Cynthia Grant Tucker
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195390209
- eISBN:
- 9780199866670
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195390209.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
With the marriage of Abby's oldest son Thomas Lamb Eliot (1841–1936) and Henrietta Robins Mack (1845‐1940), the scene shifts to Portland, OR, where the new pastor virtually replicates his father's ...
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With the marriage of Abby's oldest son Thomas Lamb Eliot (1841–1936) and Henrietta Robins Mack (1845‐1940), the scene shifts to Portland, OR, where the new pastor virtually replicates his father's career in St. Louis. Tom also tries to enforce the words on the Eliot coast of arms: Tace Et Face (“Keep Silent and Work”) but Etta, full‐throated and resolute, is indomitable. Constrained from confiding in lady friends and unable to get the ear of her spouse, she is prone to depression and loneliness and begins covertly to write for herself and for readers of ladies' magazines. Her first success as a published author, a resounding polemical essay, is picked up by several religious papers, but Tom objects, and again, she goes under cover in using her talent. Etta helps write her husband's sermons, and she speaks before embryo congregations without presuming to characterize it as preaching.Less
With the marriage of Abby's oldest son Thomas Lamb Eliot (1841–1936) and Henrietta Robins Mack (1845‐1940), the scene shifts to Portland, OR, where the new pastor virtually replicates his father's career in St. Louis. Tom also tries to enforce the words on the Eliot coast of arms: Tace Et Face (“Keep Silent and Work”) but Etta, full‐throated and resolute, is indomitable. Constrained from confiding in lady friends and unable to get the ear of her spouse, she is prone to depression and loneliness and begins covertly to write for herself and for readers of ladies' magazines. Her first success as a published author, a resounding polemical essay, is picked up by several religious papers, but Tom objects, and again, she goes under cover in using her talent. Etta helps write her husband's sermons, and she speaks before embryo congregations without presuming to characterize it as preaching.
Glenn C. Altschuler and Isaac Kramnick
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801444258
- eISBN:
- 9780801471896
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801444258.001.0001
- Subject:
- Education, Higher Education
This book, a history of Cornell University since 1940, examines the institution in the context of the emergence of the modern research university. It examines Cornell during the Cold War, the civil ...
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This book, a history of Cornell University since 1940, examines the institution in the context of the emergence of the modern research university. It examines Cornell during the Cold War, the civil rights movement, Vietnam, antiapartheid protests, the ups and downs of varsity athletics, the women's movement, the opening of relations with China, and the creation of Cornell NYC Tech. It relates profound, fascinating, and little-known incidents involving the faculty, administration, and student life, connecting them to the “Cornell idea” of freedom and responsibility. With access to all existing papers of the presidents of Cornell, the book is a respectful but unvarnished portrait of the university. The history of Cornell since World War II, the book suggests, is in large part a set of variations on the narrative of freedom and its partner, responsibility, the obligation to others and to one's self to do what is right and useful, with a principled commitment to the Cornell community—and to the world outside the Eddy Street gate.Less
This book, a history of Cornell University since 1940, examines the institution in the context of the emergence of the modern research university. It examines Cornell during the Cold War, the civil rights movement, Vietnam, antiapartheid protests, the ups and downs of varsity athletics, the women's movement, the opening of relations with China, and the creation of Cornell NYC Tech. It relates profound, fascinating, and little-known incidents involving the faculty, administration, and student life, connecting them to the “Cornell idea” of freedom and responsibility. With access to all existing papers of the presidents of Cornell, the book is a respectful but unvarnished portrait of the university. The history of Cornell since World War II, the book suggests, is in large part a set of variations on the narrative of freedom and its partner, responsibility, the obligation to others and to one's self to do what is right and useful, with a principled commitment to the Cornell community—and to the world outside the Eddy Street gate.
Tony Banham
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9789888390878
- eISBN:
- 9789888390489
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888390878.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
In July 1940, the wives and children of British families in Hong Kong, military and civilian, were compulsorily evacuated, following a plan created by the Hong Kong government in 1939. That plan ...
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In July 1940, the wives and children of British families in Hong Kong, military and civilian, were compulsorily evacuated, following a plan created by the Hong Kong government in 1939. That plan focused exclusively on the process of evacuation itself, but issues concerning how the women and children should settle in the new country, communication with abandoned husbands, and reuniting families after the war were not considered. In practice, few would ever be addressed. When evacuation came, 3,500 people would simply be dumped in Australia.
The experience of the evacuees can be seen as a three-act drama: delivery to Australia creates tension, five years of war and uncertainty intensify it, and resolution comes as war ends. However, that drama, unlike the evacuation plan, did not develop in a vacuum but was embedded in a complex historical, political, and social environment. Based on archival research of official documents, letters and memoirs, and interviews and discussions with more than one hundred evacuees and their families, this book studies the evacuation within that entire context.Less
In July 1940, the wives and children of British families in Hong Kong, military and civilian, were compulsorily evacuated, following a plan created by the Hong Kong government in 1939. That plan focused exclusively on the process of evacuation itself, but issues concerning how the women and children should settle in the new country, communication with abandoned husbands, and reuniting families after the war were not considered. In practice, few would ever be addressed. When evacuation came, 3,500 people would simply be dumped in Australia.
The experience of the evacuees can be seen as a three-act drama: delivery to Australia creates tension, five years of war and uncertainty intensify it, and resolution comes as war ends. However, that drama, unlike the evacuation plan, did not develop in a vacuum but was embedded in a complex historical, political, and social environment. Based on archival research of official documents, letters and memoirs, and interviews and discussions with more than one hundred evacuees and their families, this book studies the evacuation within that entire context.
Thomas J. Laub
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199539321
- eISBN:
- 9780191715808
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199539321.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Military History, European Modern History
‘The shocking defeat’ begins with an overview of Allied and Axis military strategy during the phony war, surveys German plans for the invasion of France, and describes the Western Campaign between ...
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‘The shocking defeat’ begins with an overview of Allied and Axis military strategy during the phony war, surveys German plans for the invasion of France, and describes the Western Campaign between May and June 1940. In the face of what might be called ‘catastrophic success', Hitler placed conservative generals in charge of an improvised military administration, and the latter established a standard of conduct that was largely unadulterated by Nazi ideology. The 1938 Munich Agreement and the 1939 Nazi‐Soviet Non‐Aggression Pact prepared French society for some of the dramatic changes associated with military defeat and the 1940 Armistice Agreement.Less
‘The shocking defeat’ begins with an overview of Allied and Axis military strategy during the phony war, surveys German plans for the invasion of France, and describes the Western Campaign between May and June 1940. In the face of what might be called ‘catastrophic success', Hitler placed conservative generals in charge of an improvised military administration, and the latter established a standard of conduct that was largely unadulterated by Nazi ideology. The 1938 Munich Agreement and the 1939 Nazi‐Soviet Non‐Aggression Pact prepared French society for some of the dramatic changes associated with military defeat and the 1940 Armistice Agreement.
Sasha D. Pack
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781503606678
- eISBN:
- 9781503607538
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9781503606678.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, Imperialism and Colonialism
This chapter examines the fate of trans-Gibraltar region during Spanish Civil War and the early stages of World War II. Although the insurgent army of Francisco Franco quickly took control of ...
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This chapter examines the fate of trans-Gibraltar region during Spanish Civil War and the early stages of World War II. Although the insurgent army of Francisco Franco quickly took control of northern Morocco and southern Spain and invited its Nazi and Fascist allies to the strategically crucial region, the Entente order of 1904 proved resilient. New evidence is introduced detailing the Franco movement’s success in marshaling anti-French, anti-Semitic, and pro-German sentiments to recruit Muslim support, promising the construction of a new Hispano-Moroccan bulwark in the western Mediterranean. Other new documents indicate how quickly this enthusiasm cooled, however, as it became clear that Nazi agents were preparing to seize a position in northwest Africa without giving consideration for Spanish interests, while the British and much of the Jewish community of Tangier remained supportive of Spanish interests in Morocco.Less
This chapter examines the fate of trans-Gibraltar region during Spanish Civil War and the early stages of World War II. Although the insurgent army of Francisco Franco quickly took control of northern Morocco and southern Spain and invited its Nazi and Fascist allies to the strategically crucial region, the Entente order of 1904 proved resilient. New evidence is introduced detailing the Franco movement’s success in marshaling anti-French, anti-Semitic, and pro-German sentiments to recruit Muslim support, promising the construction of a new Hispano-Moroccan bulwark in the western Mediterranean. Other new documents indicate how quickly this enthusiasm cooled, however, as it became clear that Nazi agents were preparing to seize a position in northwest Africa without giving consideration for Spanish interests, while the British and much of the Jewish community of Tangier remained supportive of Spanish interests in Morocco.
Anthony P. Maingot
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780813061061
- eISBN:
- 9780813051345
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813061061.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
Puerto Rico was never part of American geopolitical interests in the Caribbean. It was a backward Spanish colony and, during the Spanish-American War, a backward American territory. Morales Carrión ...
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Puerto Rico was never part of American geopolitical interests in the Caribbean. It was a backward Spanish colony and, during the Spanish-American War, a backward American territory. Morales Carrión argues that the “Generation of 1940” and its leader, Luís Muñoz Marín, changed the island into a developed territory. Lewis, on the other hand, is systematically critical of the Estado Libre Asociado though a great admirer of Muñoz himself. Both Morales Carrión and Lewis are correct in their respective arguments that (1) Muñoz conveyed democracy to the island and (2) that the economic arrangement called “Operation Bootstrap” could not work.Less
Puerto Rico was never part of American geopolitical interests in the Caribbean. It was a backward Spanish colony and, during the Spanish-American War, a backward American territory. Morales Carrión argues that the “Generation of 1940” and its leader, Luís Muñoz Marín, changed the island into a developed territory. Lewis, on the other hand, is systematically critical of the Estado Libre Asociado though a great admirer of Muñoz himself. Both Morales Carrión and Lewis are correct in their respective arguments that (1) Muñoz conveyed democracy to the island and (2) that the economic arrangement called “Operation Bootstrap” could not work.
ANTHONY SELDON
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198202387
- eISBN:
- 9780191675317
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198202387.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Political History
This chapter presents the history of the Conservative Party since the late nineteenth century and suggests a cyclical chronological pattern of failure and success. It notes that during the nineteenth ...
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This chapter presents the history of the Conservative Party since the late nineteenth century and suggests a cyclical chronological pattern of failure and success. It notes that during the nineteenth century, the Conservatives had accepted parliamentary government, and the fact that after resistance changes had to be accepted and indeed could be controlled. The chapter discusses the dominance of the Conservative Party from 1886–1906. It describes the changes that occurred in the party during 1906–24, when a new office of Chairman of the Party Organization was being set up. The chapter also talks about the dominance of Baldwinian consensus during 1924–40, and explains that the fall of the National Government in May 1940 and its replacement by a genuine coalition under Winston Churchill ushered in another period of transition. It describes the Conservative hegemony in 1951–64, as well as in 1979–90, and discusses that, in 1964, rethinking of policy and organizational reform occurred.Less
This chapter presents the history of the Conservative Party since the late nineteenth century and suggests a cyclical chronological pattern of failure and success. It notes that during the nineteenth century, the Conservatives had accepted parliamentary government, and the fact that after resistance changes had to be accepted and indeed could be controlled. The chapter discusses the dominance of the Conservative Party from 1886–1906. It describes the changes that occurred in the party during 1906–24, when a new office of Chairman of the Party Organization was being set up. The chapter also talks about the dominance of Baldwinian consensus during 1924–40, and explains that the fall of the National Government in May 1940 and its replacement by a genuine coalition under Winston Churchill ushered in another period of transition. It describes the Conservative hegemony in 1951–64, as well as in 1979–90, and discusses that, in 1964, rethinking of policy and organizational reform occurred.
Daniel O. Prosterman
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780195377736
- eISBN:
- 9780199979158
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377736.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Defining Democracy begins at the 1939–1940 New York World’s Fair in Queens, and the popular exhibit “Democracity” serves as a metaphor for New York’s experimentation with a new ...
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Defining Democracy begins at the 1939–1940 New York World’s Fair in Queens, and the popular exhibit “Democracity” serves as a metaphor for New York’s experimentation with a new system of democratic self-government during the 1930s and 1940s. The introduction provides an overview of the history of electoral reform movements in New York City history, with a chronological sweep that stretches from the good-government activism of the late nineteenth century to the anti-Communism of the early Cold War. This movement culminated with the installation of proportional representation (PR) voting in city council elections during the Great Depression. PR facilitated the election of legislatures of uncommon diversity, particularly in terms of gender, race, and ideology. The introduction argues for a shift in our understanding of democracy’s history in the United States, to place greater emphasis on how the structure of voting systems influences electoral outcomes.Less
Defining Democracy begins at the 1939–1940 New York World’s Fair in Queens, and the popular exhibit “Democracity” serves as a metaphor for New York’s experimentation with a new system of democratic self-government during the 1930s and 1940s. The introduction provides an overview of the history of electoral reform movements in New York City history, with a chronological sweep that stretches from the good-government activism of the late nineteenth century to the anti-Communism of the early Cold War. This movement culminated with the installation of proportional representation (PR) voting in city council elections during the Great Depression. PR facilitated the election of legislatures of uncommon diversity, particularly in terms of gender, race, and ideology. The introduction argues for a shift in our understanding of democracy’s history in the United States, to place greater emphasis on how the structure of voting systems influences electoral outcomes.
Michael Littlewood
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789622090996
- eISBN:
- 9789882207455
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789622090996.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter focuses on the War Revenue Ordinance 1940 proposed by the colonial government' to establish a system of income tax for the purpose of funding “gifts” to Britain in support of the war ...
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This chapter focuses on the War Revenue Ordinance 1940 proposed by the colonial government' to establish a system of income tax for the purpose of funding “gifts” to Britain in support of the war effort. It describes the three schedular taxes established by the Ordinance: property tax, salaries tax, and profits tax. On 27 June 1941 the War Revenue Ordinance 1940 was repealed in its entirety and replaced by the War Revenue Ordinance 1941. The most important change introduced by the new Ordinance was that interest tax was added to the three existing taxes. The new Ordinance redrew the line between taxable Hong Kong profits and non-taxable offshore profits; it modified the tax treatment of married couples; it also introduced a general anti-avoidance rule; it generally tightened the drafting of tax; and effected a range of other minor reforms.Less
This chapter focuses on the War Revenue Ordinance 1940 proposed by the colonial government' to establish a system of income tax for the purpose of funding “gifts” to Britain in support of the war effort. It describes the three schedular taxes established by the Ordinance: property tax, salaries tax, and profits tax. On 27 June 1941 the War Revenue Ordinance 1940 was repealed in its entirety and replaced by the War Revenue Ordinance 1941. The most important change introduced by the new Ordinance was that interest tax was added to the three existing taxes. The new Ordinance redrew the line between taxable Hong Kong profits and non-taxable offshore profits; it modified the tax treatment of married couples; it also introduced a general anti-avoidance rule; it generally tightened the drafting of tax; and effected a range of other minor reforms.
MIGUEL A. Bretos
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780813038100
- eISBN:
- 9780813041568
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813038100.003.0016
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Latin American Studies
Cuba's experience during the first half of the twentieth century can be compared to a hurricane. As such, the eye of the storm can be dated to the period 1940–1952, that is, the time during which ...
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Cuba's experience during the first half of the twentieth century can be compared to a hurricane. As such, the eye of the storm can be dated to the period 1940–1952, that is, the time during which Cuba lived under the legality of the 1940 Constitution. The Constitution embodied the social-reform ideas that had emerged during the 1933 revolution; however, framing was possible thanks to the period of peace which followed, due to a great extent to an able newcomer to the Cuban political scene, Fulgencio Batista, an obscure army sergeant who took power in an unprecedented coup d'état staged by NCOs. After ruling Cuba as a legally elected president, Batista staged another coup against a lawfully elected successor, Carlos Prio Socarras, and set himself up as de facto president. This chapter explores the revolution against Batista in Matanzas, especially such events as the assault on the Goicuria army headquarters in 1954.Less
Cuba's experience during the first half of the twentieth century can be compared to a hurricane. As such, the eye of the storm can be dated to the period 1940–1952, that is, the time during which Cuba lived under the legality of the 1940 Constitution. The Constitution embodied the social-reform ideas that had emerged during the 1933 revolution; however, framing was possible thanks to the period of peace which followed, due to a great extent to an able newcomer to the Cuban political scene, Fulgencio Batista, an obscure army sergeant who took power in an unprecedented coup d'état staged by NCOs. After ruling Cuba as a legally elected president, Batista staged another coup against a lawfully elected successor, Carlos Prio Socarras, and set himself up as de facto president. This chapter explores the revolution against Batista in Matanzas, especially such events as the assault on the Goicuria army headquarters in 1954.
Norman Ingram
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- March 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198827993
- eISBN:
- 9780191866685
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198827993.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Political History
This book has been about the decline and fall of a great French republican institution, the Ligue des droits de l’homme (LDH). The LDH was torn apart by the war guilt question over the course of the ...
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This book has been about the decline and fall of a great French republican institution, the Ligue des droits de l’homme (LDH). The LDH was torn apart by the war guilt question over the course of the entire period from 1914 to the fall of France in 1940. This debate was the catalyst for the emergence of a new style of pacifism in France which was hardly like its ‘placid’ interwar British cousin. The war guilt question was also the progenitor of a uniquely French suspicion, first of Russian, and ultimately of Soviet intentions. This led under Vichy to the appearance of collaboration and philo-fascism, but it was more a case of peace becoming an ‘ethic of ultimate ends’ for the minority within the LDH.Less
This book has been about the decline and fall of a great French republican institution, the Ligue des droits de l’homme (LDH). The LDH was torn apart by the war guilt question over the course of the entire period from 1914 to the fall of France in 1940. This debate was the catalyst for the emergence of a new style of pacifism in France which was hardly like its ‘placid’ interwar British cousin. The war guilt question was also the progenitor of a uniquely French suspicion, first of Russian, and ultimately of Soviet intentions. This led under Vichy to the appearance of collaboration and philo-fascism, but it was more a case of peace becoming an ‘ethic of ultimate ends’ for the minority within the LDH.
V.C. Govindaraj
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780199489282
- eISBN:
- 9780199095292
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780199489282.003.0010
- Subject:
- Law, Private International Law
The jurisprudential distinction between substance and procedure is that substance relates to rights and obligations of the parties to a dispute, and the procedure is the means employed to determine ...
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The jurisprudential distinction between substance and procedure is that substance relates to rights and obligations of the parties to a dispute, and the procedure is the means employed to determine such rights and obligations. To elucidate the above distinction between substance and procedure, we may cite Article V (1) (e) of the New York Convention as example, which lays down the rule that a foreign arbitral award duly rendered becomes final and binding if, and only if, a domestic court endorses it. This procedural requirement finds its reflection in Section 17 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1940. The said procedural requirement was done away with by the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (See Section 35). Also, the procedural requirement for the conduct of arbitration in the country of the applicable law is not indispensable; and it is for the local court exercising jurisdiction to determine, based upon the interests of the parties before it, its jurisdictional competence. Municipal courts apply their local law of limitation as part of their procedural law in conflicts resolution.Less
The jurisprudential distinction between substance and procedure is that substance relates to rights and obligations of the parties to a dispute, and the procedure is the means employed to determine such rights and obligations. To elucidate the above distinction between substance and procedure, we may cite Article V (1) (e) of the New York Convention as example, which lays down the rule that a foreign arbitral award duly rendered becomes final and binding if, and only if, a domestic court endorses it. This procedural requirement finds its reflection in Section 17 of the Indian Arbitration Act, 1940. The said procedural requirement was done away with by the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (See Section 35). Also, the procedural requirement for the conduct of arbitration in the country of the applicable law is not indispensable; and it is for the local court exercising jurisdiction to determine, based upon the interests of the parties before it, its jurisdictional competence. Municipal courts apply their local law of limitation as part of their procedural law in conflicts resolution.
Mayra Rosario Urrutia
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781628461640
- eISBN:
- 9781626745674
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Mississippi
- DOI:
- 10.14325/mississippi/9781628461640.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Latin American History
In this essay Mayra Rosario Urrutia explains how policy toward Puerto Rico became part of a regional approach, not only militarily but also in economic and social policies. During the tumultuous ...
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In this essay Mayra Rosario Urrutia explains how policy toward Puerto Rico became part of a regional approach, not only militarily but also in economic and social policies. During the tumultuous decade of the 1930s, colonial possessions in the Caribbean posed political, economic, and military demands to the United States and Great Britain. The response formulated by both metropolitan governments regarding these needs was shaped by their colonial policies, the effects of the Great Depression, the newly configured strategic and military importance of the Caribbean during the Second World War, and the grievances voiced throughout the islands in the form of uprisings and public protests.Less
In this essay Mayra Rosario Urrutia explains how policy toward Puerto Rico became part of a regional approach, not only militarily but also in economic and social policies. During the tumultuous decade of the 1930s, colonial possessions in the Caribbean posed political, economic, and military demands to the United States and Great Britain. The response formulated by both metropolitan governments regarding these needs was shaped by their colonial policies, the effects of the Great Depression, the newly configured strategic and military importance of the Caribbean during the Second World War, and the grievances voiced throughout the islands in the form of uprisings and public protests.
Andrew Johnstone
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780813169057
- eISBN:
- 9780813177267
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813169057.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter argues that foreign policy debates in the election of 1940 have been underestimated. Franklin Roosevelt remained cautious regarding foreign policy issues, in part because he had an ...
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This chapter argues that foreign policy debates in the election of 1940 have been underestimated. Franklin Roosevelt remained cautious regarding foreign policy issues, in part because he had an election to win, and also because his opponent, Wendell Willkie, did not wholly reflect the Republican Party on foreign policy matters. In addition, congressional isolationism was extremely strong. This chapter also argues that Willkie was more critical of Roosevelt on foreign policy issues than has generally been accepted. This was largely a result of straightforward party politics, and the selection of Willkie as the Republican candidate did not mean that foreign policy issues were off the table. In fact, they remained critical for both candidates throughout the campaign.Less
This chapter argues that foreign policy debates in the election of 1940 have been underestimated. Franklin Roosevelt remained cautious regarding foreign policy issues, in part because he had an election to win, and also because his opponent, Wendell Willkie, did not wholly reflect the Republican Party on foreign policy matters. In addition, congressional isolationism was extremely strong. This chapter also argues that Willkie was more critical of Roosevelt on foreign policy issues than has generally been accepted. This was largely a result of straightforward party politics, and the selection of Willkie as the Republican candidate did not mean that foreign policy issues were off the table. In fact, they remained critical for both candidates throughout the campaign.
Barbara Lounsberry
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780813056937
- eISBN:
- 9780813053790
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813056937.003.0010
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
Territorial trespass and attack intensify in the years covered in Virginia Woolf's two final diary books: the 109-entry of her 1940 diary and the 10-entry of her 1941 diary. In April of 1940, Germany ...
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Territorial trespass and attack intensify in the years covered in Virginia Woolf's two final diary books: the 109-entry of her 1940 diary and the 10-entry of her 1941 diary. In April of 1940, Germany invades Norway and Denmark. In May, the neutral states of Holland, Belgium, and Luxembourg fall. In June, Hitler's storm troopers parade up Paris's Champs-Élysées. Only England now remains. On July 19, Hitler asks England to surrender. In August, he orders a total blockade of Great Britain and begins a night-time bombing assault—the London Blitz. To counter, Woolf aims for a weightier diary in 1940, poignantly an evening diary for “Old Virginia.” As these last two diaries movingly show, Virginia Woolf fights on both in her public works and in her diary. Surrounded now and cut off, she holds on until she can fight no more, dying from suicide in March of 1941.Less
Territorial trespass and attack intensify in the years covered in Virginia Woolf's two final diary books: the 109-entry of her 1940 diary and the 10-entry of her 1941 diary. In April of 1940, Germany invades Norway and Denmark. In May, the neutral states of Holland, Belgium, and Luxembourg fall. In June, Hitler's storm troopers parade up Paris's Champs-Élysées. Only England now remains. On July 19, Hitler asks England to surrender. In August, he orders a total blockade of Great Britain and begins a night-time bombing assault—the London Blitz. To counter, Woolf aims for a weightier diary in 1940, poignantly an evening diary for “Old Virginia.” As these last two diaries movingly show, Virginia Woolf fights on both in her public works and in her diary. Surrounded now and cut off, she holds on until she can fight no more, dying from suicide in March of 1941.
Richard Farmer
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719091889
- eISBN:
- 9781526109644
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719091889.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Social History
Pre-war cinema management manuals were adamant that publicising a cinema was one of the most important – and challenging – jobs that an exhibitor had. Using The Stars Look Down (1940) as a case ...
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Pre-war cinema management manuals were adamant that publicising a cinema was one of the most important – and challenging – jobs that an exhibitor had. Using The Stars Look Down (1940) as a case study, this chapter shows how promotional activities were made all the more difficult by wartime limitations that restricted advertising. Legislation that effectively brought about paper rationing not only imposed a maximum size on posters, but also restricted the number that could be produced, controlled where they could be posted and prohibited the publication of information – such as place names – that might conceivably aid the enemy. As more established forms of publicity were curtailed, there were concerns that cinemas would become less visible within the urban environment, a concern made all the more pressing by the lack of exterior lighting and regulations that limited expenditure on maintenance. The chapter explores the place of showmanship in wartime, both in terms of advertising individual films and programmes, and also the promotion of the cinema as a site of experiential pleasure.Less
Pre-war cinema management manuals were adamant that publicising a cinema was one of the most important – and challenging – jobs that an exhibitor had. Using The Stars Look Down (1940) as a case study, this chapter shows how promotional activities were made all the more difficult by wartime limitations that restricted advertising. Legislation that effectively brought about paper rationing not only imposed a maximum size on posters, but also restricted the number that could be produced, controlled where they could be posted and prohibited the publication of information – such as place names – that might conceivably aid the enemy. As more established forms of publicity were curtailed, there were concerns that cinemas would become less visible within the urban environment, a concern made all the more pressing by the lack of exterior lighting and regulations that limited expenditure on maintenance. The chapter explores the place of showmanship in wartime, both in terms of advertising individual films and programmes, and also the promotion of the cinema as a site of experiential pleasure.
Richard Farmer
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719091889
- eISBN:
- 9781526109644
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719091889.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Social History
Cinemas were, for tens of millions of Britons each week, an element of everyday life, and cinemagoing was a cultural and experiential activity that was at once exciting and mundane. Changes to ...
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Cinemas were, for tens of millions of Britons each week, an element of everyday life, and cinemagoing was a cultural and experiential activity that was at once exciting and mundane. Changes to pre-established ideals of cinemagoing were, therefore, significant; popular reactions to such changes, which were used by bodies such as the Metropolitan Police to gauge morale, no less so. Establishing the parameters of the study, the introduction also, explains the varying meanings of the word ‘utility’, from which the book takes its title’ and provides an overview of the British exhibition industry in 1939 in order that the changes that occurred during the war can be understood in their proper context.Less
Cinemas were, for tens of millions of Britons each week, an element of everyday life, and cinemagoing was a cultural and experiential activity that was at once exciting and mundane. Changes to pre-established ideals of cinemagoing were, therefore, significant; popular reactions to such changes, which were used by bodies such as the Metropolitan Police to gauge morale, no less so. Establishing the parameters of the study, the introduction also, explains the varying meanings of the word ‘utility’, from which the book takes its title’ and provides an overview of the British exhibition industry in 1939 in order that the changes that occurred during the war can be understood in their proper context.
Julian M. Pleasants (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780813054254
- eISBN:
- 9780813053028
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813054254.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
The American Army was in woeful shape in 1940 and needed an instant infusion of troops. The Training and Selective Service Act of 1940 established the process where American men would be registered ...
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The American Army was in woeful shape in 1940 and needed an instant infusion of troops. The Training and Selective Service Act of 1940 established the process where American men would be registered and inducted into the service. The complicated process, carried out by volunteers, had numerous exceptions for health, illiteracy, and family business responsibilities (work necessary to the health and safety of the country). With some exceptions, Americans obeyed the law and signed up in large numbers.Less
The American Army was in woeful shape in 1940 and needed an instant infusion of troops. The Training and Selective Service Act of 1940 established the process where American men would be registered and inducted into the service. The complicated process, carried out by volunteers, had numerous exceptions for health, illiteracy, and family business responsibilities (work necessary to the health and safety of the country). With some exceptions, Americans obeyed the law and signed up in large numbers.
Michael R. Yogg
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231167468
- eISBN:
- 9780231537025
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231167468.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, History of Economic Thought
This chapter examines two significant events for the mutual fund industry: the passage of the Revenue Act of 1936 and the Investment Company Act of 1940. At the time, when both pioneer Boston mutual ...
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This chapter examines two significant events for the mutual fund industry: the passage of the Revenue Act of 1936 and the Investment Company Act of 1940. At the time, when both pioneer Boston mutual fund companies, State Street Investment Corporation (SSIC) and Massachusetts Investors Trust (MIT), demanded legislations to prevent the recurrence of the stock market crash and the Great Depression, the Revenue Act of 1936 had come unexpectedly. It is a legislation that enables the increase of the corporate income tax rate and the decrease of dividend deductions. SSIC and MIT, therefore, fought against the Revenue Act of 1936, as it would have forced a middle-class mutual fund holder to pay thrice—that is, when a wealthy fund holder receives and uses this middle-class citizen’s dividend to pay for their own tax. In contrast, the passage of the Investment Company Act of 1940 was welcomed, as this would direct the SEC to investigate investment trusts and companies to protect investors after the Depression.Less
This chapter examines two significant events for the mutual fund industry: the passage of the Revenue Act of 1936 and the Investment Company Act of 1940. At the time, when both pioneer Boston mutual fund companies, State Street Investment Corporation (SSIC) and Massachusetts Investors Trust (MIT), demanded legislations to prevent the recurrence of the stock market crash and the Great Depression, the Revenue Act of 1936 had come unexpectedly. It is a legislation that enables the increase of the corporate income tax rate and the decrease of dividend deductions. SSIC and MIT, therefore, fought against the Revenue Act of 1936, as it would have forced a middle-class mutual fund holder to pay thrice—that is, when a wealthy fund holder receives and uses this middle-class citizen’s dividend to pay for their own tax. In contrast, the passage of the Investment Company Act of 1940 was welcomed, as this would direct the SEC to investigate investment trusts and companies to protect investors after the Depression.
Todd A. Henry
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780520276550
- eISBN:
- 9780520958418
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520276550.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Chapter 5 shows how wartime mobilization led to the unprecedented compression and expansion of space. For one, the culture of an increasingly militarized Namsan began to penetrate Korean homes ...
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Chapter 5 shows how wartime mobilization led to the unprecedented compression and expansion of space. For one, the culture of an increasingly militarized Namsan began to penetrate Korean homes through the installation of household altars and the distribution of Ise talismans. This “Shintō-ization” also occurred on larger scales. For example, the 2,600th anniversary celebrations, in 1940, encouraged the colonized population to expand their vision as imperial subjects, subordinating local and familial affiliations. Although Koreans with close military ties began think of themselves in this way, the late-colonial state never managed to erase differences that had shaped previous projects of assimilation and that continued to determine the complex contours of imperial subjectification.Less
Chapter 5 shows how wartime mobilization led to the unprecedented compression and expansion of space. For one, the culture of an increasingly militarized Namsan began to penetrate Korean homes through the installation of household altars and the distribution of Ise talismans. This “Shintō-ization” also occurred on larger scales. For example, the 2,600th anniversary celebrations, in 1940, encouraged the colonized population to expand their vision as imperial subjects, subordinating local and familial affiliations. Although Koreans with close military ties began think of themselves in this way, the late-colonial state never managed to erase differences that had shaped previous projects of assimilation and that continued to determine the complex contours of imperial subjectification.
