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The Caucasus has been torn by conflicts since 1988, and some of these conflicts became large-scale wars due to the usage of heavy weapons. These relatively short wars resulted in major distractions, casualties, and displacements, and this includes ethnic ‘cleansing’ across the region. Together with violence, economic downfall and the breakdown of ties with international communities occurred. Humanitarian emergencies in the South Caucasus were due to the breakdown of the multinational Soviet empire. This chapter begins with the different conflicts in the South Caucasus, both national and territorial, as well as the economic structure and developments. Social and political structures are also presented. The situation, especially the severity, of the humanitarian emergencies in South Caucasus is also provided. The chapter concludes by providing studies as to how improvement in the standards of living may be achieved in the South Caucasus.

This chapter provides a detailed analysis on the impact of the changes in both the Trade Union Act (TUA) 1984 and the Employment Act (EA) 1988 on the union government. Because the Conservatives thought the unions' political processes were influenced by an activist minority, the TUA required the principal executive committee (PEC) to hold elections by individual ballots. This resulted in the abolition of the PEC election by intermediate bodies, and in turn, resulted in the cancellation of workplace ballots. In sum, the ineffectivity of TUA 1984 and EA 1988 to initiate reform was followed by its failure to promote ‘moderate’ leadership. Despite not being able to initiate reform and its other flaws, the legislation was able to discredit union autonomy and its norms and practices and associated union democracy with the creation of government policy.

This chapter discusses the legal aspects concerning the bribery of Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) and Members of Parliament (MP) in India. Under the Prevention of Corruption Act 1988, it is not an offence to bribe an MLA or MP. This was not so even under Prevention of Corruption Act 1947. These acts were enacted to penalize the offer to and receipt or demand of a bribe by a minister, a civil servant, or a voter as these were considered public servants. However, a Constitution bench of five judges to the Supreme Court ruled in 1984 that MLA is not a public servant and not covered by anti-corruption law. In addition, the Salmon Commission held that an MLA does not perform a public duty and that membership of parliament does not constitute public office for the purposes of the common law.

The Insubordination of Photography ends with an Epilogue about the 2015 exhibition Chile desde adentro, one of the latest iterations of Chile from Within, a book edited by Susan Meiselas in collaboration with a group of AFI photographers in 1988 and published in New York in 1990. The exhibition centers on photography, postmemory, and the transition from dictatorship to democracy after the Chilean Plebiscite of 1988.

Chapter 3 introduces double projection as a phenomenon that occurs when well-known music calls up preexisting associations on the viewer’s mental screen while watching a movie. With the advent of film, such music-induced double projections proliferated, creating a qualitatively new experience of intertextuality. While compilers of early film scores worried about such "interferences" when recycling well-known songs or operatic numbers, film makers soon began to exploit the potential of intentional reference and allusion. The two case studies of this chapter focus on the potential of critical interference and formal synchronicity in the montage films of late modernist European cinema: Alexander Kluge’s quotation in The Patriot (1979) of Hanns Eislser’s score for the Holocaust documentary Night and Fog (1955); and Jean-Luc Godard’s use of of a phrase from Paul Hindemith’s Sonata for Viola and Piano, op. 11 in his Histoire(s) du cinema (1988-89). In as much as intertextuality has become rampant in both modernist and post-modernist media, the chapter concludes with the suggestion that music may at times become buoyant and free itself from being visually overdetermined.

This chapter examines the legal responses to threats to maritime security posed by terrorism and weapons of mass destruction (WMD). By way of background, it first explores the adoption of the 1988 SUA Convention and also looks to the existing WMD legal regimes that have bearing on proliferation of WMD at sea. The second section considers two key steps that have been taken to better protect ports from terrorist acts: the ISPS Code and the US-led Container Security Initiative. The third section explores new legal instruments devised by states to permit interdictions on the high seas, namely a series of bilateral treaties instigated by the United States and revisions to the 1988 SUA Convention, adopted as the 2005 SUA Protocol. Finally, the chapter analyses the Proliferation Security Initiative, a political arrangement that addresses the WMD threat at port, in territorial seas and on the high seas.

Paul Schrader’s connection with director Robert Bresson is often explored through his male characters, the ‘man in his room’ of Light Sleeper and American Gigolo, but Taxi Driver before them and First Reformed most recently. However, Schrader’s two primary experiments with female characters, Cat People (1982) and Patty Hearst (1988), also follow a similar Bressonian trajectory and end with each female character incarcerated, yet finding a kind of spiritual freedom that helps them realize their identities. This chapter explores Schrader’s women primarily through close examination of Cat People’s Irina (Nastassja Kinski) and Natasha Richardson’s eponymous heroine in Patty Hearst, but use his representation of women in the male-driven films for points of comparison and contrast. In addition, this chapter approaches Schrader’s women as reflections of his male characters, many of whom are driven by existential anxiety that motivates them to seek self-actualization in redemptive violence.

This chapter discusses the creation of the award-winning 2001 Campus Master Plan that was spurred by the need to update the 1988 Campus Framework Plan prepared by Johnson, Johnson, and Roy (1991) and by announcement of significant enrollment increases for the 16-campus University of North Carolina system. The three-year planning process began in 1998 with the hiring of the Baltimore-based architectural firm of Ayers Saint Gross. Charged with creating a plan for the physical development of the campus into the 21st century, the architectural consultants launched an intensive process during which hundreds of faculty, staff, students, administration, and campus neighbors engaged in over 500 planning meetings. A key concern of the participants was planning for preservation and extension of the existing open space. This chapter describes the information gathered and the actions taken during the planning process for the 2001 Campus Master Plan.

As one of the fundamental fields of research in population studies, migration involves movements that entail changing residence from a certain community type to another, and crossing the following boundaries: geographic, economic, or administrative. Such mobility may be perceived to have resulted from various converging elements from the destination and the place or origin, as well as circumstantial factors. Interest is thus directed not only to location changes, but also to the cultural, social, and economics implications of moving from one place to another. After reviewing the Tibetan Autonomous Region's basic migration patterns, the chapter concentrates mainly on providing an analysis from the data derived from the following surveys that include demographic, social, and economic aspect—the 1988 survey by the CTRC and the ISA, and the 2005 Lhasa Temporary Migration Survey.

This chapter presents an update regarding film and video censorship five years after the establishment of the Video Recordings Act. It specifically describes the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) Annual Report for 1988. This report stressed its ‘alleged potential for encouraging anti-social violence on the streets of Britain’. The BBFC cut violent material from fifty-four videos and seven films, a total of sixty-three minutes' screen time, in 1988. It was particularly preoccupied with the question of sexual violence, and general violence against women. It was also taken up with what it quaintly called ‘manners’. This turns out to be the problem of bad language. The chapter then investigates some of the issues raised in the Report I through a discussion with the BBFC Director, James Ferman.

This chapter discusses legislation on citizenship, with a focus on the new Citizenship Act of 1977. It describes how transnational marriages came to be discouraged and how different Acts changed the terms within which Bhutanese citizenship could be acquired. The author elaborates on how, from 1988, an annual census began to sort the Lhotshampa population into different categories and to classify some as non-nationals. The provisions of the new Citizenship Act 1977 were broadly in continuity with those of 1958, but the required period of residence and/or government service was lengthened, and the 1958 provision (which enabled non-national wives to acquire citizenship swiftly) was removed. The Marriage Act of 1980 introduced punitive measures against Bhutanese who married non-Bhutanese. The censuses of Bhutan are then described. The 1988 Census implemented the 1985 Citizenship Act. The census operations that were carried on annually in most southern districts from 1988 onward quickly became a tool for the eviction of illegal immigrants, and for the dispossession and banishment of various categories of Lhotshampa citizens.

Based on research from the National Archives and Records Administration and the Japanese American National Museum, Chapter One analyzes the 1988 Civil Liberties Act, which granted monetary reparations to survivors of internment, and the testimonies given before the Commission on the Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC), a fact-finding government body that paved the way for the redress act. While the redress act marked a remarkable achievement for activists and internees, it ultimately marked a shift, not an ending, in the ways the U.S. state deploys racism. However, CWRIC witnesses articulated expansive notions of justice that exceed the limits of redress. Though the redress act ultimately disregarded their critiques, these testimonies nevertheless offer resources to imagine other possible ways to engage with internment’s remains.

This chapter examines the lasting reverberations of internment that persist even after the camps have closed, rights are restored, and the suffering of victims is acknowledged through official redress. It examines three testimonial texts offered by descendants of internments—CWRIC testimonies, Janice Mirikitani’s “Breaking Silence” (1981), and Rea Tajiri’s History and Memory: For Akiko and Takeshige. It argues that rightlessness is not limited to the body’s confinement within a barbed-wire perimeter, but by a history that endures in the U.S. state’s continuing creation of rightless persons via camp imprisonment and in the lived histories that the rightless carry with them. It argues that, endowed with an ever-adaptable and expanding capacity, rightlessness can become an inherited condition, one that exceeds legal definitions or empirical ways of knowing. The testimonial and aesthetic works at the chapter’s center offer a useful resource in deciphering a dimension of rightlessness as nebulous and resistant to empirical interpretation as the afterlife.

This chapter examines the legal issues relevant to the bribery of Members of Parliament (MP) in India. Under Article 105(2) of the Indian Constitution, no MP shall be liable to legal proceedings 'in respect of anything said or any vote given by him in parliament' because this is part of parliamentary privilege. The Prevention of Corruption Act 1988 also departed from the Act of 1947 by defining public servant as any person who holds an office by virtue of which he is authorized or required to perform any public duty. This definition excludes MPs from being held liable for offering or accepting bribery. The chapter also reviews related laws in the U.S., Great Britain, and Australia.

The contest for the American presidency in 1988 should have been a campaign with lively discussions and debates about international politics. It was not. Explaining why may raise important questions about the role of foreign affairs in American presidential politics. The contest for the White House in 1988 took place just before some of the most dramatic changes in and challenges to the international system that any modern presidency has ever known. It would have been good if and might have been expected that presidential candidates in that year had spent considerable time and energy discussing and debating those emerging changes. The debate did not occur.

Law and economics receives less attention in developing and emerging economies. But the law is too important for economic policy and performance to be left to the charge solely of lawyers. The chapter discusses the right way to understand the impact of law on economic outcomes, and analyzes interventions for controlling corruption. It proposes a way to amend India’s corruption control law to make it more effective.

As the UKCS matures, the likelihood is that new discoveries (outside frontier areas, at least) will be relatively small. Their prospects for development will depend upon their ability to be linked up with the existingoil and gas transportation infrastructure.Where (as will almost invariably be the case) this infrastructure is in the ownership of others, securing access to that infrastructure can be a difficult process. The Secretary of State has a statutory power to compel the owner to permit access to its infrastructure and to determine the commercial terms on which such access takes place; however this power has been very rarely used in practice. This chapter describes and analyses the complex framework of legislation, Ministerial Guidance and Industry Codes of Best Practice which govern this situation, and discusses the reasons why applicants have hitherto been so reluctant to exercise their right to refer access disputes to the Secretary of State.

This Introduction offers a critical political and social context for Algeria 1988-2015. It makes the case for thinking about the idea of Algeria and to its contemporary realities and the need to do so through a range of methodological approaches that are attentive to the weft and warp of everyday cultural production and political action. It argues for the need to read contemporary cultural production in Algeria not as determined indices of a specific place and time (1988–2015) but as interrogations and explorations of that period and of the relationship between nation and culture. Reviewing the chapters that compose the volume it makes the case for a form of enquiry that offers historical moments, multiple contexts, hybrid forms, voices and experiences of the everyday that will prompt nuance in our approach to understanding contemporary Algeria. In particular, it makes the case for the existence of a variety of cultural public spheres in Algeria and their importance to the country’s transition.

This chapter focuses on the nation’s War on Drugs and how this campaign affected the Middle District of Florida during the Reagan years. After a brief discussion of the advent of the Cali and Medellin cartels, the impact of illegal cocaine importation into the district is discussed. The chapter then turns Congress’s passage of numerous federal crime statues written combat the drug war. The proliferation of federal statutes to combat crime placed added strain on the judiciary to keep pace with the growing flood of criminal cases in their courts. Several high profile drug prosecutions in the Middle District are addressed, including drug king pin, Carlos Lehder Rivas. Other major prosecutions are chronicled: Ronnie Lee Tape, Jeffrey Matthews, Denny McLain, and others. The chapter discusses the expanded federal law enforcement presence in Fort Myers, in an effort to combat the drug trade, as well as the coordination of county, state, and federal agencies in prosecuting drug cases. Finally, the chapter concludes with extensive coverage of the prosecution of conspirators associated with the Bank of Credit & Commerce International (BCCI), the first successful prosecution of global money laundering in American history.