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Introduction

E. H. H. GREEN

in Ideologies of Conservatism: Conservative Political Ideas in the Twentieth Century

This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the purpose of this book, which is to explore aspects of the ideas, values, arguments, and beliefs that have informed Conservative thought in the ... More

This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the purpose of this book, which is to explore aspects of the ideas, values, arguments, and beliefs that have informed Conservative thought in the 20th century. Conservative ideological debate is sampled and discussed at a number of key points in the party's history. The chapters cover the political economy of Arthur Balfour, English idealist thought, the ideas of Arthur Steel-Maitland, the end of the coalition with the Liberals in 1922, Conservative Book Clubs of the 1930s, the political economy of Harold Macmillan, the resignation of the Conservative Treasury team in 1958, the ideological origins of the Thatcherite revolution and finally, Conservative ideas concerning the role of the State in relation to social and economic policy during the 20th century.Less

Conservatism, Anti-Socialism, and the End of the Lloyd George Coalition

E. H. H. GREEN

in Ideologies of Conservatism: Conservative Political Ideas in the Twentieth Century

This chapter reviews the Conservative decision at the Carlton Club meeting of 1922 to end the coalition with the Lloyd George Liberals, and examines the part played by the Conservative's identity as ... More

This chapter reviews the Conservative decision at the Carlton Club meeting of 1922 to end the coalition with the Lloyd George Liberals, and examines the part played by the Conservative's identity as the party of anti-socialism in this decision. Key issues discussed include the impact of taxation, the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921, and the activism of the middle classes with the formation of the Middle Class Union, the Anti-Waste League, and the People's Union for Economy.Less

Cultural Diplomacy of a New Type

Michael David-Fox

in Showcasing the Great Experiment: Cultural Diplomacy and Western Visitors to the Soviet Union, 1921–1941

This chapter analyzes how the Soviet approach to foreign visitors crystallized during a particular conjuncture in the early 1920s. As the first significant influx of “bourgeois” foreigners, including ... More

This chapter analyzes how the Soviet approach to foreign visitors crystallized during a particular conjuncture in the early 1920s. As the first significant influx of “bourgeois” foreigners, including the American Relief Association (ARA), arrived to provide aid during the famine of 1920–1922, Soviet missions became focused not only on external contacts and exports but on influencing visitors at home. The chapter explores the origins of Soviet organizations set up to shape the international image of the Soviet experiment. It considers the motivations and activities of the precursors to the All-Union Society for Cultural Ties Abroad (VOKS), Soviet guides and translators, and the secret police (OGPU/NKVD). A new Soviet system emerged to predict visitors' judgments, evaluate and classify foreigners, and identify friends and enemies.Less

Introduction

Laura Cahillane

in Drafting the Irish Free State Constitution

The introduction explains the aim of the book.

The Earliest History of the Chinese Communist Party in Hong Kong: From 1920 to 1926

Christine Loh

in Underground Front: The Chinese Communist Party in Hong Kong

This chapter provides a discussion on the earliest history of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in Hong Kong 1920–1926. The story of the CCP in Hong Kong may be said to begin with three men who ... More

This chapter provides a discussion on the earliest history of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in Hong Kong 1920–1926. The story of the CCP in Hong Kong may be said to begin with three men who started the irregular Zhenshanmei Magazine in 1920. The earliest days of the CCP presence in Hong Kong was a part of the story of the party getting established and surviving as a political organisation. It is stated that Hong Kong was in fact an inspiration for the emergent socialist movement on the Mainland. The first major labour event—the Seamen's Strike of 1922—in Hong Kong is described. It then turns to Guangzhou-Hong Kong Strike-Boycott 1925–1926.Less

The legacy of the Irish Free State Constitution

Laura Cahillane

in Drafting the Irish Free State Constitution

This chapter builds on the conclusions reached at the end of the last chapter by attempting to discover whether the failures of the constitution were caused by defects in the constitutional design of ... More

This chapter builds on the conclusions reached at the end of the last chapter by attempting to discover whether the failures of the constitution were caused by defects in the constitutional design of by the treatment of the document post-enactment and also to demonstrate the continuing importance of the 1922 experience. Two important provisions are concentrated upon; the amendment provision and the judicial review provision.Less

Circulating Mansfield

Sydney Janet Kaplan

in Circulating Genius: John Middleton Murry, Katherine Mansfield and D. H. Lawrence

This chapter examines Mansfield's last year of life and Murry's efforts to circulate her legacy after her death. It explores the irony of her being in Paris in 1922—the banner year of international ... More

This chapter examines Mansfield's last year of life and Murry's efforts to circulate her legacy after her death. It explores the irony of her being in Paris in 1922—the banner year of international modernism—whilst she was struggling through the last stages of tuberculosis. It discusses her meeting with James Joyce and her reactions to Ulysses. Murry's critiques of Joyce are also analysed, as well as his writing on Proust. Mansfield's final decision to spend the last weeks of her life at Gurdjieff's Institute in Fontainebleau affected Murry's own spiritual awakening. Murry's tendency to mysticism is examined in the last section of this chapter, as is his new editorial venture, the Adelphi, which he devoted to Mansfield's memory and used to publish her writing and his responses to her death.Less

Beginnings

Donna T. Haverty-Stacke

in The Fierce Life of Grace Holmes Carlson: Catholic, Socialist, Feminist

Chapter 1 explores the various factors that shaped Carlson’s identity as a working-class Catholic young woman who was committed to social justice. These included her natal family and childhood ... More

Chapter 1 explores the various factors that shaped Carlson’s identity as a working-class Catholic young woman who was committed to social justice. These included her natal family and childhood neighborhood, her local parish, her women religious teachers, and the impact of World War I and the 1922 shopmen’s strike. Through her experience of World War I, as a working-class Irish and German girl, she had come to question government authority and the 100 percent Americanism that vigilante groups imposed on the community in St. Paul. As a result of her father’s experiences during the shopmen’s strike, she deepened her understanding of the importance of worker solidarity. And Grace came to appreciate early on the importance of education for the development of her autonomy. It was not only her mother, Mary Holmes, who instilled that lesson but also her women religious instructors in high school. The Josephites reinforced the value Grace placed on higher education as a route to economic independence for women and set her feet on the road to a professional career.Less

The Parliamentary Party: Composition and Dissent

Stuart Ball

in Portrait of a Party: The Conservative Party in Britain 1918-1945

The first part of this chapter is an analysis of the personnel of the Conservative Party in the House of Commons between the wars, which examines their social, educational and occupational ... More

The first part of this chapter is an analysis of the personnel of the Conservative Party in the House of Commons between the wars, which examines their social, educational and occupational backgrounds, and their career patterns, including lengths of service and the rewards of the honours system. It then considers the nature of their working milieu, before proceeding to discuss the various sections and factions, and the cases of dissent and disunity. The role of the Whips is assessed, and the development of the backbench subject committees and their general representative body, known as the ‘1922 Committee’, is explained. The chapter concludes with a consideration of the declining role and importance of the Conservative peers in the House of Lords.Less

From The French Doll to Our Nell (1922)

Howard Pollack

in George Gershwin: His Life and Work

On February 20, 1922, two shows opened on Broadway—The French Doll at the Lyceum and For Goodness Sake at the Lyric—that featured some new songs by Gershwin. For Goodness Sake, which ran for 103 ... More

On February 20, 1922, two shows opened on Broadway—The French Doll at the Lyceum and For Goodness Sake at the Lyric—that featured some new songs by Gershwin. For Goodness Sake, which ran for 103 performances, grabbed the critics as bright and sophisticated. “Yankee Doodle Blues” became one of Gershwin's relatively few early hits, with more than ten recordings in 1922 alone. Gershwin wrote his third Scandals score, the Scandals of 1922, mostly with Buddy DeSylva. Blue Monday Blues represented another kind of landmark: a one-act opera, lasting about twenty minutes, for six black characters and chorus. Our Nell offered the novel spectacle of a jazzy melodrama, though set in New England rather than Harlem.Less

The Constitution Committee and the beginning of the drafting process

Laura Cahillane

in Drafting the Irish Free State Constitution

This chapter is concerned with the work of the committee; it explains the role played by each member as well as the nature of the meetings. The freedom of the committee is considered in relation to ... More

This chapter is concerned with the work of the committee; it explains the role played by each member as well as the nature of the meetings. The freedom of the committee is considered in relation to the instructions given them by Collins and Griffith. The preliminary structure of the constitution and the early discussions are examined.Less

The Drafts

Laura Cahillane

in Drafting the Irish Free State Constitution

This chapter goes beyond any existing scholarship by providing, for the first time, a detailed consideration of the three original drafts of the constitution. While these drafts were published in the ... More

This chapter goes beyond any existing scholarship by providing, for the first time, a detailed consideration of the three original drafts of the constitution. While these drafts were published in the 1970s, they have never been examined or analysed in detail. Here the three documents are considered in depth under a number of headings and their provisions are compared and contrasted.Less

Voice and Motion

Barbara Lounsberry

in Virginia Woolf's Modernist Path: Her Middle Diaries and the Diaries She Read

Virginia Woolf moves toward her distinctive voice and finds her rhythmic movement in her 1922 and 1923 diary books. Her 1922 diary stands out as one of her most resilient diaries. Across the year, ... More

Virginia Woolf moves toward her distinctive voice and finds her rhythmic movement in her 1922 and 1923 diary books. Her 1922 diary stands out as one of her most resilient diaries. Across the year, she turns from male voices repeatedly—and with assurance. In fact, she replaces “unsympathetic” male voices, male sites, and male works with female. She feels she is striking now closer to her own voice. She also activates the “quick change” movement envisioned in her 1921 diary. In her 1923 diary she moves on many levels. She writes six (surface) play scenes in her diary while also pursuing her soul and the rush of “extraordinary emotions” she begins to feel. She seeks greater freedom and movement and sets her eyes on London once more. In 1922, Woolf reads Alie Badenhorst’s Boer War Diary, a powerful anti-war document and important addition to her understanding of women and war. In July 1923, she receives James Boswell’s Journal of a Tour to Corsica. She finds there a journal bold in experiment; rich in portraits, voice, and movement; and baring of the soul.Less

Rooted: Black Railroad Shopmen, the 1922 Strike, and Southern Civil Rights Struggles

Theresa A. Case

in Reconsidering Southern Labor History: Race, Class, and Power

This chapter establishes the importance of African American shop workers to Texas railroad hubs such as Marshall, Texas, and explores black responses to the 1922 National Railroad Shopmen’s Strike. ... More

This chapter establishes the importance of African American shop workers to Texas railroad hubs such as Marshall, Texas, and explores black responses to the 1922 National Railroad Shopmen’s Strike. Newspaper sources reveal that, while some Texas black and white shopmen cooperated in the 1922 walkout, 216 black shopmen in Marshall dramatically broke with the town’s white strikers and the mass of white citizens who supported them: the 216 petitioned the US government and the Texas & Pacific Railway for protection of their return to work against pro-strike violence and intimidation. The chapter contends that the Marshall petitioners found encouragement not only in WWI-era federal policies and civil rights activism but also in the opportunities for black education and stable family life in Marshall. In addition, an earlier rejection of interracial labor solidarity by Marshall’s white shopmen may have played a role. How, in the aftermath of the strike’s defeat, black shopmen and their families related to each other, and to the town’s developing civil rights movement, is a question ripe for investigation.Less

Putting the Program into Action, 1920–1928

Simon James Bytheway and Mark Metzler

in Central Banks and Gold: How Tokyo, London, and New York Shaped the Modern World

This chapter details how Montagu Norman of the Bank of England, in partnership with Benjamin Strong of the FRBNY, turned ad hoc wartime cooperation into a formal agenda. The paired ideas that ... More

This chapter details how Montagu Norman of the Bank of England, in partnership with Benjamin Strong of the FRBNY, turned ad hoc wartime cooperation into a formal agenda. The paired ideas that national central banks should be autonomous, and that they should cooperate with each other, were first spelled out in a private “manifesto” that Norman circulated among fellow central bankers in 1921. Central bank cooperation was internationally recognized as a principle at the 1922 Genoa Conference, and it was also put into practice. Cooperation between central banks began primarily as informational cooperation, which includes not only the sharing of information but also the sharing and propagation of worldviews. An international network of central banks thus developed out of the war, as did the world's first truly coordinated system of international monetary policy. In these and other ways, financial globalization surged to a new level in the 1920s.Less

European Ceramics in the Spanish Philippines: Insights from the University of Michigan Philippine Expedition of 1922–1925

Russell K. Skowronek

in Historical Archaeology of Early Modern Colonialism in Asia-Pacific: The Asia-Pacific Region

Nearly a century ago, in 1922, Carl Guthe, from the University of Michigan, conducted a three-year-long archaeological reconnaissance of the southern Philippines. He identified 542 sites. Twenty-six ... More

Nearly a century ago, in 1922, Carl Guthe, from the University of Michigan, conducted a three-year-long archaeological reconnaissance of the southern Philippines. He identified 542 sites. Twenty-six of these sites contained European-made ceramics dating from the 377 years of Spanish colonial rule. Significantly, the majority of these were made during the nineteenth century in Great Britain and the Netherlands, both of which were neighbouring colonial powers in Southeast Asia. The century-old Guthe Collection continues to yield information regarding life in this remote corner of the Spanish colonial world.Less

The politics of ‘holding the balance’: Irish farmers’ parties and land redistribution in the twentieth century

Tony Varley

in Land questions in modern Ireland

To the extent that land redistribution contributes to large and small farmers seeing themselves as different classes with divergent economic interests, its effects may be highly incapacitating ... More

To the extent that land redistribution contributes to large and small farmers seeing themselves as different classes with divergent economic interests, its effects may be highly incapacitating politically, especially if it hinders farmers in constituting themselves as a single political class capable of becoming a coherent force in competitive party politics. Against this backdrop this chapter examines the question of how land redistribution was handled by three farmers’ parties intent on attracting all-farmer support in twentieth-century Ireland. How well each of these parties succeeded in holding a class balance that would simultaneously safeguard security of tenure while tolerating moderate land redistribution is assessed. The degree to which land redistribution contributed to the demise of the three farmers’ parties in question is also considered.Less