry out everyday activities, the more extraordinary were the powers of subversion they attributed to these phantom forces. The most important of these forces was APRA.Less
This chapter explores official efforts to understand why state activities that had formerly been ordinary and routine (conscription) become increasingly difficult to carry out. It focuses on the police investigation of clandestine Aprista activities, and what this discovery suggests to the authorities about the existence of an extensive underground network of subversion. The chapter also traces the emergence in official circles of an explanation that resolves official anxieties, even as it displaces responsibility for problems that were of the government’s own making onto phantom forces that were regarded as hyper-real. The less the authorities were able to carry out everyday activities, the more extraordinary were the powers of subversion they attributed to these phantom forces. The most important of these forces was APRA.
Robert S. Jansen
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780226487304
- eISBN:
- 9780226487588
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226487588.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This chapter excavates the sources of political innovation in the first few months of electoral campaigning in Peru’s 1931 election. At this critical moment, collective actors from across the ...
More
This chapter excavates the sources of political innovation in the first few months of electoral campaigning in Peru’s 1931 election. At this critical moment, collective actors from across the political spectrum faced new challenges and opportunities, but they responded to these differently. Some continued to act in routine ways, while others began to cobble together novel packages of political practices. Through comparison of the initial actions of all major contenders, this chapter explains this variation. The explanation centers around an understanding of how these actors’ perceptions of the situation and of their practical strategic options were shaped by their previous experiences, worldviews, and habits of thought. Only the leadership of Luis M. Sánchez Cerro’s and Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre’s embryonic parties (Unión Revolucionaria and APRA) experienced the moment as constituting a critical problem situation that required a break with previous routines and a creative turn toward new forms of action. As these leaders began to experiment with new practices, it was their previous experiences—filtered through deliberative environments that facilitated radical departures from the norm—that led their practices to take on the characteristics of what would become a distinctly Latin American style of populist mobilization.Less
This chapter excavates the sources of political innovation in the first few months of electoral campaigning in Peru’s 1931 election. At this critical moment, collective actors from across the political spectrum faced new challenges and opportunities, but they responded to these differently. Some continued to act in routine ways, while others began to cobble together novel packages of political practices. Through comparison of the initial actions of all major contenders, this chapter explains this variation. The explanation centers around an understanding of how these actors’ perceptions of the situation and of their practical strategic options were shaped by their previous experiences, worldviews, and habits of thought. Only the leadership of Luis M. Sánchez Cerro’s and Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre’s embryonic parties (Unión Revolucionaria and APRA) experienced the moment as constituting a critical problem situation that required a break with previous routines and a creative turn toward new forms of action. As these leaders began to experiment with new practices, it was their previous experiences—filtered through deliberative environments that facilitated radical departures from the norm—that led their practices to take on the characteristics of what would become a distinctly Latin American style of populist mobilization.
Robert S. Jansen
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780226487304
- eISBN:
- 9780226487588
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226487588.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology
Political innovation is a process that unfolds over time. New practices have to be tested on the ground, in specific situations in which others are also acting. Accordingly, this chapter follows the ...
More
Political innovation is a process that unfolds over time. New practices have to be tested on the ground, in specific situations in which others are also acting. Accordingly, this chapter follows the development of populist mobilization practices over the course of the last few months of electoral campaigning in Peru’s 1931 election, paying particular attention to how the political actors adapted their innovative practices to the context at hand, as well as to how these practices were refined over time as the actors assessed their own actions and responded to the actions of their competitors. It argues that the dynamic of competition between the two political parties, and their assessments of their own strategic successes—that is, their experiential learning from themselves and from one another—led to a ratcheting up of the practices that they had been enacting since May. Focusing in particular on the Unión Revolucionaria and APRA parties’ grassroots organizing efforts, their practices at mass rallies, and their political rhetoric, it shows how populist mobilization crystallized and gained in coherence between July and October of 1931.Less
Political innovation is a process that unfolds over time. New practices have to be tested on the ground, in specific situations in which others are also acting. Accordingly, this chapter follows the development of populist mobilization practices over the course of the last few months of electoral campaigning in Peru’s 1931 election, paying particular attention to how the political actors adapted their innovative practices to the context at hand, as well as to how these practices were refined over time as the actors assessed their own actions and responded to the actions of their competitors. It argues that the dynamic of competition between the two political parties, and their assessments of their own strategic successes—that is, their experiential learning from themselves and from one another—led to a ratcheting up of the practices that they had been enacting since May. Focusing in particular on the Unión Revolucionaria and APRA parties’ grassroots organizing efforts, their practices at mass rallies, and their political rhetoric, it shows how populist mobilization crystallized and gained in coherence between July and October of 1931.
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804770941
- eISBN:
- 9780804775786
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804770941.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this volume which is about the history of the Partido Comunista del Perú-Por el Sendero Luminoso de Mariátegui or the Maoist Shining Path (PCP-SL) in ...
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This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this volume which is about the history of the Partido Comunista del Perú-Por el Sendero Luminoso de Mariátegui or the Maoist Shining Path (PCP-SL) in rural Ayacucho, Peru, during the period from 1895 to 1980. This book attempts to make sense of Shining Path by looking backward in time, tracing eighty-five years of historical processes that prefaced the party and its war. Its coverage include the politics of abandon in Ayacucho, the Tawantinsuyo Movement, the history of the Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana (APRA), the politics of literacy, and the emergence of Trotskyism and popular action during the term of President Fernando Belaúnde Terry.Less
This introductory chapter discusses the theme of this volume which is about the history of the Partido Comunista del Perú-Por el Sendero Luminoso de Mariátegui or the Maoist Shining Path (PCP-SL) in rural Ayacucho, Peru, during the period from 1895 to 1980. This book attempts to make sense of Shining Path by looking backward in time, tracing eighty-five years of historical processes that prefaced the party and its war. Its coverage include the politics of abandon in Ayacucho, the Tawantinsuyo Movement, the history of the Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana (APRA), the politics of literacy, and the emergence of Trotskyism and popular action during the term of President Fernando Belaúnde Terry.
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804770941
- eISBN:
- 9780804775786
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804770941.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter examines the history of the Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana (APRA) in Ayacucho, Peru, in the 1930s. It traces the party's emergence and popularity in Carhuanca and highlights ...
More
This chapter examines the history of the Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana (APRA) in Ayacucho, Peru, in the 1930s. It traces the party's emergence and popularity in Carhuanca and highlights the support of the district's most powerful campesinos who connected the party's national discourses to their local struggles for political power and land. It explains that the party promised both socioeconomic justice and a national political transformation that would wrest power from the hands of the aristocracy and turn it over to the masses.Less
This chapter examines the history of the Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana (APRA) in Ayacucho, Peru, in the 1930s. It traces the party's emergence and popularity in Carhuanca and highlights the support of the district's most powerful campesinos who connected the party's national discourses to their local struggles for political power and land. It explains that the party promised both socioeconomic justice and a national political transformation that would wrest power from the hands of the aristocracy and turn it over to the masses.
Miguel La Serna
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781469655970
- eISBN:
- 9781469655994
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469655970.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
This chapter uses the political biography of Victor Polay Campos, the future MRTA leader and onetime roommate of future Peruvian president Alan Garcia, as a lens for tracing the MRTA’s political ...
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This chapter uses the political biography of Victor Polay Campos, the future MRTA leader and onetime roommate of future Peruvian president Alan Garcia, as a lens for tracing the MRTA’s political origins. As with many founding members of the MRTA, Polay engages the politics of APRA, MIR, and the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces (GRFA) of Juan Velasco Alvarado before founding the MRTA in the early 1980s.Less
This chapter uses the political biography of Victor Polay Campos, the future MRTA leader and onetime roommate of future Peruvian president Alan Garcia, as a lens for tracing the MRTA’s political origins. As with many founding members of the MRTA, Polay engages the politics of APRA, MIR, and the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces (GRFA) of Juan Velasco Alvarado before founding the MRTA in the early 1980s.
Miguel La Serna
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2021
- ISBN:
- 9781469655970
- eISBN:
- 9781469655994
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469655970.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
When APRA candidate Alan Garcia wins the presidential election in 1985, Polay and the MRTA propose a ceasefire. The Garcia administration refuses the ceasefire as long as the group remains armed, but ...
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When APRA candidate Alan Garcia wins the presidential election in 1985, Polay and the MRTA propose a ceasefire. The Garcia administration refuses the ceasefire as long as the group remains armed, but the MRTA refrains from targeting government officials and buildings for a year. Instead, the group continues its symbolic war, capturing the flag of independence leader Jose de San Martin and continuing to attack symbols of US imperialism. By mid-1986, Polay announces that the MRTA will reinitiate its war on the state.Less
When APRA candidate Alan Garcia wins the presidential election in 1985, Polay and the MRTA propose a ceasefire. The Garcia administration refuses the ceasefire as long as the group remains armed, but the MRTA refrains from targeting government officials and buildings for a year. Instead, the group continues its symbolic war, capturing the flag of independence leader Jose de San Martin and continuing to attack symbols of US imperialism. By mid-1986, Polay announces that the MRTA will reinitiate its war on the state.
