R. D. Anderson
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205159
- eISBN:
- 9780191676529
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205159.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The stress on continuity and development had been characteristic of Scottish thinking about the educational system. Part of the history of educational change in the nineteenth century lies in ...
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The stress on continuity and development had been characteristic of Scottish thinking about the educational system. Part of the history of educational change in the nineteenth century lies in systematization: an undifferentiated system in which parish schools, burgh schools, and universities had overlapping functions and were loosely linked by the same religious and classical culture, gave way to a hierarchy of schools with different functions. Education became the mechanism which determined occupations and social privileges. The 1872 Act forms a convenient marker in the narrative of educational change, its significance was political and administrative, but it is clear that the main work of schooling the masses was complete by 1872.Less
The stress on continuity and development had been characteristic of Scottish thinking about the educational system. Part of the history of educational change in the nineteenth century lies in systematization: an undifferentiated system in which parish schools, burgh schools, and universities had overlapping functions and were loosely linked by the same religious and classical culture, gave way to a hierarchy of schools with different functions. Education became the mechanism which determined occupations and social privileges. The 1872 Act forms a convenient marker in the narrative of educational change, its significance was political and administrative, but it is clear that the main work of schooling the masses was complete by 1872.
Andrew L. Slap
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823227099
- eISBN:
- 9780823234998
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fso/9780823227099.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Political History
In the Election of 1872 the conflict between President U. S. Grant and Horace Greeley has been typically understood as a battle for the soul of the ruling Republican Party. This book ...
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In the Election of 1872 the conflict between President U. S. Grant and Horace Greeley has been typically understood as a battle for the soul of the ruling Republican Party. This book argues forcefully that the campaign was more than a narrow struggle between Party elites and a class-based radical reform movement. The election, it demonstrates, had broad consequences: in their opposition to widespread Federal corruption, Greeley Republicans unintentionally doomed Reconstruction of any kind, even as they lost the election. Based on close readings of newspapers, party documents, and other primary sources, the book confronts one of the major questions in American political history: How, and why, did Reconstruction come to an end? Its focus on the unintended consequences of liberal republican politics is a provocative contribution to this important debate.Less
In the Election of 1872 the conflict between President U. S. Grant and Horace Greeley has been typically understood as a battle for the soul of the ruling Republican Party. This book argues forcefully that the campaign was more than a narrow struggle between Party elites and a class-based radical reform movement. The election, it demonstrates, had broad consequences: in their opposition to widespread Federal corruption, Greeley Republicans unintentionally doomed Reconstruction of any kind, even as they lost the election. Based on close readings of newspapers, party documents, and other primary sources, the book confronts one of the major questions in American political history: How, and why, did Reconstruction come to an end? Its focus on the unintended consequences of liberal republican politics is a provocative contribution to this important debate.
Andrew L. Slap
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823227099
- eISBN:
- 9780823234998
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fso/9780823227099.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, Political History
Despite losing control of their movement and enduring an invective-filled campaign, most liberal republicans remained in surprisingly good spirits after Grant's re-election in ...
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Despite losing control of their movement and enduring an invective-filled campaign, most liberal republicans remained in surprisingly good spirits after Grant's re-election in 1872. Political pressure had forced Grant to adopt some of the liberal republican positions during the 1872 campaign, such as continuing the funding of the Civil Service Commission, lowering some tariff rates, and passing the Amnesty Bill of 1872. Out of the ashes of defeat in 1872, the liberal republicans had achieved their objective of influencing the Republican Party in order to reform the nation and preserve its republican institutions.Less
Despite losing control of their movement and enduring an invective-filled campaign, most liberal republicans remained in surprisingly good spirits after Grant's re-election in 1872. Political pressure had forced Grant to adopt some of the liberal republican positions during the 1872 campaign, such as continuing the funding of the Civil Service Commission, lowering some tariff rates, and passing the Amnesty Bill of 1872. Out of the ashes of defeat in 1872, the liberal republicans had achieved their objective of influencing the Republican Party in order to reform the nation and preserve its republican institutions.
Andrew L. Slap
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823227099
- eISBN:
- 9780823234998
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fso/9780823227099.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Political History
This chapter examines the defeat of the Liberal Republicans in 1872, looking at opportunities and difficulties of third parties. The disadvantages of a third party took their ...
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This chapter examines the defeat of the Liberal Republicans in 1872, looking at opportunities and difficulties of third parties. The disadvantages of a third party took their toll on the Liberal Republicans, eventually leading to their defeat in November 1872. Internal divisions distracted them for the first crucial months of the campaign, when they had the initiative, and eventually robbed them of many of their original leaders. The Republicans learned how to enjoy the benefits of being an established, entrenched party by appropriating the Liberal Republicans' issues and bludgeoning them with money, power, and patronage. Despite orders and pleas from their national leaders, Democratic voters refused to support a long-time political enemy. As the November results came in, Greeley lamented to a friend that he was the worst beaten man that ever ran for high office.Less
This chapter examines the defeat of the Liberal Republicans in 1872, looking at opportunities and difficulties of third parties. The disadvantages of a third party took their toll on the Liberal Republicans, eventually leading to their defeat in November 1872. Internal divisions distracted them for the first crucial months of the campaign, when they had the initiative, and eventually robbed them of many of their original leaders. The Republicans learned how to enjoy the benefits of being an established, entrenched party by appropriating the Liberal Republicans' issues and bludgeoning them with money, power, and patronage. Despite orders and pleas from their national leaders, Democratic voters refused to support a long-time political enemy. As the November results came in, Greeley lamented to a friend that he was the worst beaten man that ever ran for high office.
JEREMY ADELMAN
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198204411
- eISBN:
- 9780191676253
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198204411.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, World Modern History
American homestead legislation was embodied in the Dominion Lands Act of 1872, aimed to foster the settlement of the open lands with ‘family farms’. Since landownership was the goal of the settlers, ...
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American homestead legislation was embodied in the Dominion Lands Act of 1872, aimed to foster the settlement of the open lands with ‘family farms’. Since landownership was the goal of the settlers, and legislation allocated exclusive private property rights to homesteaders and not to ranchers, the judicial system favoured enclosure of the public domain for use in small-scale arable agriculture. As the amount of free homestead land dwindled, settlers increasingly staked land within territories reserved for grazing. This chapter discusses the political economy of the settlement, the land market and speculation, land distribution, and land use.Less
American homestead legislation was embodied in the Dominion Lands Act of 1872, aimed to foster the settlement of the open lands with ‘family farms’. Since landownership was the goal of the settlers, and legislation allocated exclusive private property rights to homesteaders and not to ranchers, the judicial system favoured enclosure of the public domain for use in small-scale arable agriculture. As the amount of free homestead land dwindled, settlers increasingly staked land within territories reserved for grazing. This chapter discusses the political economy of the settlement, the land market and speculation, land distribution, and land use.
R. D. Anderson
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205159
- eISBN:
- 9780191676529
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205159.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
Scottish politics and party allegiances were dominated to an unusual degree by religion. The Established Church was identified with Conservatism, while the United Presbyterians and the Free Church ...
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Scottish politics and party allegiances were dominated to an unusual degree by religion. The Established Church was identified with Conservatism, while the United Presbyterians and the Free Church buttressed the dominant position of the Liberals. As years passed, laymen became increasingly impatient with the subordination of educational progress to the demands of an intransigent and quarrelsome clergy. The chapter describes the problem of national education, the Revised Code and the Argyll Commission, the making of the 1872 Act, and education and the state.Less
Scottish politics and party allegiances were dominated to an unusual degree by religion. The Established Church was identified with Conservatism, while the United Presbyterians and the Free Church buttressed the dominant position of the Liberals. As years passed, laymen became increasingly impatient with the subordination of educational progress to the demands of an intransigent and quarrelsome clergy. The chapter describes the problem of national education, the Revised Code and the Argyll Commission, the making of the 1872 Act, and education and the state.
R. D. Anderson
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205159
- eISBN:
- 9780191676529
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205159.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter discusses Scottish education and the supply of schools before 1872. It describes the numbers and types of school, classification of schools and pupils by type of school, parish schools ...
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This chapter discusses Scottish education and the supply of schools before 1872. It describes the numbers and types of school, classification of schools and pupils by type of school, parish schools and schools in the rural lowlands, highlands, and cities. The 1872 Act was to sweep away both ancient parish schools and the denominational system. Yet the latter had put down its own roots in its thirty years of operation and many older habits were to survive for at least a generation after 1872.Less
This chapter discusses Scottish education and the supply of schools before 1872. It describes the numbers and types of school, classification of schools and pupils by type of school, parish schools and schools in the rural lowlands, highlands, and cities. The 1872 Act was to sweep away both ancient parish schools and the denominational system. Yet the latter had put down its own roots in its thirty years of operation and many older habits were to survive for at least a generation after 1872.
R. D. Anderson
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205159
- eISBN:
- 9780191676529
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205159.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The 1872 Act was the culmination of a long process of public intervention in state education in Scotland. Much of Scottish education developed on similar lines to England, but the common political ...
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The 1872 Act was the culmination of a long process of public intervention in state education in Scotland. Much of Scottish education developed on similar lines to England, but the common political system and the need to equalize expenditure meant they could not diverge very far. This chapter discusses the directly elected school boards, the Scotch Education Department, teachers and the Education Institute of Scotland (EIS), and politics and religion, as well as the state of education in the highlands, controversies over secondary education and the abolition of fees, technical education, and administrative areas.Less
The 1872 Act was the culmination of a long process of public intervention in state education in Scotland. Much of Scottish education developed on similar lines to England, but the common political system and the need to equalize expenditure meant they could not diverge very far. This chapter discusses the directly elected school boards, the Scotch Education Department, teachers and the Education Institute of Scotland (EIS), and politics and religion, as well as the state of education in the highlands, controversies over secondary education and the abolition of fees, technical education, and administrative areas.
Jon Lawrence
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199550128
- eISBN:
- 9780191701528
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199550128.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, Political History
This chapter discusses the fall of the hustings and the rise of the platform after 1867. The first section notes the passing of Disreali's Second Reform Act, and the 1872 Act's abolishment of the ...
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This chapter discusses the fall of the hustings and the rise of the platform after 1867. The first section notes the passing of Disreali's Second Reform Act, and the 1872 Act's abolishment of the ancient system of public nomination at the hustings. The second section documents the rise of the election meeting, the most important arena of untamed popular participation in politics. The third section describes the culture of election meetings. It notes that the primary purpose of an election meeting was to bring the candidate directly to the people. The last section examines the restructuring of electoral politics from 1883 to 1885. British electoral politics was transformed by measures passed by Gladstone's second ministry: the Corrupt and Illegal Practices Prevention Act (1883), the Third Reform Act (1884), and the Redistribution Act (1885).Less
This chapter discusses the fall of the hustings and the rise of the platform after 1867. The first section notes the passing of Disreali's Second Reform Act, and the 1872 Act's abolishment of the ancient system of public nomination at the hustings. The second section documents the rise of the election meeting, the most important arena of untamed popular participation in politics. The third section describes the culture of election meetings. It notes that the primary purpose of an election meeting was to bring the candidate directly to the people. The last section examines the restructuring of electoral politics from 1883 to 1885. British electoral politics was transformed by measures passed by Gladstone's second ministry: the Corrupt and Illegal Practices Prevention Act (1883), the Third Reform Act (1884), and the Redistribution Act (1885).
Lawrence Goldman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199253456
- eISBN:
- 9780191698149
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199253456.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter focuses on the Liberal's defeat in 1874 and the disaffection of crucial sections of Liberal support. Nonconformists were opposed to the 1870 Education Act, the trade unions were hostile ...
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This chapter focuses on the Liberal's defeat in 1874 and the disaffection of crucial sections of Liberal support. Nonconformists were opposed to the 1870 Education Act, the trade unions were hostile to the 1871 trade union legislation, and brewers and landlords were in uproar over the 1872 Licensing Act. In many ways this was closer to a later twentieth-century conception of politics as the reflection of the material interests of groups demanding favours from governments as the price of electoral support, than the more nuanced nature of mid-Victorian politics where the vote was not a bargaining chip but a badge of status, manhood, and independence. Disaffection rather than defections by organized labour accounted for the defeat of the Liberals, who actually managed to retain much of their strength in the Northern boroughs. It was not in the North, but in the southern shires and London that the Liberals lost the election.Less
This chapter focuses on the Liberal's defeat in 1874 and the disaffection of crucial sections of Liberal support. Nonconformists were opposed to the 1870 Education Act, the trade unions were hostile to the 1871 trade union legislation, and brewers and landlords were in uproar over the 1872 Licensing Act. In many ways this was closer to a later twentieth-century conception of politics as the reflection of the material interests of groups demanding favours from governments as the price of electoral support, than the more nuanced nature of mid-Victorian politics where the vote was not a bargaining chip but a badge of status, manhood, and independence. Disaffection rather than defections by organized labour accounted for the defeat of the Liberals, who actually managed to retain much of their strength in the Northern boroughs. It was not in the North, but in the southern shires and London that the Liberals lost the election.
Elaine Frantz Parsons
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469625423
- eISBN:
- 9781469625447
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469625423.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
Northern newspapers used the Klan to talk about the nature of citizenship, the expansion of the state, and their anxieties that the individual was subject to manipulation by an increasingly robust ...
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Northern newspapers used the Klan to talk about the nature of citizenship, the expansion of the state, and their anxieties that the individual was subject to manipulation by an increasingly robust and centralized government and centralized newspaper press. The national conversation about the Klan largely occurred during two periods—the first from early 1868 through early 1869, the second from late 1870 through 1872—and the nature of the discussion differed dramatically between those two periods, revealing changing approaches to Klan violence. Throughout, it is striking how few articles on the Klan include descriptions and mentions of actual Klan attacks on freedpeople and their white allies. Rather, northern newspaper articles on the Klan became a way to reflect on broader issues. By the 1871 and 1872, northern newspapers had adopted a strikingly sympathetic posture to Ku-Klux, who they increasingly portrayed as victims of federal aggression rather than as perpetrators of attacks on freedpeople.Less
Northern newspapers used the Klan to talk about the nature of citizenship, the expansion of the state, and their anxieties that the individual was subject to manipulation by an increasingly robust and centralized government and centralized newspaper press. The national conversation about the Klan largely occurred during two periods—the first from early 1868 through early 1869, the second from late 1870 through 1872—and the nature of the discussion differed dramatically between those two periods, revealing changing approaches to Klan violence. Throughout, it is striking how few articles on the Klan include descriptions and mentions of actual Klan attacks on freedpeople and their white allies. Rather, northern newspaper articles on the Klan became a way to reflect on broader issues. By the 1871 and 1872, northern newspapers had adopted a strikingly sympathetic posture to Ku-Klux, who they increasingly portrayed as victims of federal aggression rather than as perpetrators of attacks on freedpeople.
Elaine Frantz Parsons
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469625423
- eISBN:
- 9781469625447
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469625423.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
Klan denial remained remarkably persistent throughout and after the Klan period. As reams of testimony and massive stores of physical evidence of Klan violence poured into Washington, D.C., not only ...
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Klan denial remained remarkably persistent throughout and after the Klan period. As reams of testimony and massive stores of physical evidence of Klan violence poured into Washington, D.C., not only Democrats but sometimes even Republicans expressed regular doubt about its authenticity. Yet this was a period of great growth in professional journalism, and the reports newspapers were providing were of unprecedented quality and detail. Federal and state governments’ information-gathering mechanisms likewise expanded during this period, partly in order to deal with the challenge of proving the existence of the Klan. The image of the Klan as at once apparent and invisible, and the status of Klan accounts as detailed and rigorously documented yet also incredible, was a productive feature of Klan discourse. The very ambiguity of the Klan’s status played an important role in the reconciliation of North and South.Less
Klan denial remained remarkably persistent throughout and after the Klan period. As reams of testimony and massive stores of physical evidence of Klan violence poured into Washington, D.C., not only Democrats but sometimes even Republicans expressed regular doubt about its authenticity. Yet this was a period of great growth in professional journalism, and the reports newspapers were providing were of unprecedented quality and detail. Federal and state governments’ information-gathering mechanisms likewise expanded during this period, partly in order to deal with the challenge of proving the existence of the Klan. The image of the Klan as at once apparent and invisible, and the status of Klan accounts as detailed and rigorously documented yet also incredible, was a productive feature of Klan discourse. The very ambiguity of the Klan’s status played an important role in the reconciliation of North and South.
David Samuel Torres-Rouff
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780300141238
- eISBN:
- 9780300156621
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300141238.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
At the end of 1861, rain storms caused flooding in Los Angeles that wrought havoc over private and public property leaving behind plenty of financial and emotional distress. During the following ...
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At the end of 1861, rain storms caused flooding in Los Angeles that wrought havoc over private and public property leaving behind plenty of financial and emotional distress. During the following summer, the flood waters gave way to drought. This chapter examines how these ecological events affected the social, political, cultural, and spatial equality that existed in Los Angeles from that time to the 1872 election. By 1872, a steady rise in immigration from the United States had tipped the demographic balance, supplementing the spatial advantages ensured by the skewed ward system. With the privilege of hindsight, there is temptation to view the 1872 election as a moment of local realignment after which Mexican Angelenos faced significant obstacles in negotiating their place in the city and in shaping the city's future.Less
At the end of 1861, rain storms caused flooding in Los Angeles that wrought havoc over private and public property leaving behind plenty of financial and emotional distress. During the following summer, the flood waters gave way to drought. This chapter examines how these ecological events affected the social, political, cultural, and spatial equality that existed in Los Angeles from that time to the 1872 election. By 1872, a steady rise in immigration from the United States had tipped the demographic balance, supplementing the spatial advantages ensured by the skewed ward system. With the privilege of hindsight, there is temptation to view the 1872 election as a moment of local realignment after which Mexican Angelenos faced significant obstacles in negotiating their place in the city and in shaping the city's future.
Grant R. Brodrecht
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780823279906
- eISBN:
- 9780823281497
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823279906.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: Civil War
The sixth chapter shows northern evangelicals preoccupied during Grant’s presidency with managing various cultural, social, and political forces centrifugally threatening the Union. Their larger ...
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The sixth chapter shows northern evangelicals preoccupied during Grant’s presidency with managing various cultural, social, and political forces centrifugally threatening the Union. Their larger vision for national Christian oneness continued to subsume the ex-slaves. This was evident in several ways: first, many looked to the cohesive, homogenizing power that evangelicalism promised to provide the large and growing republic; second, predisposed to see Reconstruction end, particularly following the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment, northern evangelicals were convinced that they had one of their own in the White House and thus supported Grant during the 1872 election against Liberal Republicans; and third, they regarded him as an ally when it came to addressing the potential threat offered by Native Americans and Roman Catholics. By the end of Grant’s presidency, the Union appeared restored, the nation had just celebrated its centennial, prosperity and oneness seemed to abound, and Americans felt at peace.Less
The sixth chapter shows northern evangelicals preoccupied during Grant’s presidency with managing various cultural, social, and political forces centrifugally threatening the Union. Their larger vision for national Christian oneness continued to subsume the ex-slaves. This was evident in several ways: first, many looked to the cohesive, homogenizing power that evangelicalism promised to provide the large and growing republic; second, predisposed to see Reconstruction end, particularly following the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment, northern evangelicals were convinced that they had one of their own in the White House and thus supported Grant during the 1872 election against Liberal Republicans; and third, they regarded him as an ally when it came to addressing the potential threat offered by Native Americans and Roman Catholics. By the end of Grant’s presidency, the Union appeared restored, the nation had just celebrated its centennial, prosperity and oneness seemed to abound, and Americans felt at peace.
Henry Yeomans
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9781447309932
- eISBN:
- 9781447310013
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447309932.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance
Chapter Three begins to assess the impact of the temperance movement on public attitudes and regulation. It focuses on the new forms of drink regulation established between 1864 and 1872 with a ...
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Chapter Three begins to assess the impact of the temperance movement on public attitudes and regulation. It focuses on the new forms of drink regulation established between 1864 and 1872 with a particular concern for the Licensing Act 1872, the basis of much current alcohol regulation. It argues that the campaigns of the teetotal temperance movement were significant in instigating and legitimating the expansion of legal restrictions over the drinks trade. Furthermore, connections are identified between teetotal temperance ideas and the qualitative character of the system of alcohol regulation implemented in this period. The orthodox historical view that the temperance movement accomplished little is thus challenged.Less
Chapter Three begins to assess the impact of the temperance movement on public attitudes and regulation. It focuses on the new forms of drink regulation established between 1864 and 1872 with a particular concern for the Licensing Act 1872, the basis of much current alcohol regulation. It argues that the campaigns of the teetotal temperance movement were significant in instigating and legitimating the expansion of legal restrictions over the drinks trade. Furthermore, connections are identified between teetotal temperance ideas and the qualitative character of the system of alcohol regulation implemented in this period. The orthodox historical view that the temperance movement accomplished little is thus challenged.
Millington W. Bergeson-Lockwood
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781469640419
- eISBN:
- 9781469640433
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469640419.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
This chapter examines black participation in state level elections from the late 1860s and concludes with the controversies surrounding the 1872 presidential election. During these elections, African ...
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This chapter examines black participation in state level elections from the late 1860s and concludes with the controversies surrounding the 1872 presidential election. During these elections, African Americans increasingly questioned their electoral loyalty to the Republican Party and discussed potential alternatives.Less
This chapter examines black participation in state level elections from the late 1860s and concludes with the controversies surrounding the 1872 presidential election. During these elections, African Americans increasingly questioned their electoral loyalty to the Republican Party and discussed potential alternatives.
