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This chapter examines dyspnoea associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (AML). It explains that dyspnoea is a common symptom in motor neurone diseases. Opioids have been found effective in reducing the distress of dyspnoea but non-pharmacological measures can also relieve symptoms in many cases. Non-invasive ventilation may also be considered for some patients but careful discussion with patient and family is essential.

This chapter traces the legal history of money laundering and the policies used to counter it as they have arisen over the past few decades. It first provides an overview of the main characteristics of the contemporary practice of money laundering before discussing the origins as well as the structure and nature of anti-money laundering (AML) policy. The AML policy is founded on one fundamental logic: if most crime is profit driven, then lowering the profits will lower the incidence of crime. In this sense, just as money laundering is a derivative crime, by definition linked to a predicate offense, so too the ultimate object of AML policy is not to reduce money laundering as such but rather to reduce the predicate crimes like terrorism and tax evasion. This chapter also examines international cooperation in the fight against money laundering and the process of policy diffusion involved in the implementation of AML measures across the globe.

This chapter examines whether anti-money laundering (AML) policy works by testing two alternative views. The first is whether AML policy has produced a major reduction in predicate crime, in line with the logic first used to justify a “follow the money” approach (effectiveness in absolute terms). The second is whether the AML system has delivered benefits to society greater than the costs the system itself has imposed (cost-effectiveness). The chapter evaluates the effectiveness of AML policy as well as the costs and benefits of the AML system in rich countries compared with developing countries such as Barbados, Mauritius, and Vanuatu. It also considers the disconnect between standard policy prescription and local circumstances by focusing on the experience of Nauru. Finally, it assesses the effectiveness of the global AML system in dealing with corruption and kleptocracy in poorer countries.

This chapter examines whether anti-money laundering (AML) policy works using a direct test. It first considers the nature of anonymous shell companies and how they have consistently been used by a wide variety of actors as the mainstay of various money-laundering schemes and related financial crimes, including tax evasion, alleged corporate bribery, drug trafficking, and arms trafficking. The centrality of this issue is further supported by a number of policy reports on money laundering. The chapter also explains the logic of the direct test, which was premised on emulating the profile of a would-be money launderer by electronically soliciting offers for anonymous shell companies and purchasing a subset of those on offer. Finally, it presents the results of the test and discusses their significance. It suggests that anonymous companies are probably the greatest single potential threat to the effectiveness of AML policy.

This chapter examines how socialization and symbolic competition have contributed to the diffusion of anti-money laundering (AML) policy, arguing that when catalyzed by blacklisting, both mechanisms tend to exert more pressure the more countries adopt the AML policy. It first considers developing countries' initial contact with the AML regime (excluding those blacklisted in 2000–2001) through their encounters with outreach programs conducted by international organizations. It suggests that socialization enables individuals to play an appropriate role given dominant cues. In the context of the global AML regime, the most important drivers of socialization are argued to be the evaluation process and participation in the plenary meetings of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and the other regional AML bodies. The chapter also distinguishes the conception of competition from that used by other scholars: competition is a manifestation of structural power that prompts symbolic responses.

This book examines why more than 180 states, large and small, rich and poor, have adopted a standard set of anti-money laundering (AML) policies, apparently without reference to local conditions. It considers a method based on becoming directly involved with spreading and then breaking (AML) rules, as well as the role of power in the process of policy diffusion. It also discusses AML as a key policy area seen by the G20 as a model for how to conduct global financial reform. The book argues that a large majority of states have been pressured to adopt a standard policy template by the exercise of new, indirect, but nevertheless very effective forms of global coercion. It also contends that diffusion has occurred not because it solves the problem of criminals abusing the financial system or related offenses but because AML policy is now a symbol of what all modern, progressive states must have.

This chapter discusses how the role of the state in competition is not purely a competition law issue in China. As is to be expected given the pervasive presence of the state in Chinese society, the issue has broader political economy implications and cannot be satisfactorily resolved until these broader issues are addressed.

This chapter provides an overview of the role of the European Union in the emergence, consolidation and development of the governance of money laundering. In particular, it identifies three sets of factors that explain the role of the European Union in the global Anti-Money Laundering (AML) regime. These are the motivation and policy content of the AML regime as driven by key states; the promotion of particular standards through global, regional, and national organizations; and the proliferation of AML practices among both regulators and the regulated. The chapter finds that European states (though no EU coalition of states) have significant influence in the shaping of global AML standards; they are also at the vanguard of the peer review process that leads to their global diffusion. At the same time, the European Commission has developed extensive expertise on AML to guide global debates and ‘translate’ the resulting rules into EU policy.