Search Results

The Cognitive Basis of Voting

Wouter van der Brug and Cees van der Eijk

in Political Representation and Legitimacy in the European Union

This chapter is the second of six on the question of political representation in the EU, and the second of four that put the five requirements of the Responsible Party Model (outlined in Ch. 6) to an ... More

This chapter is the second of six on the question of political representation in the EU, and the second of four that put the five requirements of the Responsible Party Model (outlined in Ch. 6) to an empirical test. The question investigated here is whether voters adequately perceive the substantive political differences between the parties. Specifically, the chapter sets out to assess to what extent European electorates met this requirement at the time of the 1994 elections for the European Parliament, using data from the European Election Study 1994 and the European Candidates Study 1994. Three types of such policy differences are distinguished: differences between party positions on three specific dimensions of EU policy (the position issues of the common European currency, border control, and unemployment); differences in the priorities parties wish to give to solving various problems (valence issues); and ideological differences in terms of left–right. The analyses showed that in 1994 voters in most European countries were not well aware either of the positions that political parties take on the three EU policy dimensions, nor did they have an adequate perception of the parties’ competence to handle political problems; however, they did perceive parties accurately in terms of left–right ideology.Less

Haiti: Quid Pro Quo Multilateralism

Sarah E. Kreps

in Coalitions of Convenience: United States Military Interventions after the Cold War

This chapter examines the multilateral 1994 Haiti intervention, an unlikely case of multilateralism for both the operational commitment and regional power explanations. The vast power disparities ... More

This chapter examines the multilateral 1994 Haiti intervention, an unlikely case of multilateralism for both the operational commitment and regional power explanations. The vast power disparities between the US and Haitian militaries and the absence of regional powers should have meant an interest in minimal multilateralism; the UN-authorized intervention and allied support challenge these explanations.Less

“And Yet the Books”: Patristics in the Footnotes

Susan R. Holman

in The Garb of Being: Embodiment and the Pursuit of Holiness in Late Ancient Christianity

This chapter considers how scholars from three different contexts footnoted early Christian sermons to advance practical health care in poverty relief efforts at the margins between formal academic ... More

This chapter considers how scholars from three different contexts footnoted early Christian sermons to advance practical health care in poverty relief efforts at the margins between formal academic scholarship and social action. In the first example, The Rev. Dr. Daniel Price (1578–1631) appeals to nearly 250 source texts and 127 authors in his 1616 Easter Monday “Spital Sermon” on the Gospel story of the anointing woman for a London charity hospital. The second example profiles Margaret Sherwood (1892–1961) and her 1917 translation of a John Chrysostom sermon about the Pauline “collection for the poor” for social workers in Manhattan. The third example explores the context and possible motives behind a Communist-era Romanian translation of Basil of Caesarea’s famine sermon by Fr. Teodor Bodogae (1911–1994). Such accounts continue to shape ethical practices in the use of religious sources about the needy body and to invite modern readers to new innovate cross-disciplinary connections.Less

Dancing on the Edges of History, but Never Dancing Alone

Barbara Ransby

in Reshaping Women's History: Voices of Nontraditional Women Historians

In this chapter the author reflects on what it means to be a black female historian in the twenty-first century. She challenges those who argue that it should simply mean being a good scholar and ... More

In this chapter the author reflects on what it means to be a black female historian in the twenty-first century. She challenges those who argue that it should simply mean being a good scholar and that notions of race and gender are anachronisms. She draws from her personal experiences in graduate school and in the academy as well as those of many other female historians of African descent to reflect on the slow and erratic progress but also persistent, intractable prejudice augmented by decades of institutional racism. She also elaborates on the significance of political activism, parenting, and mentors to her work and her life.Less

Restoring The Court's Missing Docket

Anna Harvey

in A Mere Machine: The Supreme Court, Congress, and American Democracy

Chapter 4 showed that many observers found the pre-1994 Rehnquist Court to be considerably more moderate than they had expected it to be, even as increasingly conservative justices replaced moderate ... More

Chapter 4 showed that many observers found the pre-1994 Rehnquist Court to be considerably more moderate than they had expected it to be, even as increasingly conservative justices replaced moderate and liberal justices. It is now known that these observers were correct: at least in cases involving the constitutional review of federal statutes, the first Rehnquist Court was significantly more liberal than it would have been, had only the justices' preferences determined its judgments. This chapter looks at another observation: that the first Rehnquist Court appeared to be taking in fewer cases involving important public policy issues towards the end of the period. This “shrinking docket” attracted the attention of legal scholars and needs some careful analysis.Less

New Judges, New Challenges, 1988–1992

James M. Denham

in Fifty Years of Justice: A History of the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Florida

This chapter discusses the Middle District during the years of the George H. W. Bush Presidency, 1988–1992. The Middle District experienced intense overcrowding due to expanding case load, and the ... More

This chapter discusses the Middle District during the years of the George H. W. Bush Presidency, 1988–1992. The Middle District experienced intense overcrowding due to expanding case load, and the primary cause was the dramatic increase in criminal cases. As Congress had expanded federal criminal jurisdiction, and as the federal law enforcement establishment expanded, so too did the number of prosecutors. Even though U.S. magistrates took on more duties and trial work, the number of judges remained constant. As had been the case in the early 1980s, civil cases were postponed because “speedy trials” for criminal defendants took precedence. And the number of criminal cases grew and grew. These recurring themes continue in subsequent chapters. Population growth allowed the president to appoint more judges but partisan politics with a Republican White House and a democratically controlled Senate made the confirmation of judges difficult to achieve. The cooperation of Senators Connie Mack (Rep.) and Bob Graham (Dem.) was instrumental in having several new judges for the Middle District confirmed. Even with the addition of several new district judges and U.S. magistrates, the chapter ends with a 1993 report show that with caseloads rising beyond any reasonable measure federal court system in Florida was nearing a “meltdown.”Less

International Trade in Carbon Units under GATT 1994 and Free Trade Agreements

James Munro

in Emissions Trading Schemes under International Economic Law

Chapter 4 examines whether carbon units qualify as ‘goods’/‘products’ under GATT 1994 and free trade agreements covering goods. Despite complexities, the analysis of Chapter 4 concludes that, on ... More

Chapter 4 examines whether carbon units qualify as ‘goods’/‘products’ under GATT 1994 and free trade agreements covering goods. Despite complexities, the analysis of Chapter 4 concludes that, on balance, the better view is that ‘carbon units’ do qualify as ‘products’ and ‘goods’ under GATT 1994 and free trade agreements covering goods. This is because they can be possessed, stored, traded across borders, and hold economic value. The most challenging aspect is the lack of obvious ‘production’ involved in some classes of units. However, since some units are clearly ‘produced’, and since all units are fungible and are, to some degree, in a competitive market relationship with one another, regardless of how they are created, it would be anomalous if only some classes of carbon units were covered. If, however, the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization were to determine—contrary to existing case law—that tangibility is a threshold requirement of ‘goods’/‘products’, it is clear that no carbon units would qualify.Less

Policy and Regulatory Initiatives in India and their Impact

R.U.S. Prasad

in Resolving Disputes in Telecommunications: Global Practices and Challenges

This chapter discusses the policy and regulatory initiatives that were carried out in India so far. It includes those initiatives that were adapted since the telecom sector was liberalized, shortly ... More

This chapter discusses the policy and regulatory initiatives that were carried out in India so far. It includes those initiatives that were adapted since the telecom sector was liberalized, shortly after the 1994 National Telecom Policy and 1999 New Telecom Policy were introduced. It talks about the role played by the telecom tribunals and the telecom regulator in handling the current and potential areas of disputes. Some examples of dispute areas located in the telecom sector and the resolution methods that were adopted by the telecom tribunal and regulatory body are studied, along with the policy for economic liberalization of 1991. The chapter also reviews how the different regulatory initiatives of the various areas of telecom services helped in lessening the scope and incidence of disputes.Less

Right to Survival: Health, Nutrition, and Shelter

Asha Bajpai

in Child Rights in India: Law, Policy, and Practice

This chapter investigates the right to survival of a child, focusing on health, nutrition and shelter. The provision of health care services is the responsibility of the State governments. Abortion ... More

This chapter investigates the right to survival of a child, focusing on health, nutrition and shelter. The provision of health care services is the responsibility of the State governments. Abortion led by sex determination is totally illegal and a criminal act on the part of the doctor. The parliament of India recently approved the amendments to the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act 1971 and the Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulations and Prevention of Misuse) Act 1994. Parliament's approval of these bills is a positive step but it has to be balanced by covering the social and cultural biases against the girl child and enhancing her status. Several childcare programmes for enhancing the health status of children are being enforced. Children are the worst influenced because of lack of housing policy. There is a need to advocate and campaign for a comprehensive people's bill of housing rights with the perspective of child rights.Less

The Catholic Church and Postcolonial Ethnic Violence

J. J. Carney

in Rwanda Before the Genocide: Catholic Politics and Ethnic Discourse in the Late Colonial Era

The sixth chapter considers Catholic hierarchical responses to government-orchestrated, anti-Tutsi violence in 1963–1964, 1973, and 1994. After a failed coup attempt by UNAR exiles in December 1963, ... More

The sixth chapter considers Catholic hierarchical responses to government-orchestrated, anti-Tutsi violence in 1963–1964, 1973, and 1994. After a failed coup attempt by UNAR exiles in December 1963, Rwanda’s Parmehutu government executed a score of prominent Tutsi political opponents and orchestrated the massacre of thousands of Tutsi civilians in the Gikongoro region of southern Rwanda. Led by Perraudin, Catholic leaders denounced the violence but failed to hold the government responsible for its crimes. Anti-Tutsi violence broke out in Rwandan Catholic schools, universities, and seminaries in early 1973. Again, Catholic leaders condemned the violence but failed to take subsequent steps to distance themselves from the government or address ethnic violence as a challenge for the church. The chapter concludes by considering key political and ecclesial developments in the years leading up to the 1994 genocide, putting these events in comparative context with the earlier history.Less

Breakdown and Fallout: The Symbolic Politics of the 1994 Crime Bill

Douglas Hartmann

in Midnight Basketball: Race, Sports, and Neoliberal Social Policy

Chapter 5 explains the breakdown of the popularity and bipartisan consensus that had originally surrounded midnight basketball in the context of the 1994 crime bill debates. It details the political ... More

Chapter 5 explains the breakdown of the popularity and bipartisan consensus that had originally surrounded midnight basketball in the context of the 1994 crime bill debates. It details the political and cultural roots of this collapse as well as its broader political and public policy consequences. Essentially it portrays midnight basketball as getting caught up in the tensions between conservative and liberal approaches to crime and violence in the neoliberal era--represented mainly by the more punitive visions of Rush Limbaugh and Bob Dole, on the one hand, and Bill Clinton's more prevention-oriented approach on the other. The broader point is the debates over midnight basketball functioned as a racially-coded symbolic proxy for these larger policy divisions and, moreover, that conservatives successfully utilized the racial threat along with the ability to trivialize prevention through its association with sport and play to force changes in the criminal justice policy that eventually was ratified.Less

First Amendment, Abortion Rights, Employment Discrimination, and School Desegregation Litigation Runs Its Course, 1992–2000

James M. Denham

in Fifty Years of Justice: A History of the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Florida

This chapter focuses on cases involving First Amendment, abortion rights, and employment discrimination cases that came before the Middle District of Florida from 1992 to 2000. School prayer is ... More

This chapter focuses on cases involving First Amendment, abortion rights, and employment discrimination cases that came before the Middle District of Florida from 1992 to 2000. School prayer is chronicled and analysed. Numerous cases involving the right to abortion are included, especially litigation involving controversial abortion doctor James Scott Pendergraft. A number of important employment discrimination cases such as plaintiff actions against Publix Supermarkets, Winn-Dixie, and Florida Progress are discussed. Next the chapter turns to desegregation litigation from the 1990s to the present. As of 1990 Duval, Hillsborough, Marion, Lee, Polk, Pinellas, and Orange counties were still under court supervision. Various rulings by Middle District judges pushed these counties closer and closer toward unitary status. The chapter discussed the litigation in those counties and concludes with the Duval, Hillsborough, Orange, and Marion school districts achieving unitary status.Less

Cameroon: Decentralization and Belonging

in The Perils of Belonging: Autochthony, Citizenship, and Exclusion in Africa and Europe

This chapter describes autochthony in a very different part of Cameroon—the very thinly populated forest area of East Province. For Cameroon's East Province, the ideals of the new development ... More

This chapter describes autochthony in a very different part of Cameroon—the very thinly populated forest area of East Province. For Cameroon's East Province, the ideals of the new development policies were condensed in the 1994 Forest Law. This new forest law was the main catalyst in turning autochthony into a crucial issue. The creation of a new community forest might even accelerate the depletion of remaining forest resources. The forest law provided openings for increasing local involvement in the management of the forest. The new possibilities opened up by the forest law may make even the local belonging of the elites uncertain, despite all their professed attachment to the “home” village. In the examples from the forest area, neoliberal interventions triggered again an urgent preoccupation to purify the group of strange elements and thus draw the circles of “true” belonging ever closer.Less

Introductory Note: The WTO Dispute Settlement System in 2017

Joanna Gomula

in The Global Community Yearbook of International Law and Jurisprudence 2018

In 2017 panel and Appellate Body reports were adopted in nine disputes. The disputes concerned alleged violations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1994 (GATT 1994), the Agreement ... More

In 2017 panel and Appellate Body reports were adopted in nine disputes. The disputes concerned alleged violations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade of 1994 (GATT 1994), the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement), the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement), the Anti-Dumping Agreement, and the Agreement on Agriculture. Four of the disputes concerned restrictions placed on the importation of animal products (mainly poultry and pigs), such as licensing requirements and import restrictions, tariff rate quotas established following re-negotiations with principal suppliers, and SPS measures. The dispute over a ban on importation of pigs featured an important issue relating to the “regionalization” of SPS measures. Two disputes provided clarification as to the relationship between WTO agreements, in particular, the relationship between GATT 1994 and the Agreement on Agriculture. The year 2017 also saw another case in the “series” of the Airbus/Boeing subsidies disputes, with the United States scoring a victory over the European Union.Less

Negotiating Filmmaking: Adaptation, Location and Docufiction

Nuno Barradas Jorge

in ReFocus: The Films of Pedro Costa: Producing and Consuming Contemporary Art Cinema

Chapter 2 contextualises Pedro Costa’s transition from a young director working within the constraints of Portuguese national cinema to an emergent European filmmaker enjoying a more efficient and ... More

Chapter 2 contextualises Pedro Costa’s transition from a young director working within the constraints of Portuguese national cinema to an emergent European filmmaker enjoying a more efficient and substantial co-production framework. It traces Costa’s authorship and production processes of Casa de Lava (1994) and Bones (1997). It highlights two main aspects that became present inCosta’s oeuvre. The first is the evolution from an authorial process shaped bycinephilia-informed influences to a form of creative practice which, while stillconsidering these influences, becomes increasingly attentive to the social andpolitical contexts present at the shooting locations of both films. Reflecting thischaracteristic, the second aspect concerns the increasingly tense relationship between creative practice and the means of production sustaining the making of these two films.Less

Exceptions

James Munro

in Emissions Trading Schemes under International Economic Law

Chapter 9 provides an overview of the availability and applicability of exceptions that could potentially save aspects of emissions trading schemes that otherwise violate international economic law. ... More

Chapter 9 provides an overview of the availability and applicability of exceptions that could potentially save aspects of emissions trading schemes that otherwise violate international economic law. Drawing on the justifications set out in respect of those impugned aspects of emissions trading schemes in Chapter 8, Chapter 9 explains which of those justifications might be permissible under international economic law, and the kind of evidence that would be required to make out a successful defence. This chapter finds that justifications that are rationally connected to the goal of mitigating climate change or safeguarding financial markets, and which deploy the least trade-restrictive means possible, could form the basis of a defence in many instances. However, justifications that are grounded in other economic or social policy goals, or for which there is a less trade-restrictive means of achieving that end, will be less likely to save a measure that is otherwise a violation of international economic law.Less

Peace with Egypt and Jordan

Jerome Slater

in Mythologies Without End: The US, Israel, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1917-2020

From 1947 onward, Egypt sought to avoid wars with Israel. Many compromise peace offers were rejected by Israel, mainly because of its expansionist objectives in Egyptian-held territory in the Negev, ... More

From 1947 onward, Egypt sought to avoid wars with Israel. Many compromise peace offers were rejected by Israel, mainly because of its expansionist objectives in Egyptian-held territory in the Negev, Gaza, and the Sinai peninsula. Had Israel accepted the Egyptian overtures, almost certainly the 1948, 1956, 1967, and 1973 wars would have been averted. The Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty of 1979, which has held up ever since, was made possible when Israel agreed to withdraw all Egyptian territory it had conquered in the 1967 and 1973 wars. Similarly, from 1947 onward Jordan sought to avoid war with Israel, and after 1967, King Hussein offered to reach a formal peace treaty, provided Israel return the West Bank which it had conquered in the 1967 war. Israel refused, but in the early1990s, Hussein decided to renounce Jordanian sovereignty over the West Bank, resulting in the Israeli-Jordanian peace treaty of 1994.Less