Eileen Boris and Jennifer Klein
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195329117
- eISBN:
- 9780199949496
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195329117.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter analyzes the first successful unionization of home care as part of the civil rights surge among black women domestics. Central to this process were the reorganization of domestic work ...
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This chapter analyzes the first successful unionization of home care as part of the civil rights surge among black women domestics. Central to this process were the reorganization of domestic work and feminist efforts to improve the job through the National Committee on Household Employment and the Household Technicians of America. The legal status of home care and domestic service diverged in 1975 when the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) classified home care workers as elder companions outside the law. But, as invisible as home care workers appeared, they proved more traceable than domestics laboring for individual families. So when service sector unions sought to organize domestics, they found home attendants instead by untangling the administrative maze and money trail of federal and local programs. Their strategies reflected the prior contracting of home care by the state, with community organizers in California, notably the United Domestic Workers of America in San Diego, pressuring county supervisors and the Service Employees International Union (SEIU) in New York City bargaining with individual agencies. By the early 1980s, SEIU formally acknowledged that these workers were caregivers more than cleaners, part of health care unionism.Less
This chapter analyzes the first successful unionization of home care as part of the civil rights surge among black women domestics. Central to this process were the reorganization of domestic work and feminist efforts to improve the job through the National Committee on Household Employment and the Household Technicians of America. The legal status of home care and domestic service diverged in 1975 when the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) classified home care workers as elder companions outside the law. But, as invisible as home care workers appeared, they proved more traceable than domestics laboring for individual families. So when service sector unions sought to organize domestics, they found home attendants instead by untangling the administrative maze and money trail of federal and local programs. Their strategies reflected the prior contracting of home care by the state, with community organizers in California, notably the United Domestic Workers of America in San Diego, pressuring county supervisors and the Service Employees International Union (SEIU) in New York City bargaining with individual agencies. By the early 1980s, SEIU formally acknowledged that these workers were caregivers more than cleaners, part of health care unionism.
Marvin A. Sweeney
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195133240
- eISBN:
- 9780199834693
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195133242.003.0015
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
Study of the book of Isaiah has tended to focus on the reconstruction of the “authentic” words of the eighth‐century prophet and the exile or postexilic redaction of his book. Nevertheless, ...
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Study of the book of Isaiah has tended to focus on the reconstruction of the “authentic” words of the eighth‐century prophet and the exile or postexilic redaction of his book. Nevertheless, considerable evidence has been mounting of a Josianic or Assyrian redaction of the book of Isaiah that was designed to support Josiah's reform in the aftermath of the collapse of Assyrian power. Redaction‐critical analysis of key texts in Isaiah 5–12; 14–23; 27; 28–32; and 36–37 points to evidence for the Josianic redaction of the Isaian tradition.Less
Study of the book of Isaiah has tended to focus on the reconstruction of the “authentic” words of the eighth‐century prophet and the exile or postexilic redaction of his book. Nevertheless, considerable evidence has been mounting of a Josianic or Assyrian redaction of the book of Isaiah that was designed to support Josiah's reform in the aftermath of the collapse of Assyrian power. Redaction‐critical analysis of key texts in Isaiah 5–12; 14–23; 27; 28–32; and 36–37 points to evidence for the Josianic redaction of the Isaian tradition.
Michael Méndez
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780300232158
- eISBN:
- 9780300249378
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300232158.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
Describes the tension between global environmental protection and a local focus on the most disadvantaged communities. The chapter analyzes the development of California’s landmark climate change ...
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Describes the tension between global environmental protection and a local focus on the most disadvantaged communities. The chapter analyzes the development of California’s landmark climate change legislation: Assembly Bill (AB) 32. It illustrates the contentious nature of defining climate change and how the entanglements of diverse knowledges and worldviews shape contemporary climate governance and decision-making processes.Less
Describes the tension between global environmental protection and a local focus on the most disadvantaged communities. The chapter analyzes the development of California’s landmark climate change legislation: Assembly Bill (AB) 32. It illustrates the contentious nature of defining climate change and how the entanglements of diverse knowledges and worldviews shape contemporary climate governance and decision-making processes.
Jeremy D. Schmahmann and Deepak N. Pandya
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195104233
- eISBN:
- 9780199864294
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195104233.003.0012
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques, Disorders of the Nervous System
This chapter describes the isotope injections that were placed in the prefrontal cortex of four rhesus monkeys. It analyzes the resulting association, striatal, commissural, and subcortical fiber ...
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This chapter describes the isotope injections that were placed in the prefrontal cortex of four rhesus monkeys. It analyzes the resulting association, striatal, commissural, and subcortical fiber trajectories, as well as the cortical and subcortical terminations. The injections were in the medial surface of the prefrontal cortex involving mainly area 32 (Case 30), above the midportion of the principal sulcus in area 46d (Case 31), the middle part of ventral area 46 in both the sulcal and gyral cortices (Case 32), and the orbital frontal cortex in the orbital part of area 47/12 (Case 33).Less
This chapter describes the isotope injections that were placed in the prefrontal cortex of four rhesus monkeys. It analyzes the resulting association, striatal, commissural, and subcortical fiber trajectories, as well as the cortical and subcortical terminations. The injections were in the medial surface of the prefrontal cortex involving mainly area 32 (Case 30), above the midportion of the principal sulcus in area 46d (Case 31), the middle part of ventral area 46 in both the sulcal and gyral cortices (Case 32), and the orbital frontal cortex in the orbital part of area 47/12 (Case 33).
A.G. Noorani
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195678291
- eISBN:
- 9780199080588
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195678291.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter focuses on the Supreme Court's arbitrary use of its contempt power as shown in its judgment on the case of contempt against Arundhati Roy. In the last decade and a half, the Supreme ...
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This chapter focuses on the Supreme Court's arbitrary use of its contempt power as shown in its judgment on the case of contempt against Arundhati Roy. In the last decade and a half, the Supreme Court has shown a touchiness that is unbecoming in the highest court in the land, a selectivity in the application of the law, a total indifference to the limits of its power and, with it, a cavalier disregard for the citizen's rights when charged with contempt. This is most unfortunate in a court which the Constitution not only empowers and enjoins to enforce the fundamental rights, but makes this right of the citizen to move the court itself a fundamental right (Article 32).Less
This chapter focuses on the Supreme Court's arbitrary use of its contempt power as shown in its judgment on the case of contempt against Arundhati Roy. In the last decade and a half, the Supreme Court has shown a touchiness that is unbecoming in the highest court in the land, a selectivity in the application of the law, a total indifference to the limits of its power and, with it, a cavalier disregard for the citizen's rights when charged with contempt. This is most unfortunate in a court which the Constitution not only empowers and enjoins to enforce the fundamental rights, but makes this right of the citizen to move the court itself a fundamental right (Article 32).
Michael Méndez
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780300232158
- eISBN:
- 9780300249378
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300232158.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter focuses on state-level implementation of climate policy via a climate change community benefits fund. Describes how activists helped institutionalize the country’s first program to ...
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This chapter focuses on state-level implementation of climate policy via a climate change community benefits fund. Describes how activists helped institutionalize the country’s first program to redistribute action proceeds from a cap and trade program to socially and environmentally overburdened communities.Less
This chapter focuses on state-level implementation of climate policy via a climate change community benefits fund. Describes how activists helped institutionalize the country’s first program to redistribute action proceeds from a cap and trade program to socially and environmentally overburdened communities.
Elies van Sliedregt
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199560363
- eISBN:
- 9780191738623
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199560363.003.0010
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter focuses on the defence of mistake in Article 32 of the International Criminal Court Statute, which has been welcomed as a breakthrough and as reflecting an understanding of culpability ...
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This chapter focuses on the defence of mistake in Article 32 of the International Criminal Court Statute, which has been welcomed as a breakthrough and as reflecting an understanding of culpability that goes beyond the psychological-mental elements of intent or knowledge. Analysis, however, shows that the provision raises more questions than it answers and its added value may be doubted. The simplicity of its wording is deceiving and analysis requires understanding of the legal traditions that lie at its basis.Less
This chapter focuses on the defence of mistake in Article 32 of the International Criminal Court Statute, which has been welcomed as a breakthrough and as reflecting an understanding of culpability that goes beyond the psychological-mental elements of intent or knowledge. Analysis, however, shows that the provision raises more questions than it answers and its added value may be doubted. The simplicity of its wording is deceiving and analysis requires understanding of the legal traditions that lie at its basis.
William D. Wilkinson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813033341
- eISBN:
- 9780813039022
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813033341.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, Military History
After the 44-foot motor lifeboat had been two decades in use in adverse sea and weather conditions, the Coast Guard recognized by the early 1980s that this boat was nearing the end of its service. ...
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After the 44-foot motor lifeboat had been two decades in use in adverse sea and weather conditions, the Coast Guard recognized by the early 1980s that this boat was nearing the end of its service. Since the 44-footer was designed, non-rescue and law enforcement missions have seen a significant increase. The Coast Guard thus acknowledged the need for a boat of higher speed, one that was capable of addressing several missions other than search and rescue or one that would be able to adapt to the role of a utility boat. While the Coast Guard's Boat Construction and Maintenance Branch sent a concept design proposal for evaluation, it also looked into modern lifeboat designs from foreign lifeboat services. After evaluation, it was found that the concept design called for a boat larger than the 44-footer, and one with several other fundamental characteristics. As such, a design for a 47-foot lifeboat was completed in 2003. This chapter looks at other aspects of today's Coast Guard such as the maturation of the RHIB, the 32-foot nearshore lifeboat prototype, and various trends.Less
After the 44-foot motor lifeboat had been two decades in use in adverse sea and weather conditions, the Coast Guard recognized by the early 1980s that this boat was nearing the end of its service. Since the 44-footer was designed, non-rescue and law enforcement missions have seen a significant increase. The Coast Guard thus acknowledged the need for a boat of higher speed, one that was capable of addressing several missions other than search and rescue or one that would be able to adapt to the role of a utility boat. While the Coast Guard's Boat Construction and Maintenance Branch sent a concept design proposal for evaluation, it also looked into modern lifeboat designs from foreign lifeboat services. After evaluation, it was found that the concept design called for a boat larger than the 44-footer, and one with several other fundamental characteristics. As such, a design for a 47-foot lifeboat was completed in 2003. This chapter looks at other aspects of today's Coast Guard such as the maturation of the RHIB, the 32-foot nearshore lifeboat prototype, and various trends.
Monica DeHart
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- May 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781501759420
- eISBN:
- 9781501759437
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501759420.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter explains the groundwork for sovereignty and national identity. China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) represents one of the most capacious and provocative symbols of the People's ...
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This chapter explains the groundwork for sovereignty and national identity. China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) represents one of the most capacious and provocative symbols of the People's Republic of China's (PRC) growing global power. On the other hand, Route 32 serves as a major artery connecting Costa Rica's capital with its Caribbean coast which is a hub for crucial shipping routes. Meanwhile, the Grand Canal of Nicaragua is one of the more provocative Central American initiatives associated with China. The PRC government's representations of non-interference and respect for local sovereignty did not ease fears that the Chinese firms' work on crucial infrastructural initiatives would hinder the region.Less
This chapter explains the groundwork for sovereignty and national identity. China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) represents one of the most capacious and provocative symbols of the People's Republic of China's (PRC) growing global power. On the other hand, Route 32 serves as a major artery connecting Costa Rica's capital with its Caribbean coast which is a hub for crucial shipping routes. Meanwhile, the Grand Canal of Nicaragua is one of the more provocative Central American initiatives associated with China. The PRC government's representations of non-interference and respect for local sovereignty did not ease fears that the Chinese firms' work on crucial infrastructural initiatives would hinder the region.
Katharine Grevling
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199576883
- eISBN:
- 9780191702228
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199576883.003.0012
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter examines the nature and scope of the exclusionary power contained in Civil Procedure Rule (CPR) R 32.1(2), and in particular in considers whether it could ever be used to exclude ...
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This chapter examines the nature and scope of the exclusionary power contained in Civil Procedure Rule (CPR) R 32.1(2), and in particular in considers whether it could ever be used to exclude evidence improperly obtained by methods such as theft, breach of the Data Protection Act, entrapment, or infringements of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). CPR R 32.1(2) has been described as ‘principally a case management power designed to allow the court to stop cases getting out of hand and hearings becoming interminable’. The most important discussion of r 32.1(2) occurs in Jones v University of Warwick in which the improper means by which evidence was obtained were taken into account but did not lead to exclusion.Less
This chapter examines the nature and scope of the exclusionary power contained in Civil Procedure Rule (CPR) R 32.1(2), and in particular in considers whether it could ever be used to exclude evidence improperly obtained by methods such as theft, breach of the Data Protection Act, entrapment, or infringements of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). CPR R 32.1(2) has been described as ‘principally a case management power designed to allow the court to stop cases getting out of hand and hearings becoming interminable’. The most important discussion of r 32.1(2) occurs in Jones v University of Warwick in which the improper means by which evidence was obtained were taken into account but did not lead to exclusion.
William M. Richman and William L. Reynolds
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780195342079
- eISBN:
- 9780199332397
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342079.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter explores the establishment of the non-citation rules, their faults, their eventual demise, and the citation practice in the circuit courts today. The discussion covers the pros and cons ...
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This chapter explores the establishment of the non-citation rules, their faults, their eventual demise, and the citation practice in the circuit courts today. The discussion covers the pros and cons of the no-citation rule; the adoption of Rule 32.1 and its impact; and some findings of the Federal Judicial Center's landmark 2005 report entitled Citations to Unpublished Opinions in the Federal Courts of Appeals.Less
This chapter explores the establishment of the non-citation rules, their faults, their eventual demise, and the citation practice in the circuit courts today. The discussion covers the pros and cons of the no-citation rule; the adoption of Rule 32.1 and its impact; and some findings of the Federal Judicial Center's landmark 2005 report entitled Citations to Unpublished Opinions in the Federal Courts of Appeals.
Paddy Hoey
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781526114242
- eISBN:
- 9781526136091
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526114242.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
Sinn Féin’s elevation to the undoubted voice of establishment republicanism did not come without its ideological challenges which charged it with selling out ideological values of the movement which ...
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Sinn Féin’s elevation to the undoubted voice of establishment republicanism did not come without its ideological challenges which charged it with selling out ideological values of the movement which dated back at least to the 1916 Rising. These initially came from dissident republican organisations (the dissos) like Republican Sinn Féin and the 32 County Sovereignty Movement with links to armed groups still pledged to maintain violent opposition to the British presence in Ireland. Newer groups emerged to challenge older forms of traditional and militarist ideology, specifically éirígí and Republican Network for Unity, who used the Internet and activist media to communicate their positions on the changes to republicanism. Between these two blocs, an interesting group of non-aligned activists emerged in the early 2000s using old media like newspapers and new technology of the Internet to discuss alternatives to Sinn Féin’s reformism and acceptance of the compromises made necessary by the Peace Process. These writers contributed a new strand of dissenting opinion which was supported the peace but was critical of the process.Less
Sinn Féin’s elevation to the undoubted voice of establishment republicanism did not come without its ideological challenges which charged it with selling out ideological values of the movement which dated back at least to the 1916 Rising. These initially came from dissident republican organisations (the dissos) like Republican Sinn Féin and the 32 County Sovereignty Movement with links to armed groups still pledged to maintain violent opposition to the British presence in Ireland. Newer groups emerged to challenge older forms of traditional and militarist ideology, specifically éirígí and Republican Network for Unity, who used the Internet and activist media to communicate their positions on the changes to republicanism. Between these two blocs, an interesting group of non-aligned activists emerged in the early 2000s using old media like newspapers and new technology of the Internet to discuss alternatives to Sinn Féin’s reformism and acceptance of the compromises made necessary by the Peace Process. These writers contributed a new strand of dissenting opinion which was supported the peace but was critical of the process.
Angela N. H. Creager
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780226017808
- eISBN:
- 9780226017945
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226017945.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter focuses on developments in E. O. Lawrence’s Radiation Laboratory to illustrate the cyclotron-based system of radioisotope production. By 1940, biomedical uses of radioisotopes involved ...
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This chapter focuses on developments in E. O. Lawrence’s Radiation Laboratory to illustrate the cyclotron-based system of radioisotope production. By 1940, biomedical uses of radioisotopes involved collaboration between physical scientists as providers and life scientists and physicians as users, a “moral economy” of gift exchange and shared credit. In Berkeley, biological research with sodium-24, phosphorus-32, and iodine-131 as tracers was connected to therapeutic experiments using these radioisotopes. The militarization of work in Lawrence’s Berkeley laboratory in the early 1940s constrained the availability of radioisotopes to physicians and scientists outside the Radiation Laboratory. In addition, new military priorities shaped the ongoing human experiments conducted by Lawrence’s colleagues (such as John Lawrence and Joseph Hamilton), as they began investigating the toxicity and metabolism of fission products for the Manhattan Project.Less
This chapter focuses on developments in E. O. Lawrence’s Radiation Laboratory to illustrate the cyclotron-based system of radioisotope production. By 1940, biomedical uses of radioisotopes involved collaboration between physical scientists as providers and life scientists and physicians as users, a “moral economy” of gift exchange and shared credit. In Berkeley, biological research with sodium-24, phosphorus-32, and iodine-131 as tracers was connected to therapeutic experiments using these radioisotopes. The militarization of work in Lawrence’s Berkeley laboratory in the early 1940s constrained the availability of radioisotopes to physicians and scientists outside the Radiation Laboratory. In addition, new military priorities shaped the ongoing human experiments conducted by Lawrence’s colleagues (such as John Lawrence and Joseph Hamilton), as they began investigating the toxicity and metabolism of fission products for the Manhattan Project.
Nina Kelsey, Alice Madden, Juliana Mandell, and Sean Randolph
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780804785259
- eISBN:
- 9780804788571
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804785259.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
Chapter 8 focuses on the United States. Although significant national green policy legislation is not at the national level, local policy-industry feedback spirals have occurred in California and ...
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Chapter 8 focuses on the United States. Although significant national green policy legislation is not at the national level, local policy-industry feedback spirals have occurred in California and Colorado, creating political viability for green policy experimentation. In California, we trace a feedback spiral from early policy moves to reduce particulate pollution; through AB32, a major package of emissions reduction legislation; to the defeat of Proposition 23’s challenge. California suggests that green spirals sometimes emerge quite slowly and unintentionally from tangentially related early moves. We note that venture capital has recently been critical but may not be an effective long-term model. In Colorado, we examine Amendment 37, a green policy package that assembled a surprisingly broad support coalition. Colorado suggests that green spirals can happen quite swiftly if supporters can find ways to activate latent partnerships between different interest groups that can derive tangible benefits from initial regulation.Less
Chapter 8 focuses on the United States. Although significant national green policy legislation is not at the national level, local policy-industry feedback spirals have occurred in California and Colorado, creating political viability for green policy experimentation. In California, we trace a feedback spiral from early policy moves to reduce particulate pollution; through AB32, a major package of emissions reduction legislation; to the defeat of Proposition 23’s challenge. California suggests that green spirals sometimes emerge quite slowly and unintentionally from tangentially related early moves. We note that venture capital has recently been critical but may not be an effective long-term model. In Colorado, we examine Amendment 37, a green policy package that assembled a surprisingly broad support coalition. Colorado suggests that green spirals can happen quite swiftly if supporters can find ways to activate latent partnerships between different interest groups that can derive tangible benefits from initial regulation.
Myles W. Jackson
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262028660
- eISBN:
- 9780262327190
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262028660.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
The introductory chapter proffers an overview of the history of the CCR5 gene. It discusses the rush to patent a sequence, whose precise function was unknown at the time of the patent. It also ...
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The introductory chapter proffers an overview of the history of the CCR5 gene. It discusses the rush to patent a sequence, whose precise function was unknown at the time of the patent. It also explores how the function of the gene was elucidated by various laboratories worldwide. Finally, this chapter outlines how an important mutation, Δ32, confers near immunity to AIDS and what the distribution of that allele is around the globe. The distribution of this allele worldwide added to the debate about race and the genome.Less
The introductory chapter proffers an overview of the history of the CCR5 gene. It discusses the rush to patent a sequence, whose precise function was unknown at the time of the patent. It also explores how the function of the gene was elucidated by various laboratories worldwide. Finally, this chapter outlines how an important mutation, Δ32, confers near immunity to AIDS and what the distribution of that allele is around the globe. The distribution of this allele worldwide added to the debate about race and the genome.
Myles W. Jackson
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262028660
- eISBN:
- 9780262327190
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262028660.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
The CCR5-Δ32 allele provides some of the most fascinating stories of the CCR5 gene. It became a focal point in the debate about allele frequencies and natural selection. Could those who are immune ...
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The CCR5-Δ32 allele provides some of the most fascinating stories of the CCR5 gene. It became a focal point in the debate about allele frequencies and natural selection. Could those who are immune to AIDS have ancestors who were immune to the bubonic plague, smallpox, or Staphylococcus infection? How can historians collaborate with population geneticists and demographers to provide a richer history of medicine and biology and a clearer picture of the forces of natural selection? A history of CCR5-Δ32 is informative because it typifies how molecular biologists, population geneticists, biomedical researchers, and evolutionary biologists study alleles and mutations and determine which ones are present in various human populations. They key question is: should those populations be understood as races?Less
The CCR5-Δ32 allele provides some of the most fascinating stories of the CCR5 gene. It became a focal point in the debate about allele frequencies and natural selection. Could those who are immune to AIDS have ancestors who were immune to the bubonic plague, smallpox, or Staphylococcus infection? How can historians collaborate with population geneticists and demographers to provide a richer history of medicine and biology and a clearer picture of the forces of natural selection? A history of CCR5-Δ32 is informative because it typifies how molecular biologists, population geneticists, biomedical researchers, and evolutionary biologists study alleles and mutations and determine which ones are present in various human populations. They key question is: should those populations be understood as races?
A.G. Noorani
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195678291
- eISBN:
- 9780199080588
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195678291.003.0072
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
This chapter discusses the Supreme Court's ruling on the functions and duties of Bar Associations in India, looking primarily at the judgment delivered on 5 September 1995 on behalf of Justice K. R. ...
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This chapter discusses the Supreme Court's ruling on the functions and duties of Bar Associations in India, looking primarily at the judgment delivered on 5 September 1995 on behalf of Justice K. R. Sawarmy and Justice B.L. Hansaria. Division Bench of two judges was dealing with a petition 'under Article 32 of the Constitution' for a writ against a statutory body, the Bar Council of Maharashtra and Goa, and two private bodies, the Bombay Bar Association, and the Advocates Association of Western India. The petition sought to restrain permanently these three bodies from coercing the chief justice of the Bombay High Court to resign from the office. The Attorney-General Milon Kumar Banerjee's supported the petition, suggesting that such resolutions by any Bar Association could entail contempt of court. The chapter analyses the arguments to conclude that the existence of a constitutional remedy, the provisions in the Constitution about the impeachment of judges, and the functions of a State Bar Council as defined by Section 6(1) of the Judicial Conduct and Disability Act 1980. The chapter ends by considering the handling a judge whose conduct may serve as grounds for impeachment.Less
This chapter discusses the Supreme Court's ruling on the functions and duties of Bar Associations in India, looking primarily at the judgment delivered on 5 September 1995 on behalf of Justice K. R. Sawarmy and Justice B.L. Hansaria. Division Bench of two judges was dealing with a petition 'under Article 32 of the Constitution' for a writ against a statutory body, the Bar Council of Maharashtra and Goa, and two private bodies, the Bombay Bar Association, and the Advocates Association of Western India. The petition sought to restrain permanently these three bodies from coercing the chief justice of the Bombay High Court to resign from the office. The Attorney-General Milon Kumar Banerjee's supported the petition, suggesting that such resolutions by any Bar Association could entail contempt of court. The chapter analyses the arguments to conclude that the existence of a constitutional remedy, the provisions in the Constitution about the impeachment of judges, and the functions of a State Bar Council as defined by Section 6(1) of the Judicial Conduct and Disability Act 1980. The chapter ends by considering the handling a judge whose conduct may serve as grounds for impeachment.
Leigh Raymond
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262034746
- eISBN:
- 9780262336161
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262034746.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
After RGGI’s implementation in 2008, a series of political set backs led some to declare cap and trade “dead.” This chapter rejects the asserted demise of cap and trade, arguing that the public ...
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After RGGI’s implementation in 2008, a series of political set backs led some to declare cap and trade “dead.” This chapter rejects the asserted demise of cap and trade, arguing that the public benefit model for climate policies offers the best hope for political progress. The chapter reviews post-2008 climate policies, noting thatdespite a few prominent failures,cap and trade with auction has become the most common approach to addressing climate change. In addition, the chapter documents how three policies—the EU ETS, California’s cap and trade program, and RGGI—used the public benefit frame to resist political challenges and strengthen their emissions goals. The chapter then describes additional potential applications for the public benefit model, including carbon tax policies and the new Clean Power Plan regulations promulgated by the U.S. EPA in 2015. As uses of the public benefit frame expand, the chapter notes, a key question for the future will be what types of policy designs will be perceived as “fitting” with the norms that constitute the frame. Finally, the chapter discusses how normative framing could improve the ability to understand and predict other sudden policy changes beyond the topic of climate change.Less
After RGGI’s implementation in 2008, a series of political set backs led some to declare cap and trade “dead.” This chapter rejects the asserted demise of cap and trade, arguing that the public benefit model for climate policies offers the best hope for political progress. The chapter reviews post-2008 climate policies, noting thatdespite a few prominent failures,cap and trade with auction has become the most common approach to addressing climate change. In addition, the chapter documents how three policies—the EU ETS, California’s cap and trade program, and RGGI—used the public benefit frame to resist political challenges and strengthen their emissions goals. The chapter then describes additional potential applications for the public benefit model, including carbon tax policies and the new Clean Power Plan regulations promulgated by the U.S. EPA in 2015. As uses of the public benefit frame expand, the chapter notes, a key question for the future will be what types of policy designs will be perceived as “fitting” with the norms that constitute the frame. Finally, the chapter discusses how normative framing could improve the ability to understand and predict other sudden policy changes beyond the topic of climate change.
Felice Lifshitz
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780823256877
- eISBN:
- 9780823261420
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823256877.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Early Christian Studies
This chapter argues that the consecrated women of Karlburg and Kitzingen played a large variety of active roles, including liturgical ones, in the lay communities over which they ruled, and whose ...
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This chapter argues that the consecrated women of Karlburg and Kitzingen played a large variety of active roles, including liturgical ones, in the lay communities over which they ruled, and whose “peoples’ churches” (Volkskirchen) they controlled. It is based largely on analysis of two manuscripts: Würzburg, Universitätsbibliothek M.p.th.q.32, a unique combined sacramentary and lectionary produced (the chapter argues) at and for Karlburg during the second half of the eighth century, and Würzburg, Universitätsbibliothek M.p.th.q. 18, an eighth-century English copy of Isidore of Seville’s De ecclesiasticis officiis owned and used by the cathedral of Würzburg. Both liturgical manuscripts supported women’s active participation in the liturgy, the former primarily through its choice of readings for various Christian feasts, the latter through its unique edits to and reorganization of Isidore’s treatise.Less
This chapter argues that the consecrated women of Karlburg and Kitzingen played a large variety of active roles, including liturgical ones, in the lay communities over which they ruled, and whose “peoples’ churches” (Volkskirchen) they controlled. It is based largely on analysis of two manuscripts: Würzburg, Universitätsbibliothek M.p.th.q.32, a unique combined sacramentary and lectionary produced (the chapter argues) at and for Karlburg during the second half of the eighth century, and Würzburg, Universitätsbibliothek M.p.th.q. 18, an eighth-century English copy of Isidore of Seville’s De ecclesiasticis officiis owned and used by the cathedral of Würzburg. Both liturgical manuscripts supported women’s active participation in the liturgy, the former primarily through its choice of readings for various Christian feasts, the latter through its unique edits to and reorganization of Isidore’s treatise.
S.A. Whiting
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719095726
- eISBN:
- 9781781708767
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719095726.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
Using original data from research interviews and policy documents this chapter explores the different origins of dissident organisations, their claims of a mandate, their interpretation of Sinn ...
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Using original data from research interviews and policy documents this chapter explores the different origins of dissident organisations, their claims of a mandate, their interpretation of Sinn Féin’s position and their stance on electoral politics. In considering groups such as Republican Sinn Féin (RSF), the 32 County Sovereignty Movement (32 CSM), the Irish Republican Socialist Party (IRSP) and éirígí, this section acknowledges the influence of wider networks, the influence of socialism and the dynamics between localised and historical context. The groups explored here all emerged at different times, for different reasons and from different branches of Irish republican lineage. Despite being placed under the same banner of ‘dissidents’, this chapter argues that these groups all have their own niche on the republican spectrum.Less
Using original data from research interviews and policy documents this chapter explores the different origins of dissident organisations, their claims of a mandate, their interpretation of Sinn Féin’s position and their stance on electoral politics. In considering groups such as Republican Sinn Féin (RSF), the 32 County Sovereignty Movement (32 CSM), the Irish Republican Socialist Party (IRSP) and éirígí, this section acknowledges the influence of wider networks, the influence of socialism and the dynamics between localised and historical context. The groups explored here all emerged at different times, for different reasons and from different branches of Irish republican lineage. Despite being placed under the same banner of ‘dissidents’, this chapter argues that these groups all have their own niche on the republican spectrum.