Richard Higgins and Robert D. Richardson
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780520294042
- eISBN:
- 9780520967311
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520294042.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, American, 19th Century Literature
Thoreau and the Language of Trees is the first in-depth study of Thoreau’s passionate engagement with trees and his writing about them. It explores his keen eye for trees as a naturalist, his ...
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Thoreau and the Language of Trees is the first in-depth study of Thoreau’s passionate engagement with trees and his writing about them. It explores his keen eye for trees as a naturalist, his creative response to them as a poet, his philosophical understanding of them, the joy they gave him and the spiritual bond he felt with them. It includes excerpts from Thoreau’s extraordinary writing about trees from 1837 to 1861, illustrated with Higgins’s photography. The excerpts show his detailed observations on trees, his sense of loss at the ravaging of the forest during his life and the delight he took in the splendor of Concord’s woods and meadows. They also show his response to individual trees: an iconic Concord elm, a stand of old-growth oaks he discovered, his beloved white pines, trees made new by snow and trees as ships at sea. Higgins shows that Thoreau probed the complex lives of trees in the forest as a scientist and, as a poet and spiritual seeker, saw them as miracles that encapsulate all that is good about nature.Less
Thoreau and the Language of Trees is the first in-depth study of Thoreau’s passionate engagement with trees and his writing about them. It explores his keen eye for trees as a naturalist, his creative response to them as a poet, his philosophical understanding of them, the joy they gave him and the spiritual bond he felt with them. It includes excerpts from Thoreau’s extraordinary writing about trees from 1837 to 1861, illustrated with Higgins’s photography. The excerpts show his detailed observations on trees, his sense of loss at the ravaging of the forest during his life and the delight he took in the splendor of Concord’s woods and meadows. They also show his response to individual trees: an iconic Concord elm, a stand of old-growth oaks he discovered, his beloved white pines, trees made new by snow and trees as ships at sea. Higgins shows that Thoreau probed the complex lives of trees in the forest as a scientist and, as a poet and spiritual seeker, saw them as miracles that encapsulate all that is good about nature.
O.P. Mishra
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198075950
- eISBN:
- 9780199080892
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198075950.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter provides a detailed description of the seven cities of Delhi and the different patterns of policing throughout the history of Delhi. It begins with a brief study of the historical ...
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This chapter provides a detailed description of the seven cities of Delhi and the different patterns of policing throughout the history of Delhi. It begins with a brief study of the historical background of Delhi, and is immediately followed by the sections on the seven cities. The chapter concludes with an account of the arrival of the British in India, and initiates discussion on the policing patterns. The seven cities of Delhi as discussed in this chapter are: Indraprastha, Siri Fort, Tughlaqabad, Jahanpanah, Firozabad, Dinpanah, and Shahjahanabad. The policing patterns of the ancient period, medieval period, and the nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries are then examined. The Police Act of 1861 is introduced in the latter portion of the chapter.Less
This chapter provides a detailed description of the seven cities of Delhi and the different patterns of policing throughout the history of Delhi. It begins with a brief study of the historical background of Delhi, and is immediately followed by the sections on the seven cities. The chapter concludes with an account of the arrival of the British in India, and initiates discussion on the policing patterns. The seven cities of Delhi as discussed in this chapter are: Indraprastha, Siri Fort, Tughlaqabad, Jahanpanah, Firozabad, Dinpanah, and Shahjahanabad. The policing patterns of the ancient period, medieval period, and the nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries are then examined. The Police Act of 1861 is introduced in the latter portion of the chapter.
Barbara Alpern Engel
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801449512
- eISBN:
- 9780801460692
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801449512.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Russian and Former Soviet Union History
Russia's Great Reforms of 1861 were sweeping social and legal changes that aimed to modernize the country. In the following decades, rapid industrialization and urbanization profoundly transformed ...
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Russia's Great Reforms of 1861 were sweeping social and legal changes that aimed to modernize the country. In the following decades, rapid industrialization and urbanization profoundly transformed Russia's social, economic, and cultural landscape. This book explores the personal, cultural, and political consequences of these dramatic changes, focusing on their impact on intimate life and expectations and the resulting challenges to the traditional, patriarchal family order, the cornerstone of Russia's authoritarian political and religious regime. The widely perceived “marriage crisis” had far-reaching legal, institutional, and political ramifications. The book draws on archival documentation to explore changing notions of marital relations, domesticity, childrearing, and intimate life among ordinary men and women in imperial Russia. It illustrates the human consequences of the marriage crisis and reveals that the new and more individualistic values of the capitalist marketplace and commercial culture challenged traditional definitions of gender roles and encouraged the self-creation of new social identities. The book captures the intimate experiences of women and men of the lower and middling classes in their own words, documenting instances not only of physical, mental, and emotional abuse but also of resistance and independence. These changes challenged Russia's rigid political order, forcing a range of state agents, up to and including those who spoke directly in the name of the tsar, to rethink traditional understandings of gender norms and family law.Less
Russia's Great Reforms of 1861 were sweeping social and legal changes that aimed to modernize the country. In the following decades, rapid industrialization and urbanization profoundly transformed Russia's social, economic, and cultural landscape. This book explores the personal, cultural, and political consequences of these dramatic changes, focusing on their impact on intimate life and expectations and the resulting challenges to the traditional, patriarchal family order, the cornerstone of Russia's authoritarian political and religious regime. The widely perceived “marriage crisis” had far-reaching legal, institutional, and political ramifications. The book draws on archival documentation to explore changing notions of marital relations, domesticity, childrearing, and intimate life among ordinary men and women in imperial Russia. It illustrates the human consequences of the marriage crisis and reveals that the new and more individualistic values of the capitalist marketplace and commercial culture challenged traditional definitions of gender roles and encouraged the self-creation of new social identities. The book captures the intimate experiences of women and men of the lower and middling classes in their own words, documenting instances not only of physical, mental, and emotional abuse but also of resistance and independence. These changes challenged Russia's rigid political order, forcing a range of state agents, up to and including those who spoke directly in the name of the tsar, to rethink traditional understandings of gender norms and family law.
Rebecca Bennett
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199228294
- eISBN:
- 9780191711343
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199228294.003.0013
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter analyses the criminalization of disease transmission by considering whether the convictions we have witnessed, since 2003, for reckless transmission of HIV during consensual sexual ...
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This chapter analyses the criminalization of disease transmission by considering whether the convictions we have witnessed, since 2003, for reckless transmission of HIV during consensual sexual intercourse constitute an appropriate legal response. Judgments in rulings in 1998 establish a legal duty upon HIV-positive persons to disclose their HIV-status before engaging in activities which are considered to pose a high risk of transmission of the virus. It is argued that while reduction of the incidence of HIV transmission is a clear public health goal, the threat of prosecution will not necessarily lead to a reduction in risky behaviour, and criminalization actually runs the risk of being counterproductive in this area. The retributive aim of criminalization is then scrutinized. It is concluded that attempts to quantify the level of moral wrong in each case is fraught with difficulty, and often inappropriate, and that the criminalization of reckless sexual transmission of HIV should be resisted.Less
This chapter analyses the criminalization of disease transmission by considering whether the convictions we have witnessed, since 2003, for reckless transmission of HIV during consensual sexual intercourse constitute an appropriate legal response. Judgments in rulings in 1998 establish a legal duty upon HIV-positive persons to disclose their HIV-status before engaging in activities which are considered to pose a high risk of transmission of the virus. It is argued that while reduction of the incidence of HIV transmission is a clear public health goal, the threat of prosecution will not necessarily lead to a reduction in risky behaviour, and criminalization actually runs the risk of being counterproductive in this area. The retributive aim of criminalization is then scrutinized. It is concluded that attempts to quantify the level of moral wrong in each case is fraught with difficulty, and often inappropriate, and that the criminalization of reckless sexual transmission of HIV should be resisted.
Charles A. Erin
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199228294
- eISBN:
- 9780191711343
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199228294.003.0014
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter provides a lay perspective on the law, and constitutes a plea for consistency in the law, or, at the very least, a plea for reasonable explanation and resolution of why the ...
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This chapter provides a lay perspective on the law, and constitutes a plea for consistency in the law, or, at the very least, a plea for reasonable explanation and resolution of why the inconsistencies the lay eye perceives are not just that, inconsistencies. Using the case of R v Brown, in which the mutual consent of the actors was not allowed as a valid defence, it is shown that consent is the core issue. It is argued that it is the harm principle that sketches the rightful domain of the criminal law. Applying jurisprudential considerations to Brown, it is shown that the defendants there did not fall foul of the harm principle. The presumption in favour of liberty and autonomy should prevail, and, thus, not that we should see more doctors in the dock, but, rather, that they should be freed of the risk of criminal law penalties.Less
This chapter provides a lay perspective on the law, and constitutes a plea for consistency in the law, or, at the very least, a plea for reasonable explanation and resolution of why the inconsistencies the lay eye perceives are not just that, inconsistencies. Using the case of R v Brown, in which the mutual consent of the actors was not allowed as a valid defence, it is shown that consent is the core issue. It is argued that it is the harm principle that sketches the rightful domain of the criminal law. Applying jurisprudential considerations to Brown, it is shown that the defendants there did not fall foul of the harm principle. The presumption in favour of liberty and autonomy should prevail, and, thus, not that we should see more doctors in the dock, but, rather, that they should be freed of the risk of criminal law penalties.
Daniel W. Crofts
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469627311
- eISBN:
- 9781469627335
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469627311.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, American History: Civil War
Chapter Seven describes how the constitutional amendment’s supporters—conciliatory Republicans and antisecession Southerners—tried to make common cause. This chapter profiles seven key House members ...
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Chapter Seven describes how the constitutional amendment’s supporters—conciliatory Republicans and antisecession Southerners—tried to make common cause. This chapter profiles seven key House members and concludes with the startling pro-Union victories in early February, when large popular majorities in Virginia and Tennessee rejected secession. But the momentary advantage enjoyed by those who were attempting to restore the Union peacefully was illusory. The Deep South continued to plunge ahead in its quest for independence. Unionists in the Upper South insisted that they could not tolerate any use of force against secessionists. And majorities of Republicans would not even accept the constitutional amendment, let alone the territorial compromise that most Southern Unionists demanded.Less
Chapter Seven describes how the constitutional amendment’s supporters—conciliatory Republicans and antisecession Southerners—tried to make common cause. This chapter profiles seven key House members and concludes with the startling pro-Union victories in early February, when large popular majorities in Virginia and Tennessee rejected secession. But the momentary advantage enjoyed by those who were attempting to restore the Union peacefully was illusory. The Deep South continued to plunge ahead in its quest for independence. Unionists in the Upper South insisted that they could not tolerate any use of force against secessionists. And majorities of Republicans would not even accept the constitutional amendment, let alone the territorial compromise that most Southern Unionists demanded.
Anthony E. Clark
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9789888390557
- eISBN:
- 9789888390175
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888390557.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter explores the drastic change of Chinese views on the Franciscan mission in Shanxi before and after the Boxer Uprising. The author makes use of archival sources from late Qing provincial ...
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This chapter explores the drastic change of Chinese views on the Franciscan mission in Shanxi before and after the Boxer Uprising. The author makes use of archival sources from late Qing provincial and missionary ecclesial collections to put together a two-sided narrative of what occurred during the fevered pitch of Chinese-Western antagonisms. By comparing two obviously opposite images of Christianity in late Qing political discourses, one as a heterodox religion and the other as an orthodox and victimized religion, the author brings to light a vivid example of how the same religious identity might be misread and represented in a sequence of ideologically sensitive cross-cultural exchanges.Less
This chapter explores the drastic change of Chinese views on the Franciscan mission in Shanxi before and after the Boxer Uprising. The author makes use of archival sources from late Qing provincial and missionary ecclesial collections to put together a two-sided narrative of what occurred during the fevered pitch of Chinese-Western antagonisms. By comparing two obviously opposite images of Christianity in late Qing political discourses, one as a heterodox religion and the other as an orthodox and victimized religion, the author brings to light a vivid example of how the same religious identity might be misread and represented in a sequence of ideologically sensitive cross-cultural exchanges.
Brian R. McEnany
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780813160627
- eISBN:
- 9780813165479
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813160627.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Military History
During the summer of 1860, political campaigns, the split in the Democratic Party, and sectionalism further increased tensions between cadets. As a result of the election of Lincoln and initial ...
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During the summer of 1860, political campaigns, the split in the Democratic Party, and sectionalism further increased tensions between cadets. As a result of the election of Lincoln and initial secession of states, the first resignations at West Point came from this class. When Fort Sumter was fired upon, one of the cadets’ former classmates, Henry Farley from South Carolina, fired the first shot. Descriptions of how the oaths of allegiance forced crises of conscience among the remaining Southern cadets resulted in the final resignations that halved the class by the end of summer in 1861. Within a month after Fort Sumter, the first class was graduated early and headed for Washington to train a growing army and the second class was alerted to graduate early. Congress and the citizens of America decried the loss of cadets and officers from serving the Union they swore to uphold. Respect for the Military Academy across the country is lost.Less
During the summer of 1860, political campaigns, the split in the Democratic Party, and sectionalism further increased tensions between cadets. As a result of the election of Lincoln and initial secession of states, the first resignations at West Point came from this class. When Fort Sumter was fired upon, one of the cadets’ former classmates, Henry Farley from South Carolina, fired the first shot. Descriptions of how the oaths of allegiance forced crises of conscience among the remaining Southern cadets resulted in the final resignations that halved the class by the end of summer in 1861. Within a month after Fort Sumter, the first class was graduated early and headed for Washington to train a growing army and the second class was alerted to graduate early. Congress and the citizens of America decried the loss of cadets and officers from serving the Union they swore to uphold. Respect for the Military Academy across the country is lost.
Brian R. McEnany
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780813160627
- eISBN:
- 9780813165479
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813160627.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter begins with the graduation of the June Class of 1861 (Custer’s class). Tully McCrea and his classmates have been advanced two years in forty-five days and are now the new first class. ...
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This chapter begins with the graduation of the June Class of 1861 (Custer’s class). Tully McCrea and his classmates have been advanced two years in forty-five days and are now the new first class. The First Battle of Bull Run (or Manassas) in July brings a call for early graduation of their class as well, but the secretary of war reverses his earlier decision and the class remained at West Point until the following year. The chapter describes their last semester as cadets, their graduation ceremony, and their graduation parade, along with their final thoughts before they begin their careers as officers.Less
This chapter begins with the graduation of the June Class of 1861 (Custer’s class). Tully McCrea and his classmates have been advanced two years in forty-five days and are now the new first class. The First Battle of Bull Run (or Manassas) in July brings a call for early graduation of their class as well, but the secretary of war reverses his earlier decision and the class remained at West Point until the following year. The chapter describes their last semester as cadets, their graduation ceremony, and their graduation parade, along with their final thoughts before they begin their careers as officers.
Caroline E. Janney
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- January 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781469640761
- eISBN:
- 9781469640785
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469640761.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This chapter offers an overview of the end of the Petersburg siege and the subsequent Appomattox Campaign in the winter and spring of 1865.
This chapter offers an overview of the end of the Petersburg siege and the subsequent Appomattox Campaign in the winter and spring of 1865.
Joshua N. Aston
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- April 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190120986
- eISBN:
- 9780190990039
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190120986.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
The chapter deals with the organizational structure of the Indian police force as per the provisions laid down in the Indian Police Act, 1861. It discusses in detail about the structure and hierarchy ...
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The chapter deals with the organizational structure of the Indian police force as per the provisions laid down in the Indian Police Act, 1861. It discusses in detail about the structure and hierarchy of the police system in every state and metropolitan city. The chapter also highlights the major functions of the police in maintaining law and order in states/cities. The chapter further delves into various other acts and their amendments, which govern the Indian police system and other security agencies.Less
The chapter deals with the organizational structure of the Indian police force as per the provisions laid down in the Indian Police Act, 1861. It discusses in detail about the structure and hierarchy of the police system in every state and metropolitan city. The chapter also highlights the major functions of the police in maintaining law and order in states/cities. The chapter further delves into various other acts and their amendments, which govern the Indian police system and other security agencies.
Lindsay Farmer
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780199568642
- eISBN:
- 9780191801945
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199568642.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology, Philosophy of Law
This chapter looks at patterns of criminalization in the area of offences against the person. It looks at the development of the law in the context of the ‘civilizing offensive’ against violent ...
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This chapter looks at patterns of criminalization in the area of offences against the person. It looks at the development of the law in the context of the ‘civilizing offensive’ against violent conduct, focusing in particular on changing ideas of the person. The first part looks at legal attitudes to violence in the period up to and including the passing of the Offences Against the Person Act 1861, which was directed mainly at the protection of the body. The second part looks at the evolution of attempts to control violence and at the different classes of person recognized by the law in the period after the passing of the 1861 Act. The final section then looks at the way the idea of the person has been transformed in the period since 1980 to include the protection of personal autonomy and the way that this has transformed understandings of violence.Less
This chapter looks at patterns of criminalization in the area of offences against the person. It looks at the development of the law in the context of the ‘civilizing offensive’ against violent conduct, focusing in particular on changing ideas of the person. The first part looks at legal attitudes to violence in the period up to and including the passing of the Offences Against the Person Act 1861, which was directed mainly at the protection of the body. The second part looks at the evolution of attempts to control violence and at the different classes of person recognized by the law in the period after the passing of the 1861 Act. The final section then looks at the way the idea of the person has been transformed in the period since 1980 to include the protection of personal autonomy and the way that this has transformed understandings of violence.
